Microstructural evolution of intermetallic layer in hot-dipped aluminide mild steel with silicon addition

Mild steel was coated by hot-dipping into molten pure aluminum, Al-0.5 Si, Al-2.5 Si, Al-5 Si and Al-10 Si (wt.%) baths at 700 °C for 180 seconds. The microstructure and phase constitution of the aluminide layers were characterized by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. Also, the thicknesses of the intermetallic layers and the metal losses of the steel substrate were measured to investigate the interaction between mild steel and aluminum baths. The results revealed that the additions of silicon to the aluminum baths caused Al₇Fe₂Si and Al₂Fe₃Si₃ phases to form above the FeAl₃ layer and in the Fe₂Al₅ layer, respectively. As the silicon content in the aluminum bath increased, the thickness of the intermetallic layer decreased, and the intermetallic layer/steel substrate interface transformed from an irregular morphology into a flat morphology. The decrease of the thickness of the intermetallic layer was principally attributed to the detachment of the Al₇Fe₂Si layer from the intermetallic layer into the aluminum bath. The flattened intermetallic layer/mild steel substrate interface was due to the formation of Al₂Fe₃Si₃ precipitates in the Fe₂Al₅ layer by the serration-like steel substrate reacting with the Fe₂Al₅ layer containing solid-solute silicon.     

Effect of silicon on the formation of intermetallic phases in aluminide coating on mild steel

Mild steel was coated by hot-dipping into molten baths containing pure aluminum, Al–0.5Si, Al–2.5Si, Al–5Si and Al–10Si (wt.%) at 700 °C for 180 s. Silicon’s effect on the formation of the intermetallic phase in the aluminide layer was investigated by using a combination of scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The micrograph observation showed that the aluminide layer resulting from hot-dipping in pure aluminum possesses the thickest intermetallic layer and a rough interface between intermetallic layer and steel substrate. As the silicon content in the molten bath increased, the thickness of the intermetallic layer decreased substantially and the interface between the intermetallic layer and the steel substrate became flat. On the other hand, EDS and EBSD observation revealed the aluminide layer resulting from hot-dipping in Al–2.5Si not only possessed FeAl₃ and Fe₂Al₅, but also formed cubic τ_5(C)-Al₇(Fe,M)₂Si (M = Mn, Cr or Cu) above the FeAl₃ and scattered τ₁-(Al,Si)₅Fe₃ in the Fe₂Al₅. However, as the content of silicon in the molten aluminum bath increased, τ_5(C)-Al₇(Fe,M)₂Si began to be replaced by hexagonal τ_5(H)-Al₇Fe₂Si and τ₆-Al₄FeSi.     

Isothermal and thermal cycling oxidation of hot-dip aluminide coating on flake/spheroidal graphite cast iron

Two types of cast iron, flake graphite and spheroidal graphite cast iron, with ferrite matrix and similar composition, were aluminized by hot-dipping. As-coated aluminide layer consists of the outer Al topcoat, inner Fe–Al intermetallic layer and dispersed graphite. Isothermal and thermal cycling oxidation tests of aluminized specimens have been conducted. Cast irons with aluminide coating exhibit higher oxidation resistance than without the coating. However, different graphite structure results in diverse quality of aluminide coatings. Aluminide coating on flake graphite cast iron exhibits less oxidation resistance and adhesion to the substrate.     

Microstructure and cyclic oxidation behavior of hot dip aluminized coating on Ni-base superalloy Inconel 718

Ni-base superalloy In-718 was coated by hot-dipping into a molten bath containing Al-7wt.%Si. Cyclic oxidation experiments on bare substrate and aluminized alloy were conducted at 1100 °C, covering 240 cycles in static air. After hot dip treatment the coating layers consisted of two phases Al and FeAlSi were detected in the external topcoat to the aluminide/alloy substrate. After oxidation testing, a continuous alumina scale was detected on the surface of the aluminide layer. This coating shows better cyclic oxidation resistance for In-718 alloy than untreated substrate. Cr₂O₃ was found to be the primary oxide phase in the oxidation of bare In-718 alloy. The inward diffusion of Al in the aluminide layer was restricted by the interdiffusion zone. The NiAl phase constituent of the aluminide layer was similar through all of the testing. Only the γ phase could be found below the coating surface and in the subsurface region as aluminum was lost to form the oxide.     

Synergistic effect of Cu and Si on hot-dipping galvalume coating

The coating microstructures and thicknesses of the iron panels galvanized in galvalume baths containing 0.0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 wt.%Cu for 10 s, 30 s, 60 s, 180 s, 300 s and 600 s have been studied detailedly. The results indicate that Cu can effectively control the Fe–Al reactivity by the synergistic effect with Si. The addition of Cu makes Si be enriched in the reaction region during the hot-dipping. It promotes the formation of the τ₅ phase and hinders the growth of the Fe₂Al₅ phase. The diffusion path model was introduced to studying the effects of Cu and Si in the present study. The addition of 0.5–1.0 wt.%Cu in galvalume bath forms a stable diffusion path, iron substrate/Fe₂Al₅/FeAl₃/τ₅/overlay. The violent reaction between the iron substrate and the Al–Zn liquid is under control by the compact intermetallic layer, and it decreases the thickness of the intermetallic layer.     

