新型负刚度超材料吸能结构的设计与优化

为了提高负刚度超材料的吸能特性，提出了一种加固圆柱形负刚度超材料结构；它由圆柱面斜梁单元和内部周期性平面斜梁单元组成，其吸能性能主要通过斜梁单元的负刚度特性实现。通过理论解析和有限元分析对结构的力学性能进行研究，结果表明斜梁单元高厚比值越大结构的负刚度和双稳态性能越明显且两种斜梁单元的高厚比取值越接近结构稳定性越好；同时通过与空心圆柱形负刚度超材料结构的对比，证实了加固结构提高了空间利用率以及增强了吸能效果。最后以航天器非火工分离装置为应用背景，基于Kriging代理模型对所提出的新型负刚度超材料吸能结构进行了优化设计，总吸能水平和单位吸能水平均相对增长了20.47%。     

弯曲梁柱结构平面外失稳的研究

研究了两节梁组成的弯曲梁在受竖向集中载荷作用下的平面外稳定问题,通过建立每节梁临界状态下弯曲和扭转变形微分方程,根据变形协调关系,得出了一端固定一端悬臂的弯曲梁平面外失稳的特征方程,并以等截面等长度梁构成的弯曲梁为对象,探讨了弯曲梁上拱和上翘对其平面外稳定性的影响,以及抗扭刚度对稳定性的影响。结果表明,同样的载荷作用幅度和梁高度,采用上拱的弯曲梁比直梁具有更高的侧向稳定性,并且存在一个最佳的弯曲角度,而上翘弯曲梁的侧向稳定性要低于直梁的侧向稳定性。当弯曲梁上翘时,增大抗扭刚度可以提高侧向稳定性,弯曲梁上拱时,增大抗扭刚度却会降低其侧向稳定性。     

波形钢腹板组合槽形梁抗扭性能试验研究

为了研究新型结构预应力波形钢腹板组合槽形梁的抗扭性能,基于约束扭转理论,推导了波形钢腹板组合槽形梁的约束扭转翘曲应力表达式和扇形惯性矩;考虑了波形钢腹板的褶皱效应对纵向刚度的影响,计入波形钢腹板的剪切变形对约束扭转刚度的降低,得到了扇形惯性矩修正公式;最终建立了集中扭矩作用下的扭转角计算公式。完成了2片波形钢腹板组合槽形试验梁的偏载试验和3片相同梁的对称加载试验,试验表明:90 kN以内的偏载作用下,试验梁的荷载-位移曲线基本呈线性;试验梁两侧竖向位移的平均值与对称荷载作用下的竖向位移基本相同;试验梁的偏载系数位于1.2~1.3,比波形钢腹板组合箱梁增大10%左右。理论计算、试验测试和有限元分析表明:该文建立的扭转角计算公式采用修正过的扇形惯性矩进行计算,具有良好的精度。     

计及二阶效应的一种变截面梁精确单元刚度阵

推导一种精确的Bernoulli-Euler变截面梁单元,解决了传统变截面梁单元在结构稳定性分析中存在的计算精度较低的问题,以常见的外形沿轴向按线性变化的变截面梁为例,给出梁单元的精确刚度阵。放弃传统有限元通过插值理论构建变形场,并通过虚位移原理获取单元刚度阵的方法,直接从计入二阶效应的单元平衡微分方程中得到变截面梁的载荷位移关系,进而得到有限元格式的变截面梁精确刚度阵。借助于变截面梁单元刚度阵,可导致与精确的微分方程解析法同样的计算精度。通过与几个经典算例和ANSYS计算结果比较表明:该精确刚度阵可直接应用于结构稳定性分析,获得变截面梁结构精确的欧拉临界力。     

基于神经网络的变截面梁抗撞性分析及优化设计

通过比较不同截面形状薄壁梁碰撞吸能特性曲线,提出了一种有效的变截面薄壁梁结构,并将该结构应用于某车架前纵梁的碰撞模拟中,以提高其动态吸能能力。将人工神经网络引入抗撞性优化设计中,选取变截面梁的主要设计参数作为研究对象,将有限元分析与试验设计、神经网络和遗传算法等结合起来,对变截面梁各结构尺寸进行了抗撞性优化设计。建立了变截面梁结构的总吸能神经网络预测模型,并采用遗传算法进行了优化求解。最后将优化好的变截面薄壁梁结构应用于整车40%偏置碰模拟中,结果表明A柱的加速度峰值显著降低,整车的被动安全性得到提高。     

