Influence of annealing treatment on microstructure and properties of cold sprayed stainless steel coatings

304 stainless steel coatings had been deposited on carbon-steel substrate by cold spray technique, vacuum annealing treatment was applied to the coatings with different temperatures, and the influence of annealing treatment on the microstructure and electrochemical behavior of the coatings in 3.5% NaCl were analyzed. The results indicated that, the cold sprayed coating was constituted by the flattened particles, and the interfaces were clearly observed between the deposited particles. It was also found that...     

The internal-nitriding behavior of 310 stainless steel with and without Al and Ti additions

The internal-nitriding behavior in ammonia-hydrogen atmospheres of type-310 stainless steel and 310 to which either 2 wt.% Ti or 3 wt.% Al were added was studied over the range of 550–950°C. An Fe-24Cr binary alloy was included to assess the role of a BCC crystal structure vs the FCC crystal structure of 310 stainless steel. The BCC alloy exhibited the most rapid kinetics as expected. X-ray diffraction showed only the presence of CrN in all the alloys up to 735°C. At 850°C and above, both CrN and Cr₂N were detected. The nonformation of TiN and AlN at lower temperatures is attributed to nucleation problems. Precipitates were extremely fine (unresolvable even at 20,000×) at 563°C and became much coarser with increasing temperature. The precipitate density, size, and shape varied across the internal-nitriding zone at the higher temperatures. External scaling was noted at 850°C and above, however, it was not a continuous film. The activation energy of internal nitriding from 563–735°C ranged from 3.8 kcal/mol for 310+2Ti to 18.2 kcal/mol for 310+3Al; from 850–950°C, the activation energy ranged from 44 (310+2Ti) to 56.6 kcal/mol (310+3Al). Microhardness profiles show that an intermediate zone exists between the nitride case and the base metal. The origin of this zone is discussed.     

CeO₂改善低温渗铝涂层抗氧化性能的研究

在Ni基体上电沉积纯Ni镀层和Ni-CeO2复合镀层并对其进行620 °C低温渗铝,制备了无CeO2和CeO2改性的铝化物涂层。将以上两种涂层在1000 °C下氧化,研究CeO2颗粒的加入对氧化膜的生长速率和粘附性能的影响。结果表明,在δ-Ni2Al3涂层中加入纳米CeO2颗粒可以推迟一层完整α-Al2O3膜的形成时间,降低氧化膜的生长速率。此外,纳米CeO2颗粒的加入提高了氧化膜的粘附性,原因是与没有CeO2掺杂的涂层相比,CeO2改性铝化物涂层在氧化膜/涂层界面上形成的空洞尺寸较小。     

稀土Ce对310S奥氏体耐热不锈钢高温氧化行为的影响

采用热重分析法对不同稀土Ce含量的310S奥氏体耐热不锈钢高温氧化行为进行了系统研究,通过氧化增量曲线分析了相同温度下试验钢的氧化增量规律,并采用场发射电子探针(EPMA)表征氧化膜断面结构及元素分布,同时采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析氧化膜的物相组成。结果表明:在循环氧化初期,试验钢的高温氧化增量曲线遵循抛物线规律。试验钢的氧化膜由外层(Cr,Mn)₃O₄“尖晶石”型氧化物和内层Cr₂O₃氧化物组成。适量的稀土元素Ce能促进氧化物/基体界面处的应力释放,同时减少并延缓氧化膜与基体界面孔洞的形成,因而提高氧化膜的抗剥落性。     

AISI-304不锈钢扩散渗硅层组织研究

利用热场发射电镜研究AISI-304奥氏体不锈钢表面在用粉末包埋法热扩散处理获得的渗硅层的微观组织和精细结构。结果表明,在1050℃扩散处理6h,γ相不锈钢的渗硅层厚度可达60μm以上,渗硅层组织由高硅表面和α相扩散区组成,在α相扩散层中由表及里出现了不同形貌的类调幅组织,由表及里逐渐细化,其形貌从交叉织纹状到正交片状和交叉短杆状过渡。在扩散层中部为单一的砌块状DO3(Fe3Si型)有序转变产物,深部为纳米级细晶粒,至γ相基体前晶粒更加细小。微观成分分析表明,渗硅层的微观结构与硅的浓度梯度密切相关。     

310S耐热不锈钢高温长期时效过程中的组织演变

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及X射线能谱、显微硬度计和X射线衍射仪研究了310S耐热不锈钢在950℃下50～3000 h长时间时效后的显微组织.结果表明,时效后主要析出了碳化物Cr23 C6和σ相两种析出相,时效过程中碳化物Cr23 C6先于σ相析出;随时效时间的延长,碳化物数量先增加然后减少,σ相含量一直在增加.     

