Effect of particle size on surface segregation

Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 10(310), pp. 14–16, October, 1988.     

料钟分布器对干熄焦炉内焦炭粒度偏析的作用

 为了解决干熄炉内焦炭粒度偏析的问题,采用三维离散元法对料钟分料器减少焦炭粒度偏析的作用进行分析。得到以下结论,无料钟分料器时,在直径方向和圆周方向上存在明显的焦炭粒度偏析,且y轴焦炭粒度偏析程度明显大于x轴焦炭粒度偏析程度;不同角度的分料器可以改善干熄炉内焦炭的偏析程度;在干熄炉直径方向和圆周方向上,60°的分料器可以将焦炭的偏析程度降至最低,有利于进一步控制循环气分布。     

凝固末端电磁搅拌对82B碳偏析的影响

对比分析了在不同末端电磁搅拌、过热度参数下高碳钢82B碳偏析的变化趋势。结果表明,电磁搅拌强度与碳偏析非简单正相关,而是随着不同的浇铸温度区间发生变化。同时,在同样末端电磁搅拌参数下,钢水过热度的高低对高碳钢铸坯碳偏析的影响较大,在充分考虑钢水可浇性的前提下,低过热度可以得到良好的铸态组织并减轻碳元素偏析。     

The intergranular segregation of boron in Ni3Al: Equilibrium segregation and segregation kinetics

The grain boundary B content of high-purity Ni-24 at.% Al alloys containing 0.048, 0.144, 0.240 and 0.480 at.% B (100, 300, 500, 1000 ppm mass) has been determined for samples aged from 1323 to 873 K for sufficient times to attain equilibrium. The B content was derived from Auger electron spectra of the intergranular fracture facets. Many facets were exposed during fracture at ≈ 300 K, and additional facets were formed upon fracturing following hydrogen charging after heat treatment. For each alloy sample, about 25 facets were analyzed. The grain boundary B contents were in the range of 0.5–2.5 at.%. The grain boundary B content increased with decreasing temperature and with increasing bulk B content in the alloys. The energy of binding of a B atom to the grain boundary was calculated using McLean's segregation theory and assuming a unique binding energy for each alloy. The values were in the range of 0.15–0.45 eV/atom, and increased with increasing temperature and with decreasing bulk B content. These results have been rationalized in terms of a spectrum of binding energies for a given alloy. However, when the entropy of adsorption was taken into account, an enthalpy of adsorption of B to the grain boundary of 0.13 eV/atom was obtained, independent of temperatire and bulk B content. This is interpreted to mean that the spectrum of binding energies is quite restricted. The grain boundary B content of these alloys has also been measured as a function of annealing time at 773, 873, 973 and 1173 K. The diffusion coefficient of B in Ni₃Al at 773 K is about 5 × 10⁻²¹ m²/s, and the equilibrium grain boundary B content is attained at about 3000 s. The diffusion coefficient at 973 K is between 10⁻¹⁶ and 10⁻¹⁷ m²/s. The activation energy for diffusion of B in Ni₃Al is between 200,000 and 300,000 J/mol.     

连铸板坯二次枝晶臂间距对中心碳偏析的影响

针对新余钢铁公司生产的1 900 mm×250 mm板坯,通过测量不同拉速、二冷比水量、过热度等工况条件下铸坯的二次枝晶臂间距,确定不同连铸工艺参数条件对二次枝晶臂间距的影响,结果表明二次枝晶臂间距越大,渗透率越高,中心碳偏析越严重.     

Effect of phosphorous surface segregation on iron-zinc reaction kinetics during hot-dip galvanizing

Phosphorous was ion implanted on one surface of a large grain (10 to 20 mm) low-carbon steel sheet in order to study the effect of surface segregation on the formation of Fe-Zn phases during galvanizing. Both an Al-free and a 0.20 wt pct Al-Zn bath at 450 °C were used in this investigation. It was found that P surface segregation did not affect the kinetics of Fe-Zn phase growth for the total alloy layer or the individual Fe-Zn gamma, delta, and zeta phase alloy layers in the 0.00 wt pct Al-Zn baths. In the 0.20 wt pct Al-Zn bath, the Fe₂Al₅ inhibition layer formed with kinetics, showing linear growth on both the P-ion implanted and non-P-ion implanted surfaces. Fe-Zn phase growth only occurred after extended reaction times on both surfaces and was found to directly correspond to the location of substrate grain boundary sites. These results indicate that P surface segregation does not affect the growth of Fe-Zn phases or the Fe₂Al₅ inhibition layer. It was shown that in the 0.20 wt pct Al-Zn bath, substrate grain boundaries are the dominant steel substrate structural feature that controls the kinetics of Fe-Zn alloy phase growth.     

