Microstructure and high-temperature friction and wear behavior of WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni coating prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel spraying

WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni coating was prepared by high velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF). The microstructure and phase composition of the as-sprayed coating and that after oxidation at high temperature were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The oxidation behavior of as-sprayed coating and starting powders was evaluated by thermogravimetry. Dry sliding friction and wear behavior of the WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni coating sliding against Si₃N₄ ball at different temperatures (room temperature 20 °C and elevated temperature of 700 °C and 800 °C) was evaluated using an oscillating friction and wear tester. Besides, the microhardness and fracture toughness of the coating was also measured. Results show that sintering agglomerated WC-20 wt.%Cr-7 wt.%Ni powder is an effective method to prepare agglomerated and sintered WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni composite powder. The excellent oxidation resistance of WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni coating is mainly resulted from a double-decker shell-core microstructure formed in the coating. The composition of the outer shell is (W,Cr)₂C phase and that of the inner shell is Cr₃C₂. During high-temperature friction and wear test, well remained hard WC phase in the WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni coating can guarantee its good mechanical properties and wear resistance, and newly generated nano NiWO₄, CrWO₄ and Cr₂WO₆ particles can further improve these properties significantly.     

Microstructure and Properties of HVOF-Sprayed WC-(W,Cr)<Subscript>2</Subscript>C-Ni Coatings

The composition WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni is one of the standard compositions used for the preparation of thermally sprayed coatings by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. Surprisingly, this composition has been poorly investigated in the past. Frequent use of commercial designations WC-‘CrC’-Ni, WC-Cr₃C₂-Ni, and WC-NiCr indicates the insufficient knowledge about the phase compositions of these powders and coatings. The properties of these coatings differ significantly from those of WC-Co and WC-CoCr coatings. In this paper, the results of different series of experiments conducted on HVOF-sprayed WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni coatings are compiled and their specific benefits pointed out. The focus of this study is on the analysis of the microstructures and phase compositions of the feedstock powders and coatings. Unlike WC-Co and Cr₃C₂-NiCr, WC-(W,Cr)₂C-Ni is not a simple binary hard phase—binder metal composite. The phase (W,Cr)₂C with unknown physical and mechanical properties appears as a second hard phase, which is inhomogeneously distributed in the feedstock powders and coatings. As examples of coating properties, the oxidation resistance and dry sliding wear properties are compared with those of WC-10%Co-4%Cr coatings.     

WC-(W,Cr)_2C-Ni/Ag复合涂层的制备及摩擦学性能

针对众多运动部件存在严重的摩擦磨损问题,使用大气等离子喷涂(APS)设备在1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢金属基材上喷涂制备WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni和WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni/Ag两种防护涂层,使用CSM摩擦磨损试验机考察两种涂层在室温下与Si3N4球配副时的滑动摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:Ag相的添加可明显降低涂层在干摩擦条件下的摩擦因数,并能减轻涂层的磨损程度;APS制备的WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni/Ag复合涂层不仅具有优良的自润滑性能,而且具有极佳的耐磨性能,有望作为一种新型耐磨自润滑涂层材料。     

爆炸喷涂WC-12Co/MoS_2复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能

为进一步提高爆炸喷涂WC-12Co涂层的耐磨性,在WC-12Co合金粉末中添加不同比例的MoS2粉末,利用爆炸喷涂技术在Q235钢表面制备了系列WC-12Co/MoS2复合涂层.采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机对WC-12Co/MoS2复合涂层的微观组织形貌、结构、显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能进行了研究.结果表明,MoS2均匀的分布于复合涂层中,当MoS2含量为2%时,复合涂层的硬度、致密度变化不大,但摩擦系数和磨损率大幅度下降,分别为WC-12Co涂层的50%和36%.随着MoS2含量的增加,复合涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均呈上升趋势.     

Cathodic arc deposition of (Al,Cr)2O3: Macroparticles and cathode surface modifications

The present work investigates the microstructure and chemical composition of macroparticles incorporated in arc evaporated (Al,Cr)₂O₃ coatings. According to scanning and transmission electron microscopy analysis, two different types of macroparticles with a distinct difference in their shape and a noticeable variation in their chemical composition, i.e. the Al/Cr ratio, can be distinguished. In addition, the transformations on the surface of the corresponding Al-Cr compound cathodes during the evaporation process in O₂ atmosphere are studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Beside the virgin cathode material, a reaction layer consisting of various intermetallic Al_xCr_y phases with a fine-grained morphology and pillar-shaped Al₂O₃ islands was found. Correlations between the origin of the macroparticles and the observed modifications at the surface of the Al-Cr cathode are discussed.     