铝-钢异种金属脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG熔钎焊界面反应的热力学分析

采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG熔钎焊方法用ER5356铝合金焊丝在镀锌钢板上进行平板堆焊试验.通过调整焊接参数获得最佳焊接成形,结果表明脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG熔钎焊方法可以实现铝和铁异种金属材料的连接.采用SEM,EDS等测试手段观察和分析连接界面区的微观组织,在连接界面区形成Fe₂Al₅,FeAl₃金属间化合物层.通过Thermo-Calc软件对Fe₂Al₅,FeAl₃金属间化合物的吉布斯自由能进行计算,得出在高温Fe₂Al₅的吉布斯自由能比FeAl₃的吉布斯自由能小,在低温FeAl₃的吉布斯自由能比Fe₂Al₅的吉布斯自由能小,说明在焊接过程中Fe₂Al₅金属间化合物先生成,再在冷却过程中FeAl₃金属间化合物生成或析出.     

Effects of reactive gaseous mixture and time on the growth rate and composition of aluminium diffusion coatings by CVD-FBR on 12Cr-ferritic steel

Aluminium deposition on ferritic steel HCM12 A (P-122) by chemical vapour deposition in a fluidized bed reactor (CVD-FBR) has been studied. A thermodynamic study of the partial pressures of the gaseous species present in the system during the CVD, was performed using the Thermocalc software. The coating obtained was studied by XRD, SEM and EDX. The influence of the HCl input ratio on the H₂/HCl reactive gas mixture was investigated. It was found that with an increase of HCl input thicker coatings consisting of the Fe-Al intermetallic phase were formed. By increasing the deposition time the thickness of the Al-layer also increases and the Fe₂Al₅ and FeAl₃ intermetallic phases are formed.     

铁/铝扩散偶界面反应层生长机理分析

在不同的加热温度和保温时间条件下,对铁/铝扩散偶的元素扩散特征和界面反应层形成机理进行了探讨.结果表明,保温时间较短,界面结构为纯铁/FeAlx+Al/FeAl/纯铝,保温时间超过某一临界值,不稳定的FeAlx、准稳定的FeAl将转化为稳定的Fe2Al5和FeAl3金属间化合物,最终界面反应层结构为纯铁/Fe2A15+...     

Corrosion behaviour of intermetallic aluminide coatings on nitrogen-containing austenitic stainless steels

The present work reports the effect of aluminide layers on the aqueous corrosion behaviour of four different 316L stainless steels containing various nitrogen contents (0.015%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.56% N). Diffusion annealed aluminide layers are generated over the surface by heat treatment of the aluminium precoated alloys at 750 °C for 25 h in nitrogen atmosphere. X-ray diffraction patterns of the surface modified samples showed the presence of AlN, Al₁₃Fe₄ and FeAl₂ phases. Diffusion of aluminum into the alloy, and the formation of AlN by the reaction of aluminium with matrix nitrogen, was identified using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The nitrogen peak in the diffused layer was found to increase with increasing nitrogen content of the base alloy. SEM observation of cross-sectionally mounted alloys showed the presence of spherical AlN phase in addition to iron aluminide intermetallic phases. The role of such a composite surface layer containing intermetallic aluminides and nitride on the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels in 0.5 M NaCl and 0.5 M sulphuric acid is discussed in greater detail based on open circuit potential (OCP)–time measurements, potentiodynamic polarisation studies and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) investigations. The aluminide layered alloy with 0.1% N content showed better corrosion performance. The presence of nitrogen was found to have a positive effect in enhancing the hardness of the composite layer. Role of matrix nitrogen on the microstructure and microchemical distribution at the surface, and its role on corrosion resistance in acidic and chloride media are discussed in detail.     

铜对钢/铝激光-MIG复合焊接头组织及性能的影响

采用激光-MIG复合焊方法研究了铜对SYG960E超高强度度钢/6061铝合金焊接接头微观组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,与MIG焊相比,激光-MIG复合焊有利于改善焊缝成形及焊接质量.钢/铝界面层具有双层结构,靠近铝焊缝侧为针状的FeAl₃金属间化合物,而靠近钢母材侧为条状的Fe₂Al₅金属间化合物.铜对钢/铝界面层及接头的力学性能具有显著的影响.添加铜后可以有效地减小界面层厚度和裂纹敏感性,降低钢/铝接头的最高硬度,明显提高接头的抗拉强度,接头强度可以提高110%,这主要与铜抑制界面层生长和改善界面层中Fe-Al金属化合物的脆硬性有关.     

