非离子表面活性剂棕榈酸异丙酯的合成研究

棕榈酸异丙酯(IPP)是一种低粘度亲油类的非离子型表面活性剂,大量用于护肤霜和蜜类化妆品中.它的合成方法主要有4种[1,2]:1.在磺酸型离子交换树脂存在下,丙烯与棕榈酸并流通过反应床.2.以沸石负载锌作催化剂,在2758 kPa压力下,棕榈酸同丙烯快速合成棕榈酸异丙酯.3.以棕榈酸、异丙醇为反应物,直接酯化合成棕榈酸异丙酯.4.以含棕榈酸的油脂为原料(如椰子油或棕榈油),与过量的甲醇在常压下、催化剂存在下进行醇解反应,再经进一步酯交换、分馏制得.棕榈油是天然可再生资源,利用棕榈油提取得到的棕榈酸天然、安全、可靠.本文以棕榈油为原料,从中提取棕榈酸,再以棕榈酸、异丙醇为反应物,以改性氧化锆或SO42-/ZrO2固体超强酸作为催化剂直接酯化合成棕榈酸异丙酯.得到了直接酯化法合成棕榈酸异丙酯的最佳工艺参数.收率在90%以上,棕榈酸异丙酯纯度达98.6%.     

近代非离子表面活性剂合成及装置

本文讨论了近代多功能非离子表面活性剂的合成工艺条件,催化剂开发和筛选,尤其对乙氧基化反应器结构演变进程作了全面回顾。     

碱源/氟体系Ti-MWW分子筛的合成

使用不同的碱源(氨水、己二胺和三乙醇胺)替代合成Ti-MWW分子筛所用40%的模板剂哌啶,并添加适量的氟化氢铵作为矿化剂。所得的样品通过XRD、UV-Vis、FT-IR和SEM进行表征分析,并考察不同碱源替代合成Ti-MWW分子筛在过氧化氢为氧化剂丙烯醇环氧化反应中的催化性能。结果表明,使用不同碱源合成的Ti-MWW分子筛均具有良好的MWW拓扑结构。相比于常规方法合成的Ti-MWW分子筛,氨水为碱源时,丙烯醇转化率增加了12个百分点,选择性下降了1个百分点;三乙醇胺作为碱源时,丙烯醇转化率增加了2.9个百分点,缩水甘油选择性上升5.5个百分点。采用三乙醇胺为碱源合成的Ti-MWW分子筛显著提高了缩水甘油选择性。     

非离子表面活性剂吐温80的复合驱油体系研究

针对胜利孤东油田的实际情况，通过相态试验、动态界面张力测定、吸附与模型驱油试验，研究了Tween 80/复碱／部分水解聚丙烯酰胺复合驱油体系的性能，得到ASP复合驱油体系配方（w/%):0.3Tween 80(S) 1.0复碱（m(Na2CO3):m(NaHCO3)=1:1)(A) 0.1HPAM(3530S)(P).研究结果表明，所提出的复合驱油体系能与胜利孤东油田原油形成中相乳状液，动态表面张力为10^-4mN/m数量级，是一种优良的驱油体系。     

用鱼类内脏油脂合成非离子表面活性剂

以蝗鱼的内脏油脂和聚乙二醇为原料合成了非离子表面活性剂,并测量了该活性剂的表面张力、临界胶束浓度、亲水亲油平衡值、润湿能力、渗透能力和去污力。     

非离子表面活性剂的研究进展

综述了非离子表面活性剂的最新研究进展。并按照化学结构将非离子表面活性剂分为聚氨酯类、聚乙二醇类、氟碳类非离子表面活性剂以及其它类非离子表面活性剂;以此对各类表面活性剂的合成进行了介绍并讨论了其结构与性能的关联。     

非离子表面活性剂十二烷基聚甘油醚的合成与性能研究

在碱催化作用下以十二烷基缩水甘油醚(AGE)与聚甘油反应合成了一种非离子表面活性剂十二烷基聚甘油醚,并研究了不同甘油聚合度(n)对产物表面化学性能的影响。结果显示,当n=2时,γcmc和cmc最低;n=10时,泡沫性能、钙皂分散性能和增溶性能最好;n=4时,乳化性能最好。     

