Microstructure and sliding wear behavior of nanostructured Ni60-TiB2 composite coating sprayed by HVOF technique

A nanostructured Ni60-TiB₂ composite coating (Ni60 is a brand of Ni-based self-fluxing alloy with a hardness of HRC60) was sprayed on steel substrate by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process using high energy ball milled powders. Its sliding wear resistance at room-temperature was evaluated by ball-on-disc testing. For comparison, conventional Ni60-TiB₂ composite coating was prepared by HVOF using mechanically mixed Ni60 and TiB₂ powders and tested under the same conditions. The results show that the nanostructured composite coating has excellent mechanical properties and sliding wear resistance due to the microstructural homogenization and the well preserved nanostructure characteristic of the ball milled powders. Adhesive and abrasive wears are found to be responsible for the wear down mechanisms of the nanostructured Ni60-TiB₂ composite coating.     

微弧等离子喷涂制备莫来石/金属复合热障涂层

运用微弧等离子喷涂制备了莫来石/金属复合热障涂层.研究了涂层的微观结构、结合强度、隔热性能和抗热震性能.复合涂层结构为莫来石颗粒被"包裹"在金属层片状结构中;涂层的结合强度大于30 MPa.随着涂层中莫来石含量的增加,涂层的隔热性能有所提高,随涂层表面温度的升高,涂层的隔热温度也不断提高,涂层的最高隔热温度为125℃.1 150℃的水淬热震试验表明,基体变形是导致涂层失效的重要原因之一,随着涂层中莫来石含量的增加,涂层的抗热震次数先增加后减小,粉末中莫来石含量为40%的涂层的抗热震性能最好,抗热震次数最多为72次.     

Detection of a marker layer in a 7YSZ thermal barrier coating by femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

A new technique for detection of thickness loss in thermal barrier coatings caused by erosion or foreign/domestic object damage has been demonstrated for a 7YSZ thermal barrier coating. The thickness loss was assessed via femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LIBS) inspection for a marker layer of gadolinium zirconate, embedded at a critical depth within the 7YSZ coating. Spectroscopic detection of the marker layer was possible at fluence levels as low as 18 J cm^− 2, which is about 11 times the ablation threshold fluence for 7YSZ. The surface damage caused by the laser pulses was minimal and consisted of extremely small individual circular craters with approximate diameter of 30 μm. Further, the laser action also did not cause any cracking in the 7YSZ layer. The minimal collateral damage associated with fs-laser pulses is one of the major advantages of fs-LIBS for spectroscopic characterization of thermal barrier coatings.     

火焰喷涂热障陶瓷梯度涂层的制备工艺及性能

在优化热障梯度涂层和过渡层的成分设计及氧乙炔火焰法制备工艺的基础上，获得了组织致密，有良好冶金结合的Al2O3／Fe热障梯度涂层。结果表明，涂层中的Al2O3分布基本均匀，且在整个涂层中，从钢基体到涂层表面的化学成分呈梯度分布，涂层与钢基体及各涂层之间存在明显的冶金结合；所获得的Al2O3热障梯度涂层与普通纯Al2O3热障涂层和带底层（Ni）和过渡层（Cu）的热障涂层相比，与基体间的结合力显著提高，弯曲强度、耐热冲击性能大为增强，涂层热障效果随涂层的数量和Al2O3含量的增加也获得明显提高。     

Microstructure and sliding wear behavior of pseudo-alloy PS45/CuAl8 composite coating sprayed by HVAA technique

A pseudo-alloy PS45/CuAl8 composite coating was sprayed on steel substrate by high-velocity activated arc spraying (HVAA) process. Its sliding wear behavior at room temperature was evaluated by M-2000 wear tester. For comparison, a single CuAl8 coating was also prepared and tested under the same conditions. It is found that the pseudo-alloy composite coating consists of α-Cu and γ-Ni metallic matrix phases together with homogenously distributed minor Al 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 oxide phases. Moreover, pseudo-alloy coating possesses much better sliding wear resistance than CuAl8 coating due to the enhanced hardness and microstructural homogenization. Fatigue wear and abrasive wear are responsible for the wear-down mechanism of the pseudo-alloy coating.     