凝固组织对耐候钢中磷偏析的影响

进行了高温模拟实验,通过改变凝固速率和添加稀土元素来改变耐候钢的凝固组织,研究了枝晶大小以及等轴晶率的不同对耐候钢中磷元素宏观偏析的影响.结果表明,加快冷速、添加稀土元素可以明显细化晶粒,提高等轴晶率,从而显著减轻磷元素的宏观偏析.     

退火对齿轮钢枝晶偏析及元素扩散的影响

 为了研究退火工艺对20CrMnTi齿轮钢铸坯的枝晶形貌、合金元素（碳,硅,铬和锰）分布及其扩散的影响,利用光学显微镜（OM）对退火前后铸坯枝晶形貌进形了比较,利用电子探针（EPMA）对元素的分布进行了定量分析,并使用Thermo-Calc软件中的Dictra模块进行了模拟验证。研究结果表明,退火工艺使20CrMnTi齿轮钢铸坯的枝晶形貌显示得更加完整清晰,测量退火后铸坯中的二次枝晶间距为55 μm。铸坯中碳元素存在上坡扩散,偏析系数变大,偏析系数变化量?kC为0.666;硅元素存在轻微的上坡扩散,偏析系数变化量?kSi为0.041 5;锰元素扩散更加均匀,偏析系数变化量为?kMn为－0.141;铬元素扩散得更加均匀,偏析系数变化量为?kCr为－0.106。模拟结果显示,铸坯在保温温度为680 ℃,保温时间为2 h的退火工艺条件下,碳原子发生了上坡扩散,产生偏析现象;硅、铬、锰原子无明显扩散变化。     

连铸工艺参数对40Cr圆坯碳偏析的影响

为降低直径为900 mm的40Cr连铸圆坯的碳偏析,提高钢材的性能与产品质量,从优化圆坯连铸工艺参数角度出发,分析了过热度、拉速、二冷强度以及电磁搅拌对铸坯碳偏析的影响。结果表明,当过热度控制在25~35 ℃范围内,拉速为0.75~0.85 m/min,二冷比水量为0.30 L/kg时,有利于改善铸坯碳偏析情况。对结晶器电磁搅拌以及末端电磁搅拌的参数测试分析得出,当结晶器和末端电磁搅拌电流以及频率参数分别设为180 A/3 Hz以及400 A/8 Hz时,铸坯碳偏析情况明显改善。采用优化后的连铸工艺参数进行生产试验,对20炉次对应的棒材横截面碳偏析情况进行跟踪测试,结果显示,碳偏析指数极差由优化前的0.07%~0.08%下降到0.04%以下。     

Effect of vanadium on grain boundary segregation of phosphorus in low alloy steels

The phosphorus grain boundary segregation at 853 K was investigated in three low alloy steels with different vanadium content. Kinetic dependence of the phosphorus grain boundary concentration was determined experimentally by means of AES and described theoretically, as well. To assess the influence of the individual alloying elements on the phosphorus segregation, the metal composition of carbide phases at 853 K was predicted by means of thermodynamic calculations and confirmed by experimental measurements (TEM + EDX). The vanadium was found to enhance the phosphorus grain boundary segregation by reducing the amount of dissolved and segregated carbon. Thereby, the equilibrium of mutual displacement C (segregated) ? P (segregated) was shifted to more phosphorus segregation. The results achieved indicate that vanadium indirectly increases sensitivity of low alloy steels to intergranular embrittlement.     

Effect of the problem space on subgoal facilitation.

Two experiments with a total of 116 undergraduates, using 2 versions of the missionary and cannibal problem, investigated the conditions under which the specification of a subgoal would facilitate problem solving. The specification of a subgoal significantly improved total performance only on the problem having the larger problem space. Specification of a subgoal in the smaller problem space significantly improved performance only in reaching the subgoal, and this occurred only when the subgoal was not too distant from the initial state. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)