Development of wear resistant pressing moulds for the production of diamond composites

In the powder metallurgical process, diamond material composites are produced by pressing and sintering of a mixture, consisting of diamond and metal powder like cobalt. Due to the high hardness of diamond, the surface of press die is easily damaged. To increase the life time of press dies, thin layers, deposited by PVD, has been employed. First, the standard tests, such as scratch test and pin-on-disc, were performed in order to characterize the adhesion and the tribology of the coatings. The results of standard tests were evaluated by 3D surface analyzer, SEM, and light microscope. Afterwards, PVD thin layers were deposited on the inner surface of the dies in order to analyze and compare their behavior during the compaction process. The results evidenced remarkable effect of thin PVD coatings on enhancing wear resistance of the press dies.     

Influence of the nitriding and TiAlN/TiN coating thickness on the sliding wear behavior of duplex treated AISI H13 steel

AISI H13 die steel substrates were low pressure gas nitrided to different thicknesses and hardness values. Nitrided and non nitrided samples were subsequently coated with bi-layer TiAlN/TiN to two different thicknesses. The hardness was measured across the coating thickness and observed to be higher when a thinner coating was deposited over nitrided substrates. The hardness behavior across relatively thin (3 μm) coatings was not affected by the nitrided surface hardness or thickness of the nitride layer in the range of values examined here (80-150 μm). On the other hand, the hardness behavior of thicker coatings (8um) was affected by the nitrided layer, as the thicker coatings were soft due to their columnar structure. The specific wear rate of the duplex coatings was affected by the coating thickness and hardness distribution across the coating system.     

添加金刚石颗粒的Ni60涂层组织和性能研究

目的研究金刚石颗粒对Ni60涂层的组织硬度和耐磨性的影响,对比无金刚石颗粒的Ni60涂层与含20%金刚石颗粒的Ni60涂层的组织及性能差异。方法将预热后的Ni60和Ni60+20%金刚石粉末在Ar气保护下球磨10 h,对球磨后的粉末进行造粒,过筛后,选出粒度低于200目的粉末作为喷涂材料,并在钢基体表面进行火焰喷涂,制备Ni60涂层和含20%金刚石颗粒的Ni60涂层,对获得的涂层进行X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜观察、显微硬度和耐磨性测试。结果通过火焰喷涂获得了组织致密性较好的Ni60涂层和含20%金刚石颗粒的Ni60涂层。抛光后,Ni60涂层的断面整洁,无粗糙区域,而含20%金刚石颗粒的Ni60涂层断面出现大面积粗糙区域。Ni60涂层的显微硬度约为694.2HV,含20%金刚石颗粒的Ni60涂层的显微硬度约为891.8HV。在载荷6 N、转速为1000 r/min的条件下,Ni60涂层每10 min的磨损量为10.7×10-5 g/mm2,20%金刚石颗粒的Ni60涂层每10 min的磨损量为9.6×10-5 g/mm2。结论由于金刚石颗粒的硬度非常高,经过砂纸打磨和抛光后,含20%金刚石颗粒的Ni60涂层断面不会像纯金属涂层那样出现光洁、整齐的形貌,而是在涂层局部区域出现较粗糙的形貌。通过对比Ni60涂层和20%金刚石颗粒的Ni60涂层的力学性能,20%金刚石颗粒的Ni60涂层的显微硬度高于Ni60涂层,耐磨性比Ni60涂层好。在低载荷、高滑动摩擦速率的条件下,涂层以微量去除的磨损方式进行。     

Ultra-low carbon (ULC) steel modified by triode plasma nitriding and PVD coating: Effects on micro-abrasive wear behavior