W含量对自蔓延离心熔铸TiB2-TiC-(Ti,W)C陶瓷组织性能的影响

通过在(Ti+B₄C)体系中引入(WO₃+Al)燃烧体系,进而调整两体系的比例,采用自蔓延离心熔铸工艺成功制备出W系列含量的TiB₂-TiC-(Ti, W)C复合陶瓷。XRD、FESEM和XRD结果显示：陶瓷基体主要由TiB₂、TiC和(Ti, W)C固溶体组成,且随着W含量的增加,(Ti, W)C固溶体体积分数增加,而TiB₂和TiC体积分数减少且晶粒逐渐细化,同时,组织分布趋于均匀。力学性能测试表明,随着W含量的增加,TiB₂-TiC-(Ti, W)C复合陶瓷的相对密度和维氏硬度呈上升趋势,而陶瓷的弯曲强度和断裂韧性先增大后减小,在W含量65%时达到最大值,这是TiB₂作为唯一的增强相体积分数逐渐减少的结果。     

等离子体增强磁控溅射制备Ti(Cr)SiC(O)N涂层的结构和机械性能研究

采用等离子体增强磁控溅射(PEMS)方法分别在硬质合金和硅片上制备了TiSiCN, TiSiCON, TiCrSiCN, TiCrSiCON, CrSiCN 和 CrSiCON涂层。采用XRD、SEM、EDS、显微硬度计及销盘式摩擦磨损试验机对含氧涂层和不含氧涂层的微观结构、成分和机械性能进行了研究。研究结果表明,TiSiCON, TiCrSiCON和 CrSiCON含氧涂层为TiN型（或CrN型）面心立方(fcc)结构,但是TiSiCON, TiCrSiCON, 和 CrSiCON涂层中氧的存在会导致产生疏松的结构以及相比于不含氧涂层TiSiCN, TiCrSiCN和CrSiCN更多的缺陷;氧的加入会导致Ti(Cr)SiCN涂层硬度和弹性的下降;TiCrSiCON和 CrSiCON两种含氧涂层相比于不含氧涂层TiCrSiCN和CrSiCN有更低的摩擦系数和磨损率;然而,TiSiCON相比于TiSiCN却表现出更高的摩擦系数和磨损率。     

Effects of LaB6 addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine grained WC-10Co alloys

The ultrafine grain WC-10Co alloys were prepared by the planetary ball milling method and low pressure sintering. The effects of LaB₆ addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the based alloys were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and mechanical property testing. It has been shown that the grain growth and regularization of WC particles occur simultaneous with the addition of LaB₆. Adding suitable amount of LaB₆ improves the density, hardness and fracture toughness of the ultrafine WC-10Co alloys, and decreases the volume fraction of Co₃W₃C phase in ultrafine WC-10Co alloys.     

两种WC基涂层在600 ℃下的摩擦学性能

采用超音速火焰喷涂技术制备了WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni和WC-17Co两种涂层,评价了两种涂层在高低温快速交变条件下的热震性能,并使用SRV摩擦磨损试验机考察了两种涂层从室温到600℃时与Si3N4球配副时的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni涂层的抗热震性能远优于WC-17Co涂层;WC-17Co涂层虽具有较低的磨损率,但是高温下涂层中产生大量裂纹及发生因严重氧化而导致的硬度下降,表明该涂层不适于作为400℃以上的耐磨材料;尽管WC-(W,Cr)2C-Ni涂层的磨损率比WC-17Co涂层大,但仍属于微量磨损,且其具有优异的抗高温氧化性能和抗热震性能,所以该涂层非常适于作为高温或宽温域下的耐磨材料.     

Identification of the spinel (Cr,Al)3S4 in the internal sulfidation zone of Al-diffusion coatings

The thiospinel (Cr, Al)₃S₄ has been identified in the internal sulfidation zone of Al-diffusion coatings by electron diffraction in a transmission electron microscope. The Al/Cr ratio of this phase can vary over a rather broad range, obviously dependent on the Al/Cr ratio in the surrounding metallic matrix. The spinel can dissolve significant amounts of Ni and Mo, some Co but only traces of Ti. Increasing Al-content extents its stability to higher temperatures.     