圆形料场堆取料机取料梁结构优化研究

在保证梁的结构强度与刚度的前提下，实现取料梁正截面的最优化设计，以达到整梁的钢材用量最少。本文以由90m圆形料场堆取料机为例，以的重量为设计目标函数．以强度和刚度为主要约束条件，建立了圆形料场堆取料机取料梁的截面优化设计模型。为了能获得更加准确的优化数据，混合采用ANSYS优化设计模块中零阶和一阶箅法，各取所长对梁截面进行了优化计算。优化后的静力学分析表明整梁的应力更趋于合理分布，整梁的重量下降达到20．23％。     

波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁纯扭作用下抗扭承载力试验研究

为了更好的了解波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁扭转力学机理及其抗扭承载力影响因素,该文通过模型试验的方法,对4根波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁模型进行纯扭作用下的承载力研究。通过偏心加载的方式对模型梁施加单调纯扭矩。试验结果表明:波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁在纯扭作用下,混凝土顶、底板裂缝方向与梁纵轴线基本成45°角;截面中心纵向钢筋对组合箱梁抗扭贡献不大;抗扭刚度与波形参数η成正比;钢腹板屈服扭矩与组合箱梁极限扭矩随着钢腹板厚度的增加而增大。     

不同梁线刚度情形下组合梁柱子结构抗倒塌性能研究

钢框架结构某根柱失效后,与失效柱相连的双跨梁对剩余结构的内力重分布和实现再平衡起到关键作用,而此时相邻双跨梁的线刚度对结构抗倒塌性能具有显著影响。以栓焊连接节点组合梁柱子结构拟静力试验结果作为校验,验证有限元建模方法的正确性。并建立了不同梁线刚度情形下的组合梁柱子结构足尺模型,重点分析了不同梁线刚度对组合梁柱子结构的内力发展和抗倒塌性能的影响。对目前基于变形的结构失效判定准则进行修正,基于该修正准则定量分析了双跨梁的梁机制抗力和悬链线机制抗力贡献水平,可为结构抗倒塌设计提供依据,对实际工程应用提供参考。分析结果表明:双跨梁的线刚度决定了梁机制抗力水平;而双跨梁的跨度决定了悬链线机制抗力水平,梁高对其影响较小,过大的梁线刚度不利于结构的位移发展。     

波形钢腹板梁变形计算的有效刚度法

为研究波形钢腹板剪切变形对波形钢腹板梁受力行为的影响,引入腹板剪切变形转角函数,将波形钢腹板梁的弯曲行为分解为桁架作用和弯曲作用,建立一个能够考虑波形钢腹板剪切变形的波形钢腹板梁理论模型,推导了简支和悬臂波形钢腹板梁在不同类型荷载作用下的变形解析解,采用有限元方法验证了理论模型和解析解的正确性和适用性。根据变形等效原理,引入重要影响参数对波形钢腹板梁的变形解析解进行简化,提出了考虑腹板剪切行为的波形钢腹板梁变形简化计算方法——有效刚度法。用该文提出的有效刚度法计算波形钢腹板梁在正常使用极限状态下的变形值和试验结果吻合良好,为波形钢腹板梁在正常使用极限状态下的挠度计算提供一种准确性较高的简化计算方法。     

板对框架梁抗扭性能的影响

本文通过对框架梁抗扭性能的分析，说明板对梁的抗扭刚度及扭矩分布的影响。     

Metamaterial topology optimization of nonpneumatic tires with stress and buckling constraints

This article presents the design of a metamaterial for the shear layer of a nonpneumatic tire using topology optimization, under stress and buckling constraints. These constraints are implemented for a smooth maximum function using global aggregation. A linear elastic finite element model is used, implementing solid isotropic material with penalization. Design sensitivities are determined by the adjoint method. The method of moving asymptotes is used to solve the numerical optimization problem. Two different optimization statements are used. Each requires a compliance limit and some aspect of continuation. The buckling analysis is linear, considering the generalized eigenvalue problem of the conventional and stress stiffness matrices. Various symmetries, base materials, and starting geometries are considered. This leads to novel topologies that all achieve the target effective shear modulus of 10 MPa, while staying within the stress constraint. The stress-only designs generally were susceptible to buckling failure. A family of designs (columnar, noninterconnected representative unit cells) that emerge in this study appears to exhibit favorable properties for this application.     