Fe-Al phase formation around SHS reactions under isothermal conditions

This study investigates the phenomena preceding and accompanying the SHS reaction between Fe and Al elemental powders during sintering. SEM and XRD analysis were used to observe the mechanisms of formation of Fe-Al intermetallic phases. The analysis of sintered material just before the SHS reaction demonstrates that in addition to the well-known Fe₂Al₅ phase and the low-aluminum solid solution of iron, the high-aluminum phases FeAl₂ and FeAl₃ are formed. The kinetics of phase transformations under isothermal conditions were investigated by DSC using the JMA (Johnson-Mehl-Avrami) model. This approach allowed us to calculate Avrami coefficients, which characterize the speed and the manner of particular phase transformations.     

309不锈钢表面CeO2 改性铝化物涂层的循环氧化行为

以NH₄Cl为活化剂,采用包埋法在309不锈钢上制备了纳米CeO₂改性铝化物涂层。采用X射线衍射分析仪、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对涂层以及循环氧化50次后的表面和横截面进行了分析。微观结构研究表明,改性涂层中包含Fe₄Al₁₃相,由于基底金属的向外扩散,改性涂层捕获了少量的CeO₂纳米颗粒。与不添加CeO₂纳米颗粒的普通铝化物涂层相比,在900 ℃的大气环境下,分散CeO₂改性铝化物涂层表现出更好的防氧化剥落性能;在50次循环氧化后,CeO₂改性铝化物涂层上仍然可以发现一些Fe₂Al₅相,并存在向外扩散的Al层、中间的FeAl层和外部的Fe₂Al₅+FeAl混合层,这表明CeO₂纳米颗粒可以延缓铝化物涂层的降解。     

The Al-Rich Part of the Fe-Al Phase Diagram

The Al-rich part of the Fe-Al phase diagram between 50 and 80 at.% Al including the complex intermetallic phases Fe₅Al₈ (ε), FeAl₂, Fe₂Al₅, and Fe₄Al₁₃ was re-investigated in detail. A series of 19 alloys was produced and heat-treated at temperatures in the range from 600 to 1100 °C for up to 5000 h. The obtained data were further complemented by results from a number of diffusion couples, which helped to determine the homogeneity ranges of the phases FeAl₂, Fe₂Al₅, and Fe₄Al₁₃. All microstructures were inspected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemical compositions of the equilibrium phases as well as of the alloys were obtained by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Crystal structures and the variation of the lattice parameters were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) was applied to measure all types of transition temperatures. From these results, a revised version of the Al-rich part of the phase diagram was constructed.     

Si对铁铝固液扩散反应中间化合物生长动力学的影响(英文)

利用扫描电子显微镜能谱仪和热浸镀铝实验研究Si对铁铝固液扩散反应中间化合物生长动力学的影响。结果表明,中间层主要由Fe2Al5和薄层FeAl3组成。当向浸镀熔体中加入硅后,在镀层的Fe2Al5相中出现颗粒状的AlFeSi三元相(τ1/τ9)。舌状形貌的Fe2Al5层随着合金浴中Si含量的增加而逐步平整。合金浴中的Si显著抑制Fe2Al5和FeAl3的生长。当Si含量为0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和3.0%时,Fe2Al5相的激活能分别为207、186、169、168、167和172kJ/mol。当Si原子进入Fe2Al5相时会引起晶格畸变,从而导致Fe2Al5的扩散激活能下降。Si原子占据空位时能够阻止扩散通道,抑制Fe2Al5相的生长,从而导致舌状形貌的消失。     

High temperature corrosion of hot-dip aluminized steel in Ar/1%SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> gas

Carbon steels were hot-dip aluminized in Al or Al-1at%Si baths, and corroded in Ar/1%SO₂ gas at 700-800 °C for up to 50 h. The aluminized layers consisted of not only an outer Al(Fe) topcoat that had interdispersed needle-like Al₃Fe particles but also an inner Al-Fe alloy layer that consisted of an outer Al₃Fe layer and an inner Al₅Fe₂ layer. The Si addition in the bath made the Al(Fe) topcoat thin and nonuniform, smoothened the tongue-like interface between the Al-Fe alloy layer and the substrate, and increased the microhardness of the aluminized layer. The aluminized steels exhibited good corrosion resistance by forming thin α-Al₂O₃ scales, along with a minor amount of iron oxides on the surface. The interdiffusion that occurred during heating made the aluminized layer thick and diffuse, resulting in the formation of Al₅Fe₂, AlFe and AlFe₃ layers. It also smoothened the tongue-like interface, and decreased the microhardness of the aluminized layer. The non-aluminized steel formed thick, nonadherent, nonprotective (Fe₃O₄, FeS)-mixed scales.     