Ultra-low carbon (ULC) steels exhibit low yield strength and excellent formability. Plasma Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition (PAPVD) is a potential coating method for enhancing the strength at the surface of these steels [1]. However, when deposited onto low strength alloys PAPVD coatings may undergo premature failure if the substrate plastically deforms under heavy load. Extra load support is usually required for hard coatings to perform satisfactorily. Combined treatments involving plasma nitriding and PAPVD coating have been used to improve the load-bearing capacity of hard films [2]. This work describes the characterization and micro-abrasive wear behavior of Ti-stabilized ULC steels after surface modification by D.C Triode Plasma Nitriding (DC-TPN) and sequential coating with CrAlN by Electron Beam Plasma Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PAPVD). Ti-ULC steel, plasma nitrided Ti-ULC steel and Ti-ULC duplex system were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD analyses, micro-hardness and instrumented indentation hardness measurements, and stylus profilometry. Micro-abrasive wear tests were performed in fixed-ball configuration up to 1350 revolutions using SiC abrasive slurry and a 25 mm diameter — AISI 52100 steel ball. Micro-abrasion mechanisms are presented and discussed. Nitrided steel and duplex systems were, respectively, 2.6 and 3.5 times harder than the untreated Ti-ULC steel. Wear coefficient of nitrided steel was 36% lower than that of the parent Ti-ULC steel. Regression analyses were used to calculate substrate (k_s) and coating (k_c) wear coefficients for the duplex system, the latter being 6.5 times lower than that of the nitrided steel. Coating thickness (3 μm max.) was determined from inner and outer diameter measurements of the wear scars. Results indicate that it is feasible to manufacture duplex Ti-ULC steel via PAPVD, as significant improvements in wear resistance were recorded for both nitrided and duplex-treated steels. Duplex treatment clearly was the most effective method to enhance the wear resistance of ULC steels.     

Microwave plasma fluidized bed arc-PVD coating of particulate materials

A novel process for deposition of thin AlN and Al coatings on particulate carbon materials by means of an atmospheric pressure microwave plasma fluidized bed treatment is reported. The substrate powder and a fine aluminum powder are mixed and fluidized together in microwave plasma. Argon plasma yields a homogenous coating composed of pure aluminum on the substrate powder, whereas upon treatment in a reactive nitrogen plasma the deposited aluminum particles are nitrided and the resulting coating is an AlN ceramic. Coatings were characterized by means of SEM/FEM, EDX, XRD and TGA. Crystal structure of the deposited AlN was refined by Rietveld method.     

Improving tribological properties of Ti6Al4V alloy with duplex surface treatment

Ti-doped diamond like carbon films were deposited on both untreated and plasma nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy using Closed Field Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering (CFUMBS) method and their tribological properties were evaluated by conducting sliding wear conditions. The influence of the nitrided layer on tribological behavior of Ti-DLC films was studied by means of XRD, SEM, scratch tester, microhardness tester and pin-on-disc tribotester. The microhardness results pointed out that the duplex treatment dramatically increased the surface hardness and reduced the plastic deformation of the alloy. Wear tests showed that Ti-DLC coatings on both untreated and nitrided surfaces caused a reduction in the coefficient of friction. The reason of the reduction in the coefficient of friction was found to be the formation of transfer film between the sliding surfaces. Wear rates demonstrated that wear resistance of duplex treated (Ti-DLC coating after nitriding) Ti6Al4V alloy was significantly improved.     

金刚石粒径及含量对超音速激光沉积金刚石/Cu复合涂层微观结构及性能的影响

目的研究不同金刚石粒径及含量对超音速激光沉积金刚石/Cu复合涂层微观结构及性能的影响。方法利用超音速激光沉积技术制备金刚石/Cu复合涂层。采用扫描电镜和摩擦磨损测试对涂层的显微组织结构和磨损性能进行了分析,用激光闪烁法测量复合涂层的热导率。结果金刚石均匀分布在复合涂层中,原始粉末中金刚石体积分数从30%增加到50%时,复合涂层中金刚石颗粒的面积占比仅从14.01%升至16.79%,远低于金刚石颗粒在原始粉末中的含量。400目金刚石/Cu复合涂层的平均热导率为296 W/(m·K),摩擦系数为0.551;800目金刚石/Cu复合涂层的平均热导率为238 W/(m·K),摩擦系数为0.545。结论原始粉末中金刚石配比的增加并未对复合涂层中金刚石含量的提升有显著作用。金刚石/Cu复合涂层的热导率随着增强相颗粒含量的增加而降低,随着增强相颗粒粒径的增大而提高。不同粒径金刚石颗粒的添加能显著降低Cu涂层的摩擦系数,且小粒径金刚石颗粒的添加使复合涂层的摩擦系数更低和更稳定,从而使其具有更小的磨损量和磨痕宽度,表现出较优的耐磨损性能。     