Microstructure and sliding wear behavior of pseudo-alloy PS45/CuA18 composite coating sprayed by HVAA technique

A pseudo-alloy PS45/CuAl8 composite coating was sprayed on steel substrate by high-velocity activated arc spraying (HVAA) process. Its sliding wear behavior at room temperature was evaluated by M-2000 wear tester. For comparison, a single CuAl8 coating was also prepared and tested under the same conditions. It is found that the pseudo-alloy composite coating consists of α-Cu and γ-Ni metallic matrix phases together with homogenously distributed minor A12O3, Cr2O3 oxide phases. Moreover, pseudo-alloy coating possesses much better sliding wear resistance than CuA18 coating due to the enhanced hardness and microstructural homogenization. Fatigue wear and abrasive wear are responsible for the wear-down mechanism of the pseudo-alloy coating.     

Structure and sliding wear behavior of 321 stainless steel/Al composite coating deposited by high velocity arc spraying technique

A typical 321 stainless steel/aluminum composite coating （321/Al coating） was prepared by high velocity arc spraying technique （HVAS） with 321 stainless steel wire as the anode and aluminum wire as the cathode. The traditional 321 stainless steel coating was also prepared for comparison. Tribological properties of the coatings were evaluated with the ring-block wear tester under different conditions. The structure and worn surface of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, X-ray diffractometry（XRD） and energy dispersion spectroscopy（EDS）. The results show that, except for aluminum phase addition in the 32 l/Al coating, no other phases are created compared with the 321 coating. However, due to the addition of aluminum, the 32 l/Al coating forms a type of ＂ductile/hard phases inter-deposited＂ structure and performs quite different tribological behavior. Under the dry sliding condition, the anti-wear property of 32 l/Al coating is about 42% lower than that of 321 coating. But under the oil lubricated conditions with or without 32 h oil-dipping pretreatment, the anti-wear property of 321/AI coating is about 9% and 5% higher than that of 321 coating, respectively. The anti-wear mechanism of the composite coating is mainly relevant to the decrease of oxide impurities and the strengthening action resulted from the ＂ductile/hard phases inter-deposited＂ coating structure.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of ceramic-metal composite coatings prepared by plasma spraying of self-reacting powders

Ceramic-metal composite (CMC) coatings were deposited on the surface of Fe-0.14–0.22 wt.% C steel by plasma spraying of self-reacting Fe₂O₃−Al composite powders. The dry sliding friction and wear character of the CMC coatings are investigated in this paper. The wear resistance of the CMC coatings was significantly better than that of Al₂O₃ coatings under the same sliding wear conditions. The tough metal, which is dispersed in the ceramic matrix, obviously improved the toughness of the CMC coatings. Wear mechanisms of the CMC coatings were identified as a combination of abrasive and adhesive wear.     

Plasma spraying of functionally graded yttria stabilized zirconia/NiCoCrAlY coating system using composite powders

Pre-alloyed and plasma spheroidized composite powders were used as the feedstock in the plasma spraying of functionally graded yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/NiCoCrAlY coatings. The ball milling parameters of the composite powders and the plasma spraying parameters for preparing functionally graded materials (FMGs) coatings were optimized to obtain the best performance for the thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Microstructure, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of YSZ/NiCoCrAlY FGMs coatings were investigated and compared with those of traditional duplex coatings. Results showed that the advantages of using pre-alloyed composite powders in plasma spraying were to ensure chemical homogeneity and promote uniform density along the graded layers. Microstructure observation showed the gradient distribution of YSZ and NiCoCrAlY phases in the coating, and no clear interface was found between two adjacent different layers. Oxidation occurred during plasma spray and the resultant aluminum oxide combines with YSZ in a wide range of proportions. The bond strength of functionally graded coatings was about twice as high as that of the duplex coatings because of the significant reduction of the residual stresses in the coatings. The thermal cycling resistance of functionally graded coating was much better than that of duplex coating.     

激光熔覆Fe-W合金涂层的组织及性能

以纯钨粉末为熔覆材料,采用同轴送粉激光熔覆技术,在Q235A钢表面制备了Fe-W合金耐磨涂层.利用X射线衍射（XRD）、光学显微镜、扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱（EDS）对熔覆层的显微组织进行了分析,用显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机对熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性进行了测试.结果表明,熔覆层与基底冶金结合,无明显裂纹或气孔,涂层内部由致密的粗大树枝状和短棒状Fe7W6增强相以及弥散分布的细小颗粒状Fe2W相组成,其均匀分布在α-Fe固溶体中.熔覆层平均硬度700 HV,为基材Q235A钢的3.5倍,同时耐磨性能也得到了显著提高.     