新型非离子表面活性剂及其功能

本文概述了新型的以聚氧化乙烯亲水基的非离子表面活性剂的制备，特性及其应用。     

松香系列非离子表面活性剂的合成与应用

介绍了松香系列表面活性剂合成应用及其功能;结合作者的工作。归纳了主这类表面活性剂的结构与功能的关系。并对今后研究工作重点提出了一些建议和展望。     

非离子表面活性剂的合成及性能初探

烷基苯酚类聚氧乙烯和聚甘油脂表面活性剂是感光材料制造过程中常用的非离子表面活性剂。先后寻找和制备了 4种不同结构的非离子表面活性剂 ,同时研制开发 2种含氟非离子表面活性剂 ,一起进行表面性能测试。结果表明 ,聚甘油脂型非离子表面活性剂性能较好。     

氟硅非离子表面活性剂的制备及性能

以含氢硅油(PMHS)、N-甲基-N-烯丙基-2-全氟-2-甲基-3-氧代己酰胺(NF2)和烯丙基聚醚(F6)为原料,在Karstedt催化剂作用下,通过硅氢加成反应制备了氟硅非离子表面活性剂PF2F6;采用FT-IR、1H NMR和19F NMR对产物结构进行了表征,并测定了产物的溶解度、浊点、表面张力和润湿性。结果表明,PF2F6在弱极性溶剂中具有良好的溶解度,在水中的溶解度随着F6物质的量的增大而增大;当n(Si-H)∶n(NF2)∶n(F6)=2∶0.7∶1.3时,临界胶束浓度(cmc)和平衡表面张力(γcmc)最小,其值分别为0.13 g/L和22.8 mN/m;随着反应体系中F6物质的量的增加,PF2F6的浊点增加,而在有机玻璃(PMMA)表面的接触角减小。     

以酯基为连接基的非离子双子表面活性剂的合成

以蓖麻油酸（RA）、聚乙二醇（600）为原料,马来酸酐为连接基,合成了一种新型的非离子双子表面活性剂MARAPEG-15,考察了催化剂用量、物料摩尔配比、反应时间及温度对酸酐与蓖麻油酸聚乙二醇硼酸酯酯化的影响,并测定了产物的临界胶束浓度和表面张力。马来酸酐与蓖麻油酸聚乙二醇硼酸酯酯化较佳的工艺条件为：催化剂用量为总质量的3%,n（酸酐）∶n（蓖麻油酸聚乙二醇硼酸酯）为3.1∶2,反应温度为110℃,时间为4 h;硼酸酯键水解时间为1.5 h。产物的表面张力及其临界胶束浓度为γCMC=35.73 mN/m,CMC=1.96×10-5mol/L。     

一种非离子型水性聚氨酯表面活性剂的合成及性能

以甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)、蓖麻油和聚乙二醇(PEG)等为主要原料,通过逐步聚合得到一种非离子型水性聚氨酯表面活性剂,并利用红外光谱对其结构进行了表征。讨论了加料方式、蓖麻油用量、PEG400用量、亲水单体等因素对产品性能的影响。实验结果表明,当n(蓖麻油)∶n(TDI)∶n(PEG400)=1∶9∶11时,采用先加入蓖麻油,然后滴加TDI,最后加入PEG的加料方式,能够合成得到综合性能较好的非离子型水性聚氨酯表面活性剂。对该表面活性剂在水相中的表面活性进行了测试,所制得的非离子型水性聚氨酯表面活性剂(PU-1)的相对分子质量为3 650,其临界胶束浓度约为27 g/L,水溶液的最低表面张力为44 mN/m。     

Synthesis of TiO2 particles by reverse microemulsion method using nonionic surfactants with different hydrophilic and hydrophobic group and their photocatalytic activity

TiO₂ nanoparticles were prepared using hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide in W/O microemulsions consisting of water, nonionic Brij series surfactants with different hydrophilic and Tween series surfactants with different hydrophobic group, and cyclohexane. The properties of these particles were characterized by TEM, XRD, FT-IR, TGA and DTA. The photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol has been studied in order to compare the photocatalytic activity of prepared nanosized titania. TiO₂ particles calcined at 500 °C have a stable anatase phase which has no organic surfactants and the product completely transforms into the anatase phase above 300 °C and the rutile phase begins to appear at 600 °C regardless of surfactants. The particles are shown to have a spherical shape and have an uniform size distribution but the shape becomes distorted with a decrease of hydrophilic group chain length according to rapid hydrolysis of water and titanium alkoxide. In addition, the crystallite size and crystallinity increase with a decrease of hydrophilic and hydrophobic group chain length and an increase of calcination temperature. The photocatalytic activity increases with an increase of hydrophilic and hydrophobic group length and the titania calcined at 500 °C shows the highest activity on the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol regardless of surfactants.     

