爆炸喷涂WC-12Co/MoS_2复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能

为进一步提高爆炸喷涂WC-12Co涂层的耐磨性,在WC-12Co合金粉末中添加不同比例的MoS2粉末,利用爆炸喷涂技术在Q235钢表面制备了系列WC-12Co/MoS2复合涂层.采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机对WC-12Co/MoS2复合涂层的微观组织形貌、结构、显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能进行了研究.结果表明,MoS2均匀的分布于复合涂层中,当MoS2含量为2%时,复合涂层的硬度、致密度变化不大,但摩擦系数和磨损率大幅度下降,分别为WC-12Co涂层的50%和36%.随着MoS2含量的增加,复合涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均呈上升趋势.     

Al_2O_3/MoS_2复合涂层的制备及摩擦磨损性能

以大气等离子喷涂工艺制备的Al_2O_3陶瓷涂层为模板,利用陶瓷涂层中存在的孔隙和微裂纹,采用水热反应在其内部原位合成具有润滑特性的MoS_2,制备出Al_2O_3/MoS_2的复合涂层。结果表明,通过水热反应在陶瓷涂层原有的微观缺陷中成功合成了MoS_2,合成的MoS_2固体粉末呈类球形状,并且这球状的粉末是由纳米片层状的MoS_2搭建组成的。摩擦试验结果表明,与纯Al_2O_3涂层相比,复合涂层中由于MoS_2润滑膜的形成,其摩擦因数和磨损率都显著降低,且载荷越大,复合涂层的摩擦性能越好。     

添加CeO_2对MoS_2基复合涂层摩擦学性能的影响

针对MoS_2基复合涂层耐磨性差和承载能力低的问题,以不同含量(质量分数)的CeO_2作为添加剂,采用喷涂法在GCr15钢表面制备MoS_2基复合涂层。利用摩擦磨损试验机和划痕仪分别研究涂层摩擦磨损性能和结合强度,并借助金相显微镜对涂层磨损形貌进行表征。结果表明:添加适量CeO_2可以改善涂层的摩擦磨损性能,其最佳含量为2%,此时摩擦因数和磨损量均最小,分别为0.232和0.011 3 mm~3;同时结合强度从22 N提高到28.29 N。涂层磨损量随载荷的增大而增大;而载荷小于8 N时,涂层的摩擦因数随载荷的增大而减小,当载荷大于8 N时,摩擦因数又有回升趋势。添加稀土后涂层的承载能力有明显提高。未添加稀土时,涂层产生严重剥离,并发生磨粒磨损;添加2%CeO_2后,涂层发生轻微磨粒磨损,耐磨性得到显著提高。     

MoS2颗粒表面包覆Al2O3及其在镀层中的应用

采用非均匀形核法将Al2O3包覆到MoS2颗粒表面,提高颗粒的亲水性能。研究了溶液pH值、Al(NO3)3的摩尔浓度和预处理工艺对包覆率的影响;采用SEM及EDS分析了包覆前后MoS2颗粒的微观形貌和表面成分;通过测量接触角研究了颗粒表面的亲水性。结果表明,颗粒表面均匀包覆了一层Al(OH)3;溶液pH值对包覆率的影响最大,Al(NO3)3的摩尔浓度次之。最佳工艺为:溶液pH值为5.5,Al(NO3)3浓度为0.15mol/L,预处理过程不添加表面活性剂。随着包覆率的提高,MoS2颗粒的亲水性提高。利用包覆Al2O3的MoS2制得了Ni-P-MoS2化学复合镀层,提高了镀层中沉积粒子的均匀致密性。     