Thermal shock testing of burner cans coated with a thick thermal barrier coating

Thick (1.8 mm) thermal barrier coatings were air-plasma-sprayed onto two different substrate geometries, including small circular substrates and burner cans. Two different top-coating spray parameters were used, where the settings of the substrate temperature and the lamella thickness were varied. A segmentation crack network was found in the top coatings sprayed using a high substrate temperature and a high lamella thickness. The density of segmentation cracks was found to be independent of substrate geometry. No segmentation cracks were found in the top-coatings when a low substrate temperature and a low lamella thickness were used. In the segmented burner can, after 1000 thermal shock cycles, the segmentation crack network was still stable and no severe cracks had formed in the top coating. In the nonsegmented burner can, cracks were formed after only 35 thermal shock cycles. Among the crack types, horizontally oriented cracks were found in the top coating close to, and sometimes reaching, the bond coating. Cracks of this type are not tolerated in thermal barrier coatings because they can cause failure of the coating. Regarding the lifetime of the segmented burner can, it is believed the failure will be dependent on other mechanisms, such as bond-coating oxidation or top-coating decomposition.     

Preparation and wear performance of NiCr/Cr3C2-NiCr/hBN plasma sprayed composite coating

NiCr clad hexagonal BN powder (NiCr/hBN) was added to NiCr/Cr₃C₂ feedstock to improve the tribological properties of chromium carbide nichrome coating. The microstructure, flowability and apparent density of the composite powder, as well as the structure and mechanical properties of the plasma sprayed coating were characterized. The friction and wear behavior of the NiCr/Cr₃C₂-NiCr/hBN coating from ambient temperature up to 800 °C was evaluated on a ball-on-disk wear tester and compared with that of NiCr/Cr₃C₂ coating and NiCr/Cr₃C₂-NiCr/BaF₂·CaF₂ coating. The results show that NiCr cladding can reduce the decarburization of Cr₃C₂ and oxidation of hBN during the thermal spray. The main wear mechanisms of the NiCr/Cr₃C₂-NiCr/hBN composite coating are ploughing and adhesive wear. Layered hexagonal BN particle reduce the direct contact and severe adhesion between friction pairs, thus decreasing the friction coefficient. The NiCr/Cr₃C₂-NiCr/hBN composite coating shows a promising application in the high temperature environment with the request of both wear resistance and friction reduction.     

等离子熔覆高铬铁基复合涂层高温滑动磨损性能

利用前驱体碳化复合粉末制备技术,以蔗糖为碳的前驱体制备了等离子熔覆Fe-Cr-C-W-Ni复合粉末.采用等离子熔覆丁艺,用该粉末在凋质C级钢基材表面制备了高铬铁基复合涂层.测试了涂层在不同增强相含量、不同载荷和不同温度干滑动磨损条件下的耐磨性,并讨论了磨损机理.结果表明,由于涂层中硬质耐磨相(Cr,Fe)7C3的扰磨骨干作用,涂层在高温千滑动磨损条件下具有优异的耐磨性能.利用该技术在高速线材轧辊上使用效果明显.     

Employment of a bi-layer of Ni(P)/Cu as a diffusion barrier in a Cu/Sn/Cu bonding structure for three-dimensional interconnects

This study explored the possibility of employing a bi-layer barrier of electroless-plated Ni(P)/thin Cu layers in a Cu/Sn/Cu bonding structure for three-dimensional interconnects. Our materials analysis revealed that the bi-layer barrier served effectively as a diffusion barrier and prevented full-scale materials interaction for temperatures higher than 300 °C. Such suppression of an intermetallic compound reaction and limiting Cu diffusion led to the formation of a rod-shaped Cu₆Sn₅ compound, rendering a unique microstructure of ductile Sn embedded with strong Cu₆Sn₅ rods. Our mechanical characterization using lap-shear testing and fracture analysis revealed that the sample with such a microstructure displayed a high bonding strength with some ductility, a desirable combination for high mechanical reliability.     

Effects of solid lubricants on friction and wear behaviors of the phenolic coating under different friction conditions

The phenolic coating filled with micro-MoS₂ or micro-graphite was prepared by spraying the coating precursors. The friction and wear behaviors of the unfilled and filled phenolic composite coating sliding against the steel ring were evaluated on an MHK-500 friction and wear tester under dry friction and under water lubrication conditions. The worn surfaces of the unfilled and filled phenolic coating and the transfer films formed on the surface of the steel ring were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope (OM), respectively. FTIR analysis was performed to detect the chemical changes of the composite coating under different lubrication conditions. It was found that addition of graphite was effective in enhancing the wear life of the phenolic coating. Especially, the anti-wear ability of the phenolic coating was best when the content of graphite is 10 wt.%. However, the MoS₂ as filler was harmful to the friction and wear behaviors of the phenolic coating. The character of the fillers varied with the types of the solid lubricants and the transfer films of varied features formed on the counterpart steel ring, largely accounted for the different friction and wear behaviors of the unfilled and filled phenolic composite coating. Compared with under dry sliding, the phenolic composite coating filled with 10 wt.% MoS₂ or 10 wt.% graphite had lower friction coefficients and lower wear life under water lubrication. Since water hindered the formation of transferred films, and might penetrate and corrode the filler-matrix interface, the anti-wear ability of the phenolic composite coating reinforced with MoS₂ or graphite deteriorated under water lubrication.     