电解液Ca/P比对微弧氧化钛合金涂层结构及性能的影响

采用微弧氧化技术在Ti-13Nb-13Zr合金表面制备HA/TiO₂复合涂层。通过改变电解液中Ca/P比值,研究不同Ca/P比对微弧氧化涂层的相组成及组织变化,以及对耐磨性、耐蚀性与体外生物活性的影响。结果表明:随着电解液Ca/P比增大,涂层粗糙度及孔隙率增大。涂层相组成以锐钛矿及金红石为主,金红石相含量随着电解液Ca/P比增大而增大。乙酸钙含量为35 g/L的电解液制备的CA35涂层厚度达80.59μm,表面Ca/P比为1.98,表现出最好的耐磨耐蚀性能。与基体相比,CA35涂层平均摩擦系数约为0.19,下降了43%。采用Pt参比电极和质量分数0.9%NaCl测试溶液对涂层的耐蚀性进行检测。CA35涂层的腐蚀电流密度为4.94μA/cm²,腐蚀电位为-221.73 mV。CA35涂层在Kokubo溶液中产生矿化产物的速度最快。研究发现适当提高电解液Ca/P比能有效促进HA的形成,提高涂层的耐磨耐蚀性能,过高的Ca/P比会导致涂层性能下降。此外,对Ca/P比对涂层性能的影响机理进行了探讨。     

等离子喷涂WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni/8YSZ复合涂层的组织及摩擦学性能

为提高连铸机拉矫辊的服役寿命,通过等离子喷涂技术在模具钢H13表面制备不同质量比的WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni+8YSZ复合涂层,分析各涂层的微区组织、显微硬度、抗划伤性、耐磨性和磨损形式。结果表明,在WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni粉末中分别加入30wt%、50wt%的8YSZ,其复合涂层的致密性明显提高,且涂层晶粒明显得到细化;WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni涂层中出现WC_1-x与W相,且随着8YSZ的添加WC相的结晶强度变弱;WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni+30wt%8YSZ涂层平均硬度(1172 HV0.2)相对于WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni涂层(1152 HV0.2)并没有明显变化,WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni+50wt%8YSZ涂层硬度(1052 HV0.2)相对于WC-20Cr₃...     

Growth, crystal structure and optical properties of layered dibarium cadmium diborate, Ba2Cd(BO3)2

A novel dibarium cadmium diborate, Ba₂Cd(BO₃)₂, has been successfully synthesized by standard solid-state reaction. Large sheet-like crystal with size up to 20 mm × 15 mm × 0.7 mm has been obtained using top-seed solution growth method. Ba₂Cd(BO₃)₂ crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m with a = 9.6305(4) Å, b = 5.3626(3) Å, c = 6.5236(2) Å, β = 118.079(3)°, Z = 2. The crystal structure is composed of isolated [BO₃] triangles, [CdO₆] octahedra and [BaO₉] polyhedra. CdO₆ are vertex-connected with six BO₃ to form infinite _∞[Cd(BO₃)₂] layers extending in (0 0 1) plane, and two rows of Ba atoms closely occupy two side of _∞[Cd(BO₃)₂] layers to forming stoichiometric sheets. IR and transmittance spectrum of Ba₂Cd(BO₃)₂ were reported.     

Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of Sb doped (NaBi)0.38(LiCe)0.05[]0.14Bi2Nb2O9 ceramics

Sb⁵⁺-doped (NaBi)_0.38(LiCe)_0.05[]_0.14Bi₂Nb₂O₉ (represented as NBNLCS-x, where [] represents A-site vacancies) ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid-state route. The ceramics well sintered to approach ∼98.5% theoretical density and the tetragonality of crystal structure increased with Sb⁵⁺ additions. However, the Curie temperature (T_C) and the piezoelectric coefficient (d₃₃) of Sb⁵⁺-modified ceramics gradually decreased. The 3 mol% Sb⁵⁺-doped samples exhibited optimum properties with a d₃₃ value of ∼22 pC/N planar electromechanical coupling factor (k_p) of ∼11.2% and relatively high T_C of ∼765 °C. These results indicate that NBNLCS-x material is a promising candidate for high-temperature piezoelectric applications.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3-Cr2O3 composite coatings produced by atmospheric plasma spraying

Al₂O₃, Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ coatings were deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying. Phase composition of powders and as-sprayed coatings was determined by X-ray diffraction. Electron probe microanalyzer was employed to investigate the polished and fractured surface morphologies of the coatings. Mechanical properties including microhardness, fracture toughness and bending strength were evaluated. The results indicate that the addition of Cr₂O₃ is conducive to the stabilization of α-Al₂O₃. Compared with the pure Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ coatings, Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ composite coatings show lower porosities and denser structures. Heterogeneous nucleation of α-Al₂O₃ occurs over the isostructural Cr₂O₃ lamellae and partial solid solution of Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ might be occurring as well. Furthermore, grain refining and solid solution strengthening facilitate the mechanical property enhancement of Al₂O₃-Cr₂O₃ composite coatings.     