固体超强酸催化合成乙酸正丁酯

分别用固体超强酸S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂ 和SO₄^2-/ZrO₂作催化剂,以冰乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成了乙酸正丁酯,考察醇与酸物质的量比、反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量和催化剂焙烧温度等因素对酯化率的影响。得出反应的最佳条件为：n（正丁醇）∶n（冰乙酸）=1.3∶1.0 ,催化剂用量为冰乙酸质量的3%,反应温度115 ℃左右,反应时间30 min,固体超强酸S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂ 和SO₄^2-/ZrO₂作催化剂时,乙酸正丁酯的收率分别为96.5%和90.5%。     

Synthesis and solution properties of novel nonionic functional polyurethane surfactants

A series of novel nonionic functional polyurethane surfactants were synthesized by the polycondensation of 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate with poly(propylene oxide) (weight‐average molecular weight = 400, 1000, or 2000) and monoallyl‐end‐capped poly(ethylene oxide). The chemical structure of the polyurethane surfactants was determined by Fourier transform infrared and ¹H‐NMR, and the effects of the concentration, salt, rest time, and temperature on the surface tension were investigated. These polymeric surfactants exhibited excellent surface activity. Sample III, which was synthesized with monoallyl‐end‐capped poly(ethylene oxide) (number‐average molecular weight = 1000), poly(propylene oxide) (number‐average molecular weight = 2000), and tolylene diisocyanate, could reduce the surface tension to 37.6 mN/m at a concentration of 0.06 mol/L at 25°C. All polyurethane surfactants synthesized in this study had low critical micelle concentrations (ca. 10^?4 to 10^?5 mol/L) and could reduce the surface tension even at very low concentration levels. Moreover, the surface tension decreased with an increase in the temperature or the concentration of the polyurethane surfactants. The addition of salt resulted in a decrease in the surface tension, and it took some time for the polyurethane surfactants to reach a constant surface tension value. UV spectra were found to be very useful for determining the critical micelle concentration. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2956–2962, 2006     

Synthesis and surface activity of nonionic surfactants containing fluorocarbon hydrophobes

Nonionic surfactants having polydisperse polyoxyethylene chains and highly fluorinated hydrophobes were synthesized via a complex reaction route and their adsorption at water/air interfaces studied. They exhibit high surface activity and decrease both effectively and efficiently the surface tension of their aqueous solutions. The effect of the length of the polyoxyethylene chain upon surfactant surface activity is relatively low. Lower values of surface tension, below 30 mN m^?1, are obtained for surfactants having a low degree of ethoxylation. Surfactants having two terminal highly fluorinated hydrophobes are less surface active than analogues with one terminal hydrophobe.     

新型带有磺酸基团的高分子表面活性剂的制备

采用COBF[his（aqua）bis（dinuomboryl）dimethyl yoximato）cobalt（II）]为催化剂,AIBN为引发剂,以甲基丙烯酸丁酯、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基-丙磺酸,甲基丙烯酸-β-2-羟乙酯等合成了带有磺酸基团和羟基的高分子表面活性剂。运用红外光谱IR和-HNMR对合成的产物进行了结构表征,测定了聚合物的表面张力、临界胶束浓度,结果表明,合成的聚合物具有良好的表面活性。把得到的聚合物用于乳液聚合,通过动态光散射和原子力显微镜测定乳液的粒径、观察形貌,乳胶粒粒径分布均匀。     

Oxidative Desulfurization of Model Oil over Au/Ti-MWW

Au/Ti-MWW catalysts were prepared by the impregnation of HAuCl₄ on Ti-MWW. Its structure and properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction, N₂ adsorption and UV-visible. The oxidation reactions of thiophene (TH), benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyl-dibenzothiophene (DMDBT) were investigated at mild reaction conditions using H₂O₂ as oxidant. The results showed that Au loading could significantly promote the activity of Ti-MWW for oxidative desulfurization.