TC4钛合金表面沉积CrAlSiN涂层的组织与性能

为了提高TC4钛合金表面硬度和耐磨性能,通过等离子渗氮技术和多弧离子镀技术相结合的方法对TC4钛合金进行表面改性处理。通过扫描电镜、维氏显微硬度计、三维轮廓仪、高速往复摩擦磨损试验仪和电化学工作站,对比研究了TC4钛合金、渗氮层和CrAlSiN涂层的显微组织、硬度、耐磨性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,经渗氮处理后,TC4合金表面渗氮层硬度提高了约2倍,在此基础上制备的CrAlSiN涂层的平均硬度高达3222 HV0.025,涂层表面存在少许大颗粒和凹坑;CrAlSiN涂层平均摩擦因数为0.22,磨损机理主要为粘着磨损,对磨副的材料粘着到涂层表面,而涂层几乎无磨损,耐磨性能显著提高。CrAlSiN涂层的自腐蚀电位为-0.542 V,比TC4钛合金基体的自腐蚀电位-0.747 V正移了0.205 V,表明在渗氮层基础上沉积CrAlSiN涂层显著提高了合金的耐电化学腐蚀性能。     

Tribological performance of surface engineered tool steel at elevated temperatures

Tribological components operating at elevated temperatures can experience high wear, oxidation, thermal fatigue and changes in mechanical properties. In this work, the friction and wear characteristics of plasma nitrided and surface coated (CrN and TiAlN) tool steel during sliding against AISI52100 bearing steel have been studied at room temperature and 400 °C respectively using a ball on disc machine. Surface profiler and SEM/EDS techniques were used to characterise the surface topography and resulting surface damage of the test specimens. The results show that the friction of plasma nitrided tool steel during sliding against bearing steel ball is very high at room temperature and it drastically drops at 400 °C. The wear is mainly abrasive at room temperature and adhesive at elevated temperatures. In case of CrN coated tool steel the friction is high but its wear is negligible at room temperature. At 400 °C, the friction decreases marginally and transfer of bearing steel to the coated CrN coated disc has been observed. The TiAlN coating has shown relatively lower friction, compared to CrN and negligible wear at room temperature. At 400 °C, the friction is very high and unstable and transfer of TiAlN coating to the mating ball occurs.     

电泳-电沉积 Ni-金刚石复合镀层及其耐磨性能研究

先采用电泳技术在铜基体表面沉积均匀、致密的金刚石微粒,再将已覆盖有金刚石微粒的基体放入电镀液中进行电沉积金属镍,获得了金刚石质量分数约为48%且分布均匀的Ni-金刚石复合镀层。与纯镍镀层进行磨损试验对比,发现制备的Ni-金刚石复合镀层磨痕较浅,磨损量较小,其对磨件的磨损体积约为纯镍镀层对磨件的17倍,表明此两步沉积工艺制备的复合镀层具有良好的耐磨性能。     

凸模表面沉积TiAlN涂层提高模具寿命的研究

介绍了在硬质合金MC30、KD20基体上沉积TiAlN涂层的方法,在MC30基体上沉积的涂层具有更高的显微硬度、更低的磨损速度。沉积纳米TiAlN涂层的精密IC引线框架模具寿命能提高4~6倍,在实际应用中取得很好的效果。     

Wear of PVD Ti/TiN multilayer coatings

The wear characteristics of PVD Ti/TiN multilayer coatings subjected to two-body abrasion and particle erosion have been studied using diamond slurry and silicon carbide particles as abrasive medium and erodant, respectively. The abrasive wear rate of the Ti/TiN multilayer coatings was found to increase with the relative amount of metallic Ti in the coatings. In erosion, the lowest wear rate was recorded for the homogeneous TiN coating. For the Ti/TiN multilayer coatings the erosion rate was found to decrease with an increasing relative amount of metallic Ti in the coatings. It is concluded that the concept of multilayered coatings offers a potent means to tailor the properties of tribological coatings. In particular, demands of different applications can be met by adjusting the relative thickness of metallic Ti in Ti/TiN coatings. The amount of metallic Ti can, for example, be used to control the coating residual stress state. Multilayered Ti/TiN coatings seem promising for combined wear and corrosion protection.     