Electrodeposition of sol-enhanced nanostructured Ni-TiO2 composite coatings

A novel electroplating method has been developed to produce nanocrystalline metal-matrix nano-structured composite coatings. A small amount of transparent TiO₂ sol was added into the traditional electroplating Ni solution, leading to the formation of nanocrystalline Ni-TiO₂ composite coatings. These coatings have a smooth surface. The Ni nodules changed from traditional pyramid-like shape to spherical shape. The grain size of Ni was also significantly reduced to the level of 50 nm. It was found that the amorphous anatase TiO₂ nano-particles (∼ 10 nm) were highly dispersed in the coating matrix. The microhardness was significantly increased from 320 HV₁₀₀ of the traditional Ni coating to 430 HV₁₀₀ of the novel composite coating with 3.26 wt.% TiO₂. Correspondingly, the wear resistance of the composite coating was improved by ∼ 50%.     

Mechanical and tribological properties of sputter deposited nanostructured Cr-WS2 solid lubricant coatings

Solid lubricant coatings of WS₂ and Cr-WS₂ (15-50 at.% Cr) prepared using an unbalanced magnetron sputtering system were evaluated for their mechanical and tribological properties. Nanoindentation results indicated that addition of Cr helped in improving the mechanical properties and the elastic recovery ability of Cr-WS₂ coatings. The adhesive strengths of Cr-WS₂ coatings were evaluated using a nanoscratch tester and from the nanoscratch profiles, critical load values and optical images, it was evident that the adhesion of Cr-WS₂ coatings increased with an increase in the Cr content. Further analysis of the nanoscratch data indicated that WS₂ coatings exhibited large amount of plastic deformation compared to Cr-WS₂ coatings which showed a combination of elastic-plastic deformation. However, micro-tribometer measurements at a load of 2 N showed that the tribological properties of Cr-WS₂ coatings deteriorated with an increase in the Cr content. For example, Cr-WS₂ coatings prepared at Cr content ≥ 33 at.% failed after a sliding distance of 1 m. On the other hand, WS₂ and Cr-WS₂ coatings prepared at low Cr contents (15-23 at.% Cr) exhibited a stable friction coefficient (50-60% relative humidity) in the range of 0.10-0.13 for a sliding distance of 14 m. Micro-Raman spectroscopy data of the worn films taken after a sliding distance of 14 m indicated the presence of WS₂ transfer films for WS₂ and Cr-WS₂ coatings prepared at low Cr contents. For Cr-WS₂ coatings with Cr content ≥ 33 at.%, the worn films consisted predominantly of WO₃. After an extended sliding distance of 50 m, Cr-WS₂ coatings (15-23 at.% Cr) outperformed WS₂ coating which failed after 20 m. Further, the coatings prepared at low Cr contents did not show any failure even after a sliding distance of 200 m. At a higher load of 7 N, Cr-WS₂ coating with 15 at.% Cr exhibited the best performance with a friction coefficient of 0.07 up to a sliding distance of 72 m. These results indicate that the amount of Cr in the WS₂ matrix needs to be controlled judiciously to obtain improved mechanical and tribological properties in Cr-WS₂ solid lubricant coatings.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3-Cr2O3 composite coatings produced by atmospheric plasma spraying

Al₂O₃, Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ coatings were deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying. Phase composition of powders and as-sprayed coatings was determined by X-ray diffraction. Electron probe microanalyzer was employed to investigate the polished and fractured surface morphologies of the coatings. Mechanical properties including microhardness, fracture toughness and bending strength were evaluated. The results indicate that the addition of Cr₂O₃ is conducive to the stabilization of α-Al₂O₃. Compared with the pure Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ coatings, Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ composite coatings show lower porosities and denser structures. Heterogeneous nucleation of α-Al₂O₃ occurs over the isostructural Cr₂O₃ lamellae and partial solid solution of Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ might be occurring as well. Furthermore, grain refining and solid solution strengthening facilitate the mechanical property enhancement of Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ composite coatings.     