Influence of microstructure on corrosion properties of multilayer Mg–Al intermetallic compound coating

A multilayer Mg–Al intermetallic coating was fabricated on the Mg alloy in molten salts at 400 °C with treatment time range from 2 to 8 h. The coating consists of a single Al₁₂Mg₁₇ intermetallic layer or Al₁₂Mg₁₇, Al_0.58Mg_0.42 and Al₃Mg₂ intermetallic layers. The corrosion resistance of the coating which is obtained at 400 °C for 2 h is the best. When the treatment time is higher than 2 h, some cracks developed in the layers. The cracks were resulted from the thermal stress due to the different thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate and the intermetallic layer during the rapid cooling process.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of AZ91D/0Cr19Ni9 bimetal composite prepared by liquid-solid compound casting

The liquid-solid compound casting technology was used to produce the AZ91D/0Cr19Ni9 bimetal composite without and with hot dipping aluminium, respectively. The influences of Al coating on microstructures and mechanical properties of AZ91D/0Cr19Ni9 interface were investigated. The results showed that the mechanical bonding was obtained between AZ91D and bare steel 0Cr19Ni9 where a gap existed at the interface; the metallurgical bonding was formed between AZ91D and Al-coated 0Cr19Ni9, which could be divided into two different intermetallic layers: layer I was mainly composed of α-Mg+β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ eutectic structure and a small amount of MgAl₂O₄, and layer II mainly comprised of Fe₂Al₅ intermetallic compound. Furthermore, the hardness value of interface was obviously higher than that of AZ91D matrix, and the average hardness values of layers I and II were HV 158 and HV 493, respectively. The shear strength of AZ91D/Al-coated 0Cr19Ni9 interface was higher than that of AZ91D/bare 0Cr19Ni9 interface, which confirmed that Al coating could improve the adhesive strength between AZ91D and 0Cr19Ni9 during liquid-solid compound casting process.     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的铝/钢熔钎焊界面金属间化合物层生长分析

针对铝/钢熔钎焊界面金属间化合物在SEM,EDS,XRD界面测试研究的基础上,确立了界面由Fe₂Al₅、FeAl₃等金属间化合物组成. 在此基础上采用蒙特卡罗方法,建立了铝/钢界面铝、铁扩散及Al-Fe化合物生长模型,并进行了数值分析和对比研究. 结果表明,所建立的模型能够很好地反映钢侧Fe₂Al₅的生长,铝侧FeAl₃离散存在,且金属间化合物层的厚度接近试验测量结果.     

High Temperature Oxidation of Hot-Dip Aluminized T92 Steels

The T92 steel plate was hot-dip aluminized, and oxidized in order to characterize the high-temperature oxidation behavior of hot-dip aluminized T92 steel. The coating consisted of Al-rich topcoat with scattered Al₃Fe grains, Al₃Fe-rich upper alloy layer with scattered (Al, Al₅Fe₂, AlFe)-grains, and Al₅Fe₂–rich lower alloy layer with scattered (Al₅Fe₂, AlFe)-grains. Oxidation at 800 °C for 20 h formed (α-Al₂O₃ scale)/(AlFe layer)/(AlFe₃ layer)/(α-Fe(Al) layer), while oxidation at 900 °C for 20 h formed (α-Al₂O₃ scale plus some Fe₂O₃)/(AlFe layer)/(AlFe₃ layer)/(α-Fe(Al) layer) from the surface. During oxidation, outward migration of all substrate elements, inward diffusion of oxygen, and back and forth diffusion of Al occurred according to concentration gradients. Also, diffusion transformed and broadened AlFe and AlFe₃ layers dissolved with some oxygen and substrate alloying elements. Hot-dip aluminizing improved the high-temperature oxidation resistance of T92 steel through preferential oxidation of Al at the surface.     

Nanocomposite Fe-Al Intermetallic Coating Obtained by Gas Detonation Spraying of Milled Self-Decomposing Powder

The nanocomposite structure of Fe-Al intermetallic coating, created in situ during gas detonation spraying (GDS) of as-milled self-decomposing powder and containing disordered 8 nm FeAl nanocrystals, was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), and x-ray diffraction methods. It is found that the Fe-Al coating is characterized by a sublayer morphology consisting of flattened and partially melted splats containing a wide Al range from about 26 to 52 at.%, as well as Al₂O₃ oxides, created in situ at the internal interfaces of splats during the GDS process. The complex oxide films, identified as amorphous Al₂O₃, which are formed in the nanocrystalline Fe-Al matrix of the GDS coating behave like a composite reinforcement in the intermetallic Fe-Al coating. The combined presence of nanosized subgrains in the Fe-Al matrix and the Al₂O₃ nanoceramic dispersoids significantly increases the microhardness of the coating.