木质素系添加剂对煤浆焦气化反应活性的研究

利用竹浆黑液(BL)直接磺化接枝丙烯酰胺(AM)制备出水煤浆添加剂(BLSA)。研究比较了BL、市售木素磺酸钠LS-Na以及BLSA对贵州无烟煤煤浆焦气化反应活性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着气化温度的升高,各个煤浆焦样品的气化反应活性随之提高;(2)在气化温度1100℃、气化时间2 h、BLSA添加量为0.8%时,BLSA煤浆焦拥有最高95.3%的CO_2转化率,相比其他煤浆焦样品高出了15%~30%。     

煤与生物质共气化制甲烷实验研究

以烟煤和高粱秸秆为研究对象,在小型加压固定床反应器上考察了压力3.5MPa及温度700℃条件下制焦方式、煤/生物质混合比和气固接触时间对煤与生物质共气化制取富甲烷气体过程中水蒸气气化反应和甲烷化反应的影响.结果表明,对于水蒸气气化反应,煤焦和生物质焦共气化时不能观察到明显的协同作用;对于甲烷化反应,高粱秸秆焦的甲烷化反应活性高于煤焦的甲烷化反应活性,当对高粱秸秆水洗后,高粱秸秆焦的甲烷化反应活性降低至与煤焦的甲烷化反应活性相当,分析表明,水洗后高粱秸秆焦碱金属钾的含量显著降低,说明高粱秸秆焦中碱金属钾的存在是高粱秸秆焦甲烷化反应活性较高的主要原因.增加气固接触时间,有利于提高甲烷产率.     

煤中掺配高硫石油焦的气化特性研究

利用同步热分析仪对高硫石油焦(JL焦)、淮北煤(LY煤)以及淮北煤中掺配不同比例的JL焦混样在常压条件下进行CO2气化研究,并对气化动力学进行了分析。研究表明,JL焦的气化反应活性远远低于LY煤,配入LY煤能够提高JL焦的气化反应性,降低活化能;1 150℃之前,转化率的实验值低于加权平均值,且与掺焦比例没有关系;1 150℃之后,转化率的实验值高于加权平均值,原因是LY煤灰中的矿物质对焦、煤混样的气化起到了催化作用。     

气流床煤气化条件下煤(焦)气化反应性评价

为了寻求适用于气流床煤气化条件的气化反应性评价方法,利用自行设计的接近现代煤气化环境的气化装置提出了一个评价煤(焦)的气化反应性的指数H_(PO),通过1组典型的煤(焦)样品在该装置上的气化试验数据对比,验证H_(PO)对煤(焦)气化反应性的表征效果。结果表明:利用气化后CO_2浓度或CO_2还原率α不能准确评价煤(焦)的气化反应性,而H_(PO)值可以避免可气化组分含量的干扰,在接近现代煤气化工艺条件下快速并较为准确地评价煤(焦)的气化反应性。     

CaCO_3对无烟煤煤焦气化反应活性的影响

以贵州无烟煤为研究对象,利用固定床反应装置研究了CaCO_3对煤焦-CO2气化反应活性的影响,对煤焦结构和CaCO_3在反应过程中的物相变化及煤焦的表面形貌进行了分析,考察了制焦方式、气化反应温度、CaCO_3添加量等因素对气化活性的影响.结果表明,先制焦再添加CaCO_3所得煤焦比先添加CaCO_3再制焦所得煤焦的气化活性高,无烟煤的气化活性随CaCO_3添加量增加而增大,但添加量大于3.5%(w)后气化活性变化不大;制焦和气化反应过程中,CaCO_3与煤中的其它物质反应转变为Ca S和Ca Al2Si2O8.     

高钠煤及其洗煤的气化反应研究

以60%水蒸气和40%N2作为气化剂,采用热重方法,在850 C～950 C条件下,研究了澳大利亚高盐煤、水洗煤以及不同浓度酸洗后的煤在所制得的快速低温热解焦的水蒸气气化反应特性.同时,用N2作为吸附剂测定了几种煤焦的比表面积.结果表明:水洗煤焦和0.01 mol/LHCl洗煤焦气化反应活性最高,原煤焦次之,0.1 mol/L HCl洗煤焦和0.5 mol/L HCl洗煤焦的活性较低.洗涤过程会导致煤焦孔径的扩大,煤焦的比表面积减小.原煤焦的活化能较高,而洗涤煤焦的活化能降低.     

一种褐煤热解煤焦的CO2气化反应特性

针对褐煤的热解-部分气化-残炭燃烧梯级利用工艺,以宁夏石沟驿褐煤为原料,采用水平管式炉在700℃～950℃温度范围内分别制备快速和慢速热解煤焦,考察了煤焦微晶结构和比表面积随制焦条件的变化.利用热重-质谱联用技术研究煤焦CO2气化反应特性,并采用不同评价指标对煤焦气化活性进行了表征.结果表明:气化温度每升高50℃,煤焦CO2气化反应速率增加50％以上;热解温度升高,虽然煤焦微晶结构的有序化程度加深,比表面积减小,但煤焦CO2气化反应活性主要受气化温度影响;快速热解煤焦的CO2气化反应活性高于慢速热解煤焦,二者的差异随着气化温度升高而增大;表征煤焦CO2气化活性的平均比气化速率和反应性指数存在线性关系.     

大同煤不同显微组分富集物焦与CO2反应性研究

用热重分析仪考察了大同煤惰质组和镜质组富集物焦与 CO2 的气化反应活性 .发现在 95℃～ 1 1 0 0℃范围内 ,大同煤不同显微组分富集物焦与 CO2 的气化反应活性次序为惰质组 >镜质组 ,特别是当气化温度在 1 0 5 0℃～ 1 1 0 0℃时 ,二者之间差异更显著 .分析认为 ,单纯从活化能不能正确描述煤岩显微组分富集物的气化行为 ,必须考虑热解和气化过程中孔结构及比表面的变化 ;不同显微组分富集物焦与 CO2 的反应性和煤的黏结性有关     

煤温和气化技术研究进展

综述了煤温和气化催化剂种类、催化气化反应机理及反应动力学的研究成果及其进展.分析总结了煤结构、催化剂、气化温度及气化剂等对气化反应的反应活性和产物气组成的影响,指出现有温和气化过程中存在的不足,并对煤温和气化技术进行了展望.     

煤和生物质共气化协同效应的初步研究

采用等温热重法对神木煤焦、稻草焦、高梁秆焦和松木屑焦以及煤焦和生物质焦的混合物进行了CO2气化研究。结果表明,煤焦和生物质焦反应活性由大到小的顺序为松木屑焦〉高粱秆焦〉稻草焦〉神木煤焦,煤焦和稻草焦及高梁焦共气化存在明显的协同效应;煤焦和松木屑焦的共气化没有观察到协同效应;当煤焦和脱灰后的稻草焦、高梁焦进行共气化时,协同效应消失。在处理量是8kg／h的流化床实验装置上,比较了煤单独气化和煤与三种生物质共气化的气化结果,发现气化过程中,碳转化率的顺序与物料的气化反应性一致,协同效应不明显。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。