脉冲磁控溅射MoS2涂层的组织结构及摩擦学性能

采用单极性脉冲磁控溅射技术在A286基体表面制备MoS₂低摩擦系数涂层(LFC)。利用XRD、SEM等手段表征涂层的成分与微观组织;采用原位纳米力学测试系统、球-盘式摩擦磨损试验机分析涂层的力学和摩擦学性能,并探讨了脉冲偏压对涂层结构、力学和摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明,脉冲偏压由300V增加到600V,MoS₂涂层择优取向发生了(002)向(100)转变,当脉冲偏压增至800V时又恢复(002)择优取向,;随着脉冲偏压的增加,涂层的硬度及弹性模量出现先减少后增大趋势,摩擦系数在0.065~0.076范围内波动,呈现出先增加后减小趋势;偏压为800V的涂层摩擦学性能最佳,其磨损率仅为基体的13.5%。     

Effect of applied current on the electrodeposited Ni-Al2O3 composite coatings

Nano-sized Al₂O₃ ceramic particles (50 nm) were co-deposited with nickel using electrodeposition technique to develop composite coatings. The coatings were produced in an aqueous nickel bath at different current densities and the research investigated the effect of applied current on microstructure and thickness of the coatings. The variation in some mechanical properties such as hardness, wear resistance, and the adhesive strength of the composite coatings is influenced by the applied current and this was also studied. The morphology of the coatings was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The hardness, wear resistance, and bond strength of the coatings were evaluated by Vickers micro-hardness test, pin-on-disc test, and tensile test, respectively. Results showed that the Al₂O₃ particles were uniformly distributed in the coatings, and the coatings deposited at a current density of 0.01 A/cm² was most favorable in achieving a maximum current efficiency which causes the co-deposition of a maximum amount of Al₂O₃ particles (4.3 wt.%) in the coatings. The increase in Al₂O₃ particles in the coatings increased the mechanical properties of the Ni-Al₂O₃ composite coatings by grain refining and dispersion strengthening mechanisms.     

铝合金表面MoS2/Al2O3复合涂层制备及减摩性能研究

铝合金表面减摩涂层设计和制备是改善铝合金构件摩擦性能的关键技术之一。对于目前铝合金结构件易磨损的问题,本研究采用微弧氧化一步法在6063铝合金表面原位合成纳米MoS2,制备具有减摩作用的MoS2/Al2O3复合陶瓷涂层;讨论了硫盐浓度对涂层成分、形貌及摩擦性能的影响,分析了涂层减摩机理。结果表明：通过微弧氧化在6063铝合金表面成功制备出了含有MoS2的自润滑复合陶瓷涂层;涂层的摩擦系数随着硫盐浓度的升高呈现先下降后上升的趋势,当电解液中硫盐浓度为15g/L时涂层的摩擦系数为0.15,较常规微弧氧化涂层降低了76%。涂层中的MoS2分布在涂层的表面和内部,在与摩擦副接触与挤压的作用下形成均匀分布的MoS2润滑膜,表现出良好的减摩性能。     

Novel thermal barrier coatings based on La2Ce2O7/8YSZ double-ceramic-layer systems deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition

Novel thermal barrier coatings based on La₂Ce₂O₇/8YSZ double-ceramic-layer (DCL) systems, which were deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD), were found to have a longer lifetime compared to the single layer La₂Ce₂O₇ (LC) system, and even much longer than that of the single layer 8YSZ system under burner rig test. The DCL coating structure design can effectively alleviate the thermal expansion mismatch between LC coating and bond coat, as well as avoid the chemical reaction between LC and Al₂O₃ in thermally grown oxide (TGO), which occurs above 1000 °C as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The failure mechanism of LC/8YSZ DCL coating is mainly due to the sintering of LC coating surface after long-term thermal cycling.     

Tribological properties of thin hard coatings: demands and evaluation

Thin hard coatings are currently being used in a large number of tribological applications. Some important examples are tools for metal cutting and forming, and machine elements like sliding bearings, seals, valves, etc. The present paper deals with the problems of identifying the limiting factors in given tribological applications of coating composites, and how to experimentally determine their tribological responsse, with special attention given to wear.