Deposition, microstructure and properties of texture-controlled CVD α-Al2O3 coatings

The influence of nucleation on the microstructure and properties of CVD Al₂O₃ was investigated. The experimental α-Al₂O₃ layers were deposited (a) without nucleation control and (b) with nucleation steps resulting in pronounced , and growth textures. The experimental layers were characterised using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Wear properties of the textured coatings were evaluated in turning. The chemistry of the nucleation surface appeared to be an important factor in pre-determining the phase content and growth textures of the Al₂O₃ layers. Optimised nucleation resulted in substantially improved wear properties and these kinds of α-Al₂O₃ layers were typically composed of relatively small, defect-free grains exhibiting no porosity. The textured α-Al₂O₃ layer showed the best wear resistance.     

Novel thermal barrier coatings based on La2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7/8YSZ double-ceramic-layer systems deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition

Double-ceramic-layer (DCL) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) of La₂(Zr_0.7Ce_0.3)₂O₇ (LZ7C3) and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were deposited by electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). The thermal cycling test at 1373 K in an air furnace indicates the DCL coating has a much longer lifetime than the single layer LZ7C3 coating, and even longer than that of the single layer YSZ coating. The superior sintering-resistance of LZ7C3 coating, the similar thermal expansion behaviors of YSZ interlayer with LZ7C3 coating and thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer, and the unique growth modes of columns within DCL coating are all very helpful to the prolongation of thermal cycling life of DCL coating. The failure of DCL coating is mainly a result of the reduction-oxidation of cerium oxide, the crack initiation, propagation and extension, the abnormal oxidation of bond coat, the degradation of t′-phase in YSZ coating and the outward diffusion of Cr alloying element into LZ7C3 coating.     

过渡材料对等离子喷涂Al2O3梯度陶瓷涂层性能影响

针对Al2O3陶瓷涂层结合强度低、孔隙率高的实际,选择NiAl金属间化合物和金属铜粉作为过渡材料,利用等离子喷涂制备Al2O3梯度陶瓷涂层,并对梯度涂层进行组织形貌观察,测试结合强度和孔隙率.结果表明,梯度涂层的组织表现出宏观的不均匀性和微观连续性的分布特征,NiAl和Cu是金属基体与Al2O3涂层之间过渡层的理想材料,可以有效地提高涂层的结合强度,而Cu-Al2O3梯度涂层又比NiAl-Al2O3梯度涂层结合强度高;梯度涂层的孔隙率远低于双涂层的孔隙率,在Cu-Al2O3梯度涂层中随Al2O3含量的增加,涂层的孔隙率降低,而且孔隙率低于NiAl-Al2O3梯度涂层.     

Composition dependence of structure and optical properties of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solid solutions: An experimental study

The evolution of structure and optical properties of Cu₂ZnSn (S_xSe_1−x)₄ (CZTSSe) solid solutions in a wide composition range (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) has not been fully elucidated. We have performed comprehensive characterization on the CZTSSe powders with different S/Se ratios, which were synthesized by the solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrate that the lattice parameters a and c of CZTSSe decrease lineally when S replace Se gradually, which obeys the Vegard's rule. The A₁ Raman modes of CZTSSe show a typical two-mode behavior. The absorption spectra reveal that the band gap of CZTSSe can be tuned monotonously between 0.96 and 1.5 eV with almost linearity, and a small band gap bowing constant (b ≈ 0.08 eV) is deduced.     

Ti(C,N)-Al2O3陶瓷基复合材料与40Cr钢辅助脉冲电流液相扩散连接

采用辅助脉冲电流液相扩散连接方法,对Ti(C,N)-Al₂O₃陶瓷基复合材料与40Cr钢进行了焊接试验,重点研究了在一定加热温度和保温时间条件下脉冲电流对界面元素分布、相结构、反应层厚度以及接头强度的影响规律.结果表明,辅助脉冲电流液相扩散连接可以实现Ti(C,N)-Al₂O₃陶瓷基复合材料的冶金结合,保温时间对焊接接头强度影响不明显,四点弯曲强度数据普遍处于146~180 MPa之间;在脉冲电流作用下,焊缝熔体中原子扩散行为、扩散路径以及扩散速率将发生显著变化,利用该特性,有助于改变界面金属间化合物的生长特性,控制焊缝中低熔点共晶组织含量,进而达到改善和提高焊接接头强度的效果.