煤直接液化油中硫氮化合物的类型分布

为研究煤直接液化油中硫氮化合物的类型分布,根据煤直接液化油的特点,采用GC-PFPD和GC-NCD方法分别优化煤直接液化油中硫氮化合物的分析条件,获得了煤直接液化油中硫、氮化合物的组成及含量。结果表明,煤直接液化油中硫主要以苯并噻吩类和二苯并噻吩类化合物存在,两者占原料油中总硫含量的90%以上,是煤直接液化油加工脱硫的主要对象;煤直接液化油中氮主要以五元杂环含氮化合物形式存在,占比32%,主要代表物质是吲哚类和咔唑类化合物,两者占原料中总氮含量的50%左右,是煤直接液化油加工脱氮的主要对象。     

煤直接液化粗油提质加工工艺研究现状

分析对比了煤直接液化油的汽油和柴油馏分与石油基汽油和柴油馏分杂原子含量和族组分的差异,指出煤直接液化油中氮和芳烃含量高,需要经过苛刻的加工改质,才能作为车用内燃机燃料使用。介绍了煤液化粗油提质加工的研究现状,讨论了油品加氢催化剂和不同馏分产物的加氢提质工艺,展望了该工艺的发展趋势。     

煤基喷气燃料研究现状及展望

为促进我国喷气燃料的发展,介绍了JP-900、煤基全合成喷气燃料和煤直接液化喷气燃料3种煤基喷气燃料的研究历程和制备方法,对比分析了煤基喷气燃料和传统石油基喷气燃料的理化性能和使用性能,最后对煤基喷气燃料的发展提出了相关建议。JP-900的氮含量和硫含量都很少,具有较高的闪点和较低的冰点,密度高,极性化合物含量很少,其热稳定性和燃烧性能均优于石油基的航空燃料。煤基全合成喷气燃料的热稳定性、润滑性、材料相容性等指标相似或更优于传统石油基喷气燃料Jet A-1。煤直接液化油的组成特点与JP-900相似,具有高密度、高闪点、低冰点和富含环烷烃等特点,但其中的杂原子化合物会显著影响其燃料性能。除煤基全合成喷气燃料外,其他2种煤基喷气燃料还没有投入商业应用。未来应进一步增加煤液化产能,建立健全煤基喷气燃料的试验方法,建立煤基喷气燃料的产品标准,以实现煤基喷气燃料的大规模工业化生产和商业应用。     

煤基燃料油品特性与煤制油产业发展分析

基于最新汽油、柴油和航煤质量标准,结合我国市场对成品油需求走向,本文探讨了煤直接液化油、煤间接液化油、加氢煤焦油、煤油共炼产品、甲醇制汽油（MTG汽油）和聚甲氧基二甲醚（DMM_n）等煤基油品的馏分结构与性质,分析了它们对煤制油产业发展的影响。文章指出国家绿色可持续发展需要低硫、低烯烃、低芳烃和高抗爆性能的交通运输燃料,需要降低柴汽比,增产航空煤油。煤基油品的硫氮等有害物质含量低、清洁性很好。除了MTG汽油外,煤基油品的柴汽比过高,需要与石油产品协同发展以满足我国未来的成品油市场需求。费托合成工艺能够直接生产优质柴油和航空喷气燃料油组分,是煤制油产业发展的主要技术路线;煤直接液化工艺所产汽煤柴油馏分性质均不理想,需要持续改进提高;煤油共炼工艺在成品油质量方面弥补了煤直接液化工艺的不足,可作为一条新的煤制油途径。煤焦油加氢可以生产出质量指标达到或接近国Ⅵ标准的车用柴油调和组分,是一条高效利用煤炭加工过程副产品的煤制油技术路线。MTG汽油和DMM_n是优质汽油和柴油组分,能改善炼油企业成品油的柴汽比结构和交通运输燃料产品质量,应加大低成本工艺技术研发、扩大产能。     