As a means for coating development, the intricate relations between coating deposition parameters and the triboological response of the coated composite are indicated by a flow chart of relevant coating and substrate properties. It is demonstrated how the general characteristics (topography, composition, microstructure, etc.) and fundamental properties (chemical, thermal, mechanical, etc.) of coating and substrate combine to generate the tribological properties (resistance against abrasion, erosion, sliding wear, etc.), which given the tribological loading, determines the tribological response in terms of friction and wear.

A number of different test methods for tribological evaluation of coating composites are presented together with illustrative examples. The test range from four-point bending for evaluating coating fracture strength, to designated tribological tests to determine the resistance against abrsion, particle erosion, and sliding wear.     

Ir/HfO2复合涂层的制备及性能研究

利用化学气相沉积(CVD)技术制备了HfO2涂层和Ir/HfO2复合涂层,采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)对涂层的性能进行分析。结果表明:在沉积Ir时,沉积室升温速率≤10 ℃/min时,制备出的Ir/HfO2复合涂层经真空高温热处理后可获得表面质量良好的Ir层,且Ir层纯度达到99.77%;真空热处理有益于提高Ir/HfO2复合涂层之间的结合程度,且热处理温度越高,结合效果越好;表面制备有HfO2涂层的Ir棒在1980 ℃氧化10 h的条件下,HfO2涂层对Ir的保护效果显著,可将Ir的氧化深度由毫米级降至数十微米。     

Computer controlled detonation spraying of WC/Co coatings containing MoS2 solid lubricant

Composite WC/Co + MoS₂ coatings were deposited onto steel substrates by Computer Controlled Detonation Spraying using three spraying modes: very cold, cold and normal. Maximal content of MoS₂ in a sprayed powder was 10 wt.%. Characterization of coatings was made with chemical and phase analyses, microhardness measurement, morphology and microstructure investigation. X-ray diffraction study shows that residual MoS₂ exists only in coatings obtained at very cold and cold spraying modes. At normal spraying mode complete decomposition of the solid lubricant occurs during spraying. From the engineering point of view, the coating applied at the cold mode using a powder containing 10 wt.% MoS₂ is the most promising. Such a coating has microhardness of 650 HV_0.2 and a porosity of 10%.     

First-principles calculations of electronic and optical properties of Ti-doped monoclinic HfO2

Based on the first-principles density-functional theory, the electronic structures and optical properties of monoclinic HfO₂ and Ti-doped m-HfO₂ are comparatively investigated. The calculated lattice parameters of m-HfO₂ are in good agreement with the experimental values and the previous works, and the incorporation of Ti into HfO₂ induces a decrease in the lattice parameters. Electronic structures of m-HfO₂ and Ti-doped HfO₂ are studied through the densities of states (DOS) and band structures. The results indicate that the Ti substitution of Hf sites modifies the conduction band structure of HfO₂, which leads to a reduction of the band gap of HfO₂. The complex dielectric function and refractive index are calculated and the peak position distributions of imaginary parts of the complex dielectric function have been explained. The calculated optical properties are consistent with the experimental measurements for m-HfO₂.     

Micro-scale sliding contacts on Au and Au-MoS2 coatings

The microtribological properties of Au and Au-MoS₂ coatings were examined using a nanoindentation instrument. MoS₂ was chosen for this study as an additive to Au due to its positive influence on the mechanical and tribological properties. Reciprocating microscratch tests were performed using a diamond indenter with a tip radius of 50 μm and a range of normal loads between 0.2 mN and 5.0 mN. The friction and wear results, with respect to the two coatings, were correlated to different velocity accommodation modes and levels of adhesion. It was found that the addition of 20 mol% MoS₂ to Au reduced the adhesion and limiting friction and also improved the wear resistance significantly. This coating shows potential for applications in microcomponents and microswitches due to its wear resistance, relatively low friction and good electrical conductivity.     