Fabrication and application of nano/microcrystalline composite diamond coated drawing dies using alternative carbon sources

Nano/microcrystalline composite diamond films were deposited on the holes of WC-6%Co drawing dies by a two-step procedure using alternative carbon sources, i.e., methane for the microcrystalline diamond (MCD) layer and acetone for the nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) layer. Moreover, the monolayer methane-MCD and acetone-NCD coated drawing dies were fabricated as comparisons. The adhesion and wear rates of the diamond coated drawing dies were also tested by an inner hole polishing apparatus. Compared with mono-layer diamond coated drawing die, the composite diamond coated one exhibits better comprehensive performance, including higher adhesive strength and better wear resistance than the NCD one, and smoother surface (R_a=65.3 nm) than the MCD one (R_a=95.6 nm) after polishing at the same time. Compared with the NCD coated drawing die, the working lifetime of the composite diamond coated one is increased by nearly 20 times.     

冷喷涂SiC/Al纳米复合涂层的组织结构与性能

为制备基体相晶粒细小、增强相均匀分布的SiC/Al纳米复合涂层,以Al、SiC为原料,采用高能球磨法获得SiC颗粒弥散分布的纳米晶Al基复合材料粉末,利用冷喷涂技术低温成型制备了SiC/Al纳米复合涂层,分析了SiC含量对复合涂层相结构、晶粒尺寸、微观结构、硬度及磨损性能的影响规律。结果表明：冷喷涂可实现球磨纳米晶复合粉末结构的原位移植,所制备SiC/Al纳米复合涂层组织致密,微米及亚微米级SiC弥散分布在纳米晶Al（约80 nm）基体之上;SiC颗粒对Al基体有明显强化作用,冷喷涂SiC/Al纳米复合涂层的硬度随SiC体积分数的增加而显著增加,50% SiC/Al纳米复合涂层的硬度高达515 HV_0.3,约为Al块材的13倍;冷喷涂SiC/Al纳米复合涂层的耐磨损性能随着SiC含量增加而显著提高,涂层磨损失效机制为磨粒对基体的切削犁沟变形。     

金刚石涂层刀具加工石墨的切削性能

为充分对比不同类型金刚石涂层刀具的切削性能,定制几种不同类型金刚石涂层刀具进行等静压石墨切削加工,并与WC硬质合金刀具和TiAlN涂层刀具的切削情况对比,分析不同类型金刚石涂层刀具的涂层形貌、切削寿命、加工后的表面质量以及切削力。结果表明:制备的金刚石涂层刀具的涂层形貌主要为纳米晶和微晶,其寿命是硬质合金和TiAlN涂层刀具的10倍以上,且几种不同类型的金刚石涂层刀具寿命差异较小;金刚石涂层表面的晶粒细化可以降低加工表面的粗糙度和切削力,涂层脱落是金刚石刀具的主要磨损形式。      

SiC颗粒尺寸对镍基复合镀层耐磨性和耐蚀性的影响

在正交实验基础上,对比研究微米SiC(平均粒径1.5 μm)和纳米SiC(平均粒径20 nm)增强复合镍基镀层的摩擦磨损行为和耐腐蚀性能.通过TEM、SEM、EDX和XRD等手段研究颗粒分散状态以及复合镀层的表面和截面形貌、成分及相结构.采用球-盘滑动摩擦磨损试验机研究复合镀层的耐磨性.电化学阻抗谱测量在3.5%的NaCl水溶液中进行.结果表明:微米级颗粒增强复合镀层可以获得更高的表面硬度,两种增强复合镀层具有相似的摩擦磨损行为.电化学阻抗谱分析表明:SiC颗粒的加入可以提高镀层的耐腐蚀性,且纳米颗粒复合镀层具有更好的耐蚀性.     