艾丁褐煤直接液化产物中酚类形成影响因素研究

针对艾丁褐煤高氧含量的特征,通过高压釜对艾丁褐煤直接加氢液化进行试验研究,考察了反应温度、催化剂添加量、氢气初压和溶剂含量对艾丁褐煤液化产物酚类物质生成的影响。结果表明,艾丁褐煤直接液化生成酚类物质的最适宜条件为:反应温度430℃,催化剂添加量1%,氢气初压5.0 MPa,溶剂含量50%。各低级酚在总酚中的占比分别为:苯酚0. 39%,邻甲酚0. 51%,间甲酚1.08%,对甲酚0. 97%,二甲酚5. 07%。通过碱抽提煤液化油得到的酚类物质中的低级酚(苯酚+C1phenol+C2 phenol)在总酚中占比10.7%,低级酚主要集中在保留时间为24～33 min,高级酚占比较大,且随保留时间的延长既多又杂;提高反应温度、溶剂含量和催化剂添加量有利于提升总酚产率,促进煤反应生成酚类物质,氢气初压对总酚产率影响不大;提高反应温度和催化剂添加量能提升低级酚在总酚中的占比,使高级酚趋向于反应生成低级酚,提高溶剂含量和氢气初压抑制低级酚在总酚中的占比。煤直接液化工艺流程中,通过加氢反应,在低温分离过程中尽可能达到较高的酚产率,同时通过将高分进行循环,以延长高分的反应时间,提高油产率,即实行分级加氢液化将有利于控制和提高油和酚产率。     

煤液化油中酚类化合物分布特征研究

采用气相色谱/质谱联用研究分析了胜利褐煤在0.1t/d直接液化连续实验装置上所得煤液化油中酚类化合物的分布特征.实验通过碱液洗涤法富集煤液化油中混合酚组分,并对该组分进行衍生化处理,以提高色谱柱对混合物的分离性能.以混合衍生物为主要分析对象,共定性出煤液化油中134种个体酚,分属于苯酚、茚满酚、萘满酚和萘酚等四种类型,且绝大多数酚类化合物都带有烷基侧链.苯酚类化合物数量最多,在混合酚组分中含量最大,其次为茚满酚和萘满酚.萘酚类化合物的数量最少,相对含量最小.     

煤液化中油馏分中酚类的影响因素研究

煤液化中油(220℃～260℃)馏分中含有大量的酚类化合物,其质量分数约20%～25%,其酚类化合物主要是由苯酚、(烷基)苯酚、(烷基)萘酚、(烷基)茚满酚和联苯酚等类型组成.考察了煤液化过程中反应温度、Mo系催化剂和添加高分油三种工艺条件对煤液化中油馏分中不同酚类的影响.结果表明,升高反应温度和加入Mo系催化剂能增加煤液化油中总粗酚产率,而添加高分油方式则不太明显;另外,添加高分油方式可以促进高级酚类中间体发生裂解、脱烷基和脱羟基等二次反应向生成分子量更小、结构更简单的低级酚类进行转化,而通过Mo系催化剂的加入可以抑制部分高级酚类向低级酚类的转化.     

煤直接液化过程中酚类的转化规律及检测方法

主要论述了低阶煤中各种酚羟基种类对煤液化过程的影响,以及煤液化产物中酚类产品的生成原因,并系统性地对煤液化油馏分中酚类产品的分布、分析检测方法及提取方法等进行了总结。     

煤直接液化油加氢改质生产清洁燃料研究

采用RGC-1/RNC-2/RCC-1催化剂组合,以煤直接液化油品为原料,在100万t/a加氢改质装置上进行加氢改质研究。结果表明,煤直接液化油的性质得到明显改善,绝大部分不饱和烃加氢饱和,加氢精制段对改善油品质量起主要作用,原料油中的S、N、O等几乎全部脱除;其柴油馏分S、N含量很低,凝点和冷滤点均低于-27℃,十六烷值约43,是国Ⅴ低凝点柴油的优质调和组分;石脑油馏分的S、N含量均小于1μg/g,芳潜含量高达68.8%,是优质的催化重整原料。     

不同溶剂下煤直接液化初级产物的物性

研究两种不同溶剂条件下,煤直接液化初级产品的物理化学特性,通过实沸点蒸馏装置,将样品油进行了实沸点切割,得到17个窄馏分,并考察了各窄馏分的密度、相对分子质量、元素组成及临界性质.结果表明,两种煤液化粗油馏分组成差别不大,得到的相应粗油窄馏分的密度、元素组成和相对分子质量等相差也较小.加氢后的循环溶剂条件下,煤液化粗油S和N元素含量较低;最后采用经验关联式对两种煤液化粗油窄馏分的假临界性质进行了计算.结果显示,两种油的假临界性质差别不大,且随切割馏程升高假临界温度和假临界体积逐渐增大,窄馏分的假临界压力逐渐减小.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。