氩弧熔覆SiC/Ni复合材料涂层组织与抗磨性分析

以Ni60A粉、SiC粉为原料,利用氩弧熔覆技术在Q235钢基材表面制备出复合涂层,应用SEM和XRD方法分析了涂层的显微组织.结果表明,复合涂层与基材实现了良好的冶金结合,复合材料涂层无单独的SiC,而是由Ni3 Si枝晶、M7 C3和γ-Ni固溶体组成,.Ni3Si枝晶均匀的分布γ-Ni固溶体基体上,涂层的显微硬度达到1 100HV0.2,涂层的耐磨性较基体提高近13倍.     

NDE of degradation of thermal barrier coating by means of impedance spectroscopy

Nondestructive evaluation of thermal barrier coating (TBC) degradation during service operation has received a wide attention for service life prediction of advanced gas turbines. In this work, TBC on nickel base superalloy degraded at various degrees by thermal aging is investigated. Particularly, TBC and Metal–Chromium–Aluminum–Yttrium alloy (McrAlY) (M indicates iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) or these combinations) bond coating interface where a detrimental reaction takes place and forms various reaction products during thermal aging, is studied in detail. Formation kinetics and physical properties of the reaction layer are evaluated by means of Impedance Spectroscopy (IS). Specimens aged at higher temperature and a longer aging time shows larger impedance. The impedance behavior of TBC and bond coating is found to be markedly changed by the formation of the reaction layer. Physical properties and thickness of the reaction layer are evaluated using the change of the impedance. A mechanistic interpretation of the cause of change in the physical properties and IS behavior are described.     

Life time dependency on the pre-coating treatment of a thermal barrier coating under thermal cycling

A thermal barrier coating system consisting of the single crystalline Ni-based superalloy CMSX 4, a Pt aluminide bond coat and an EB-PVD processed ceramic top coat was thermally cycled in order to study the influence of three different treatments prior the deposition of the ceramic top coat. Besides the standard treatment, one type of treatment was annealing in vacuum, while the other was annealing in an O containing ArH atmosphere; in both cases for 4 h at 1080 °C.Compared to the standard treatment, annealing in vacuum almost doubled and annealing in ArH atmosphere almost tripled the cyclic life time of the ceramic coating. The improvement was related to the creation of a defined alumina scale before and during TBC deposition.     

Numerical modeling of short crack behavior in a thermal barrier coating upon thermal shock loading

The behavior of microstructurally short inherent cracks within a preoxidized thermal barrier coating system upon thermal shock loading is considered. A thin alumina oxide layer holding residual stresses was induced at the ceramic/metal interface to simulate thermally grown oxide on the bond coat. Undulation of the oxidized bond coat was modeled as a sinusoidal surface. The variations of the stress-intensity factors of inherent centrally located cracks and of edge cracks were calculated during the thermal cycling. The instant crack shapes during the first thermal cycle and at steady state were investigated. It was found that oxide layer thickness, crack tip location, as well as interfacial undulation are factors influencing the risk of crack propagation. It was also found that an edge crack constitutes a greater threat to the coating durability than a central crack. The propagation of an edge crack, if it occurs, will take place during the first load cycle, whereas for a central crack, crack tip position decides the risk of crack propagation.     

氩弧熔敷原位合成(Ti,Nb)C增强金属基复合涂层组织与抗磨性能

以钛粉、碳粉、铌粉和Ni60A粉末为原料,利用氩弧熔敷技术在16Mn钢基材表面成功制备出镍基增强相复合涂层,应用OM,SEM,XRD对复合涂层的显微组织和物相进行了分析,并测试了不同载荷作用下的磨损性能.结果表明,熔敷层与基体结合无气孔、裂纹等缺陷,呈冶金结合,复合涂层物相由（Ti,Nb）C颗粒、γ-Ni奥氏体枝晶和枝晶间的Cr23C6共晶组织组成.随着载荷增加复合涂层磨损质量损失缓慢增大,16Mn钢磨损质量损失迅速增大,熔敷涂层的耐磨性较基体提高近11倍,其磨损机制主要为擦伤式磨损.