Multi-material topology optimization of laminated composite beam cross sections

This paper presents a novel framework for simultaneous optimization of topology and laminate properties in structural design of laminated composite beam cross sections. The structural response of the beam is evaluated using a beam finite element model comprising a cross section analysis tool which is suitable for the analysis of anisotropic and inhomogeneous sections of arbitrary geometry. The optimization framework is based on a multi-material topology optimization model in which the design variables represent the amount of the given materials in the cross section. Existing material interpolation, penalization, and filtering schemes have been extended to accommodate any number of anisotropic materials. The methodology is applied to the optimal design of several laminated composite beams with different cross sections. Solutions are presented for a minimum compliance (maximum stiffness) problem with constraints on the weight, and the shear and mass center positions. The practical applicability of the method is illustrated by performing optimal design of an idealized wind turbine blade subjected to static loading of aerodynamic nature. The numerical results suggest that the proposed framework is suitable for simultaneous optimization of cross section topology and identification of optimal laminate properties in structural design of laminated composite beams.     

Buckling analysis of embedded nanotubes using gradient continuum theory

The buckling of nanotubes embedded in an elastic matrix is modeled within the framework of Timoshenko beams. Both a stress gradient and a strain gradient approach are considered. The energy variational approach is adopted to obtain the critical buckling loads. The dependences of the buckling load on the nonlocal parameter, the stiffness of the surrounding elastic matrix, and the transverse shear stiffness of the nanotubes are obtained. The results show a significant dependence of critical buckling load on the nonlocal parameter and the stiffness of the surround matrix. The Euler beam model, which neglects the shear stiffness of the nanotubes, over-predicts the critical buckling load. It is also found that the strain gradient model provides the lower bound and the stress gradient model provides the upper bound for the critical buckling load of nanotubes. In addition to mechanical buckling, thermally induced buckling of the nanotubes embedded in an elastic matrix is also studied. All results are expressed in closed-form and therefore are easy to use by materials scientists and engineers for the design of nanotubes and their composites.     

考虑剪切变形影响的框架柱弹性稳定

该文研究了考虑剪切变形影响的压杆弹性稳定,着重分析了压杆自身的剪切变形对其稳定临界荷载的影响。该文提出了考虑剪切变形影响的杆件单元一阶、二阶转角位移方程。提出了考虑剪切变形影响,计算两端任意转动约束轴压杆有侧移失稳及无侧移失稳的近似公式,通过与精确解对比,近似法具有很好的精度。讨论了压杆有侧移失稳临界荷载与压杆抗侧刚度之间的内在联系,根据这一规律,提出了近似计算两端转动约束轴压杆,具有侧向不完全支撑时的临界荷载。     

含损伤复合材料AGS 板的屈曲特性

采用有限元数值模拟方法, 研究了蒙皮内含分层损伤复合材料格栅加筋板结构(AGS) 的稳定性问题。对蒙皮和肋骨分别采用基于Mindlin 一阶剪切理论的复合材料层合板单元和层合梁单元来模拟, 推导了相应的有限元列式, 并通过坐标变换, 利用蒙皮与肋骨的几何连续条件, 形成了AGS 的单元刚度阵和几何刚度阵, 建立了含损伤AGS 稳定性分析的有限元控制方程。通过典型算例, 研究了压缩载荷作用下, 分层形状、分层大小、分层深度、肋骨的高度和宽度、布置方式等因素对AGS 的稳定性特征的影响。数值结果表明, 含分层损伤的AGS 具有十分复杂的屈曲性态。屈曲临界力和屈曲模式与分层面积、分层形状、分层深度、肋骨的高度和宽度、布置方式和位置均密切相关。      