Mechanical and tribological performance of Al2O3-TiO2 coatings elaborated by flame and plasma spraying

Mechanical properties and wear rates of Al₂O₃-13 wt.% TiO₂ (AT-13) and Al₂O₃-43 wt.% TiO₂ (AT-43) coatings obtained by flame and atmospheric plasma spraying were studied. The feed stock was either ceramic cords or powders. Results show that the wear resistance of AT-13 coatings is higher than that of AT-43 and it seems that the effect of hardness on wear resistance is more important than that of toughness. Additionally, it was established that, according to conditions used to elaborate coatings and the sliding tribological test chosen, spray processes do not seem to have an important effect on the wear resistance of these coatings.     

Effect of nano-sized CeF3 on microstructure, mechanical, high temperature friction and corrosion behavior of Ni-W composite coatings

Ni-W-CeF₃ composite coatings were prepared by electrodeposition in a Ni-W plating bath containing CeF₃ nano-particles. The shape and size of the CeF₃ nano-particles and the surface topography of the composite coatings were observed using an environmental scanning electron microscope, and the component and structure analysis was characterized by means of XRD. A microhardness tester was employed to investigate the microhardness of the coatings. The high temperature friction behavior and corrosion resistance of the coatings against molten glass were investigated by using a high temperature tribometer. It was found that the CeF₃ nano-particles appeared in the coatings as microspheres of a diameter less than 50 nm. The addition of CeF₃ nano-particles led to changes in morphologies of the composite coatings by refining the size of crystalline bulks. Therefore, the Ni-W-nanoCeF₃ composite coatings had more compact and fine granular morphologies. The co-deposited CeF₃ nano-particles were uniformly distributed in the Ni-W matrix and had contribution to greatly increasing the microhardness, high temperature tribological and anti-corrosion properties of the Ni-W alloy, furthermore the mechanism of anti-friction and anti-corrosion is discussed.     

沉积气氛对电火花沉积Mo2FeB2基金属陶瓷涂层组织与性能的影响

采用电火花沉积分别在空气和氩气中制备了Mo_2FeB_2基金属陶瓷涂层,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机研究了沉积气氛对涂层形貌、相组成、硬度和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,2种气氛中沉积所得涂层的组织结构都致密,涂层与基体间无分层,呈冶金结合的特征,但空气中沉积涂层的表面较粗糙,并发生了严重的氧化,涂层均匀性也较差。它们都主要由非晶相和马氏体相组成,但氩气中沉积的涂层含有更多的非晶相。氩气和空气中沉积涂层的最大显微硬度(HV_(0.05))分别为12 862和10 129 MPa,相差2733 MPa,前者涂层2 h的磨损量几乎仅为后者涂层的1/7,表现出更好的耐磨性。2种涂层的主要磨损机制都是疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损,但氩气中沉积涂层以疲劳磨损为主,空气中沉积涂层则以磨粒磨损为主。     

Study of Al2O3 coatings on AISI 316 stainless steel obtained by controlled atmosphere plasma spraying (CAPS)

The tribological behaviour of Al₂O₃ coatings on AISI 316 stainless steel, obtained by the process of controlled atmosphere plasma spraying (CAPS), is studied in this work. Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and high pressure plasma spraying (HPPS) were applied in order to produce these coatings. The APS coatings exhibited lower microhardness values compared to the values of HPPS coatings. Regarding the HPPS coatings it was found that plasma composition, through its heat capacity, does influence the heat transfer to particles, and, consequently, their flattening and densification process, which govern coating properties. It was revealed that tribological behaviour of coatings was influenced by the applied spraying method too. Coatings from HPPS under high-enthalpy conditions led to worst wear behaviour. In general, properties, such as microstructure, microhardness, coefficient of friction and wear resistance depended on the processing conditions such as pressure and composition of the spraying chamber atmosphere.