Microstructure,Mechanical Properties,and Two-Body Abrasive Wear Behavior of Cold-Sprayed 20 vol.% Cubic BN-NiCrAl Nanocomposite Coating

20 vol.% cubic boron nitride (cBN) dispersoid reinforced NiCrAl matrix nanocomposite coating was prepared by cold spray using mechanically alloyed nanostructured composite powders. The as-sprayed nanocomposite coating was annealed at a temperature of 750 °C to enhance the inter-particle bonding. Microstructure of spray powders and coatings was characterized. Vickers microhardness of the coatings was measured. Two-body abrasive wear behavior of the coatings was examined on a pin-on-disk test. It was found that, in mechanically alloyed composite powders, nano-sized and submicro-sized cBN particles are uniformly distributed in nanocrystalline NiCrAl matrix. Dense coating was deposited by cold spray at a gas temperature of 650 °C with the same phases and grain size as those of the starting powder. Vickers hardness test yielded a hardness of 1063 HV for the as-sprayed 20 vol.% cBN-NiCrAl coating. After annealed at 750 °C for 5 h, unbonded inter-particle boundaries were partially healed and evident grain growth of nanocrystalline NiCrAl was avoided. Wear resistance of the as-sprayed 20 vol.% cBN-NiCrAl nanocomposite coating was comparable to the HVOF-sprayed WC-12Co coating. Annealing of the nanocomposite coating resulted in the improvement of wear resistance by a factor of ~33% owing to the enhanced inter-particle bonding. Main material removal mechanisms during the abrasive wear are also discussed.     

恒电位对TiAlN涂层在海水环境中磨蚀性能的影响

目的研究不同恒电位对TiAlN涂层在海水环境中磨蚀性能的影响,分析其腐蚀磨损行为。方法用PVD多弧离子镀技术在316不锈钢上沉积TiAlN涂层。通过XRD测试、硬度测试、结合力测试、电化学工作站测试、不同恒电位下磨蚀测试及磨痕截面轮廓测试,分别评价TiAlN涂层的相结构、表面硬度、结合力、电化学性能、摩擦系数和磨损率,通过扫描电子显微镜观察涂层磨痕形貌并分析其磨蚀损伤机理。结果 TiAlN涂层在海水环境下的抗腐蚀性优于基体316不锈钢。在阴极电位下,恒电位增加使涂层的摩擦系数逐渐降低。阳极电位为0.5 V时,摩擦形成的TiO_2基含水化合物颗粒可作为润滑剂,使涂层的摩擦系数迅速降低至0.45。TiAlN涂层在干摩擦条件下的磨损率为5.5678×10-5 mm3/(N·m),在阴极保护电位为-1 V下的磨损率为2.2909×10-6 mm3/(N·m),在开路电位(OCP)下的磨损率为7.4881×10-5 mm3/(N·m)。结论随着加载电位(SCE)的升高,涂层的腐蚀效应愈发明显。涂层在阴极电位下的磨蚀机理主要为塑性变形,在阳极电位下的磨蚀机理主要为疲劳点蚀。     

Investigation of the structure and impact-abrasive wear resistance of coatings of the Fe–C–Cr–Mn–Si system,additionally alloyed with nitrogen

Special features of the formation of the structure and properties of plasma-powder coatings of 250Kh15G20S are investigated. The effect of additional alloying of the coating with nitrogen by adding nitrided ferrochrome to the filler powder is considered. The effect of the deposition conditions and of the chemical composition of deposited metal on its hardness and impact-abrasive wear resistance is described.     

Comparison of wear characteristics of diamond segments under different sawing modes in sawing hard stone

In this study, the wear characteristics of two kinds of diamond segments with different composition of matrix were compared and investigated under two sawing modes through an experiment. Diamond particles were studied through scanning electron microscopy and three dimensional imaging system. Then, the remaining height of diamond segments was measured by digital vernier caliper. The wear characteristics of diamond segments were analyzed from wear morphology, protrusion height of diamond particles and the remaining height of diamond segments. The motion of two sawing modes and their effects on trajectories were analyzed which presented that the rocking reciprocating sawing mode can reduce sawing length and sawing time compared with horizontal reciprocating sawing mode used daily in industry. The results of experiment demonstrated that the main wear mechanism attributed to diamond segments wear is the fracture and falling of diamond particles caused by heavy loads especially in rocking reciprocating sawing mode. The average protrusion height of diamond particles is related with loads and the bonding strength of matrix. However, diamond segments wear can be effectively reduced in rocking reciprocating sawing mode while cobalt-based segments were adopted because a higher bonding strength to diamond particles can be provided compared with iron-based segments. The matrix of segments can be abrased slower while sawing length and sawing time were reduced.