电弧喷涂316L不锈钢涂层的结构与性能

采用电弧喷涂优化工艺制备316L不锈钢涂层,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪等对涂层的组织及物相进行分析,同时对涂层的硬度、结合强度进行了测定。结果表明：涂层具有典型的层状形貌,涂层截面较为致密,局部区域出现粗大孔洞;涂层与基体之间主要为机械结合,结合强度较高;涂层硬度的最大值出现在涂层中部,靠近界面的基体组织发生加工硬化。     

Microstructure and shape memory behavior of a Ti–30Nb–3Pd alloy

High temperature shape memory behavior has been found in a Ti30Nb3Pd (wt%) ternary alloy. The alloy has a M_s  561 K, M_f  446 K, A_s  678 K and A_f  772 K after being deformed and solution treated at 973–1173 K, followed by water-quenching. A strain limit for 100% recovery was measured around 2% after aging at 873 K for 20 min. A detailed microstructural investigation related to the shape memory effect is reported.     

Influence of temperature and the role of chromium on the kinetics of sulfidation of 310 stainless steel

The sulfidation of 310 stainless steel was studied over the temperature range from 910 to 1285° K. By adjusting the ratio of hydrogen to hydrogen sulfide, variations in sulfur potential were obtained. The effect of temperature on sulfidation was determined at three different sulfur potentials: 39 N·m^–2, 1.4×10^–2 N·m^–2, and 1.5×10^–4 N·m^–2. All sulfide scales contained one or two surface layers in addition to a subscale. The second outer layer (OL-II), furthest from the alloy, contained primarily Fe-Ni-S. The first outer layer0 (OL-I), nearest the subscale, contained Fe-Cr-S. The subscale consisted of sulfide inclusions in the metal matrix. Two different phases were observed in OL-II depending on the temperature and sulfur potential. Below 1065°K OL-II is composed of a mixture of monosulfides of iron and nickel (Fe Ni)_1–xS and pentlandite (Fe_4.5Ni_4.5S₈) with the pentlandite phase exsolved as lamellae upon cooling. At temperatures higher than 1065°K only the pentlandite phase was formed, which melted above 1145°K at sulfur potentials greater than 10^–2 N·m^–2, yielding metal-rich iron-nickel-sulfur. Above 1145°K, and at sulfur potentials less than 10^–2 N·m^–2, OL-II ceased to exist (this temperature is termed transition temperature). Below the transition temperature, where OL-II exists, OL-I could be represented by the general composition (Fe, Cr)_1–xS. This phase on cooling transformed into an array of structures differing in FeCr ratio. These substructures, however, were not observed in quenched samples. Above the transition temperature OL-I changed to a chromium-rich sulfide composition and was associated with a sudden decrease in reaction rate. Subscale formation was found to be due to the dissociation of OL-I at the scale-metal interface, and the extent of subscale growth was found to depend on the temperature and the sulfur potential, as well as the composition of OL-I. At a given temperature and sulfur potential the weight-gain data obeyed the parabolic rate law after an initial transient period. The parabolic rate constants obtained at the sulfur potential of 39 N·m^–2 did not show a break when the logarithm of the rate constant was plotted as a function of the inverse of absolute temperature. Sulfidation carried out at a sulfur potential below 2 × 10^–2 N·m^–2, however, did show a break at 1145°K. This break was found to be associated with the changes which had occurred in the FeCr ratio of OL-I. Below the transition temperature the activation energy was found to be approximately 125 kJ · mole^–1. Above the transition temperature the rate of sulfidation decreased with temperature but depended on the FeCr ratio in the ironchromium-sulfide layers of the OL-I. A reaction mechanism consistent with the experimental results has been proposed in which the diffusion of cations through OL-I is the rate-controlling step. Below the transition temperature the diffusion of Fe and Ni through OL-I contributes to the scale formation, whereas above the transition temperature the diffusion of Cr through OL-I controls the scale formation. Existing literature on the Fe-Ni-S system is compared with the present results.     

Microstructure and mechanical behavior of LZ91 Mg alloy processed by rolling and heat treatments

Mg–9%Li–1%Zn alloy was successfully cast into a 37 mm thick ingot, and then rolled to a thickness of 2 mm in this study. Effects of thermal and mechanical treatments on the microstructures and strengthening mechanisms were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the as-cast microstructure of the Mg–9%Li–1%Zn alloy had a dual phase structure with dispersed fine particles of ZnO and MgO oxides. After annealing heat treatment of the as-rolled specimen, α phase was elongated and aligned in the rolling direction, and β phase showed a recrystallized grain structure. The variation in hardness during isothermal heat treatment was believed to correspond to an unstable phase or spinodal decomposition causing age hardening effect. Cold working presented moderate hardening effect, and the hardness of the cold-rolled specimen was almost proportional to the extent of cold working.     

S32205双相不锈钢冷轧退火组织转变及强塑化机理分析

通过设计一种特殊的冷变形退火工艺,实现了S32205双相不锈钢强度和塑性同时提升。通过室温拉伸试验、显微组织观察、背散射电子衍射分析、热力学计算等手段研究了显微组织特征及新组织结构的强塑化机理。结果表明,该工艺处理后S32205双相不锈钢的晶粒尺寸呈双态分布,两相组织混合分布且细晶的新生奥氏体均匀弥散分布在铁素体相中;在细晶强化和两相间变形不协调引发的背应力强化的共同作用下,试验钢强度和塑性相较于传统固溶热处理工艺同时得到了提升。     

Surface nanocrystallization of 310s stainless steel and its effect on oxidation behavior

Two techniques, unbalanced magnetron sputter deposition and high-energy short-pulsed plasma discharge, have been used to produce a nanocrystalline surface on AISI 310S stainless steel specimens. The average grain size after surface modification was estimated as ~100 nm by using atomic force microscopy. Cyclic oxidation was performed at 1000°C with treated and untreated 310S stainless steel specimens. The oxide products formed on the specimens consisted of an outer spinel layer that was rich in chromium, iron, manganese, and nickel, and an inner chromium-rich layer. It was found that the concentrations of iron and manganese in the outer layer of treated specimens were higher, and adherence of the scale was better in the treated specimens. The observed oxidation behavior can be explained by the increase of the creep diffusion rate in the fine oxide scale formed on the nanocrystalline surfaces.     

Ultrasonic velocity measurements for characterizing the annealing behaviour of cold worked austenitic stainless steel

Precise measurements of shear wave velocities have been made in 20% cold worked and annealed samples of alloy D9 (Ti-modified austenitic stainless steel) to characterize the microstructural changes during annealing. The variation in wave velocity with annealing time exhibited a three stage behaviour. In the first stage, a slight increase in the velocity during recovery regime has been observed. This is followed by a significant increase in the velocity in the recrystallization regime (second stage) and reaching saturation on completion of recrystallization (third stage). Microstructural observations using optical metallography confirmed these three stages. The maximum variation in velocity is observed only when the polarization or the propagation direction of the shear wave is alingned with the cold working direction. Variation in shear wave velocity during annealing process, in general, is just opposite to that of the variation in longitudinal wave velocity. A number of velocity measurements were made by changing the propagation and polarization directions of the shear waves with respect to the cold working direction. Based on these measurements, a suitable velocity ratio parameter is suggested for determining the degree of recrystallization during annealing of cold worked alloy D9.     

不同喷涂方法制备马氏体不锈钢涂层组织性能对比

采用电热爆炸定向喷涂和高速电弧喷涂技术,分别制备了3Cr13不锈钢涂层.使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDAX)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和纳米压痕仪等分析了两种涂层的组织形貌、元素分布、相结构、纳米硬度和弹性模量等.结果表明,电热爆炸定向喷涂层比高速电弧喷涂层更致密;前者氧化现象不明显,而后者较明显;前者与基体主要是冶金结合,而后者主要为机械结合;前者的纳米硬度和弹性模量分别达到了10.3 GPa和237.8 GPa,高于后者的7.6 GPa和183.3 GPa.     

Analytical electron microscopy of a selective oxide scale formed on 20% Cr-25% Ni-Nb stainless steel

A selective oxidation process has been developed to protect a 20%Cr/25%Ni/Nb stainless steel during exposure to carbon dioxide based environments at 700°C. The composition and microstructure of transverse sections of the 0.6 m thick selective oxide scale produced has been examined by analytical electron microscopy. This has highlighted the role of easy diffusion paths in the steel in enabling chromium movement to form the outer Cr₂O₃ layer and the mechanism by which the inner amorphous silica layer grows. The implications of the physical and chemical characteristics of the selective oxide scale upon the degree of protection it affords are discussed.     

K418合金和42CrMo钢激光焊焊缝的微观组织

采用透射电镜及附带能谱(TEM-EDS)对K418高温合金涡轮盘和42CrMo合金钢转轴激光焊焊缝的微观组织进行了分析.结果表明:焊缝主要由树枝状非平衡凝固的FeCrNiC(γ)固溶体组成,此外,还有少量细小、弥散的Ni_3Alγ'相、Laves颗粒和少量MC碳化物分布在树枝晶之间区域;根据热动力学原理对形成这一组织特征的原因进行了简要讨论.     

Simultaneous chromizing-aluminizing coating of austenitic stainless steels

Chromium and aluminum were simultaneously co-deposited by diffusion into austenitic stainless steel substrates, by a single-step, pack-cementation process. The mechanism for the formation of diffusion-coated products on 304 and 316 stainless steels and on Incoloy 800 is discussed. The morphologies of the phases formed at the surface, i.e., an external beta layer and an underlying multiphase interdiffusion zone, are presented. The formation of the brittle, , outer layer was minimized by variations in the pack composition and activator. The coated 304 and 316 steels exhibited excellent scaling resistance upon oxidation in air at 1000°C.     

Transmission electron microscopy study of stress- ruptured aged 304h stainless steel after prolonged exposure in service

Type 304H stainless steel is widely used for long- term, high- temperature applications, e.g., superheater tubes in steam generators. The 304H stainless steel tube in the present investigation has been exposed in service to a temperature range of 565 to 595 °C for a prolonged period (in excess of 20 years). Metallographic and transmission electron microscopic analysis was carried out on exposed material to study the nature and type of precipitates formed in this material after prolonged exposure in service.     

G202不锈钢焊条的研制

介绍了马氏体不锈钢焊条G202的研制过程，分析了药皮渣系、各合金元素的作用及控制，确定了合理的药皮配方。所研制的G202焊条具有优良的焊接工艺性能，熔敷金属力学性能达到国外同类产品水平。