基于拓扑优化的直升机旋翼桨叶剖面设计

提出了一种基于拓扑优化的直升机旋翼桨叶剖面设计方法。采用了有限元方法计算直升机旋翼桨叶剖面刚度特性, 截面考虑了剪切和翘曲变形, 并消除了翘曲位移和刚体位移之间的耦合作用。基于SIMP拓扑优化算法, 以旋翼桨叶平均柔度或者剖面刚度为设计目标, 桨叶重量为约束函数, 建立了旋翼桨叶拓扑优化模型。提出的敏度求解算法具有较高的计算精度, 采用序列线性规划算法对旋翼桨叶剖面进行优化设计。结果表明在展长较小并且承受均布升力载荷情况下, Ⅱ型截面梁的柔度最小, 而当展长增大时, 工字梁截面具有最小的柔度。此外, 旋翼桨叶外载荷等对优化结果也有较大的影响。提出的拓扑优化方法适合于概念设计阶段的直升机旋翼桨叶剖面设计。     

Spatial stability and free vibration of shear flexible thin-walled elastic beams. I: Analytical approach

An improved formulation for spatial stability and free vibration analysis of thin-walled elastic beams is presented by applying Hellinger–Reissner principle and introducing Vlasov's assumption. It includes shear deformation effects due to flexural shear and restrained warping stress, rotary inertia effects and bendirsg–torsional coupling effects due to unsymmetric cross sections. Closed-form solutions for determining flexural–torsional buckling loads and natural frequencies of unsymmetric simply supported beam-columns subjected to eccentric axial force are newiy derived and also, the tangent stiffness matrix and stability functions for symmetric thin-walled beam elements subjected to axial force are presented. In a companion paper,²⁶ these analytic solutions are compared with the finite element solutions according to the increase of shear deformation effects.     

线弹性土壤中埋设悬跨管道的屈曲分析

建立了两端埋设在线弹性土壤中的悬跨管道的屈曲方程。利用细长梁小挠度理论,建立了含有轴向压力的悬跨段和埋设段管道的弯曲控制方程。基于埋设段管道的刚度和变形特性,建立了符合悬跨段管道实际情况的边界条件。导出了悬跨段管道对称屈曲和反对称屈曲的屈曲载荷方程,通过数值求解给出了不同土壤刚度系数条件下悬跨段管道屈曲载荷。研究表明:悬跨段管道的屈曲载荷系数依赖于土壤刚度系数,简支梁模型只在特定的土壤刚度系数下适用于悬跨管道;在土壤刚度系数很大时,两端固支梁模型才能反映悬跨管道的屈曲特性。建议采用该方法进行埋设悬跨管道的屈曲分析。     

OPTIMUM SHAPE OF THE OPEN CROSS-SECTION OF A THIN-WALLED BEAM

The paper is aimed at searching for the optimum shape of an open cross-section of a thin-walled beam under strength and stability constraints. Variational and parametrical shaping of the cross-section of the beam is employed. The stability constraints include lateral buckling of the beam and local buckling of the walls. The problem is purely mechanical one, and manufacturing constraints are not considered. The objective function is the minimal value of the cross-section area of the beam. Optimal shapes of the beam profiles are shown graphically.     

基于弹性扭转约束边界的波形钢板整体剪切屈曲分析

波形钢板的整体剪切屈曲对波形钢腹板PC组合箱梁桥的竖向抗剪设计有重要意义。该文在正交各向异性薄板理论的基础上,利用势能驻值原理和瑞利-里兹法,推导了基于弹性扭转约束边界的波形钢板弹性整体剪切屈曲荷载的分析方法,并给出了几种特殊边界条件下的简化计算公式。计算结果表明:对于四边简支板和四边嵌固板,该方法与现有公式计算结果一致;波形钢板强抗弯刚度方向上的约束条件是影响其整体剪切屈曲的决定性因素,随着该方向上约束的增强,屈曲模式将从四边简支情况向四边嵌固情况过渡;弱抗弯刚度方向上约束条件的影响很小,可以忽略。最后给出了将波形钢板在实际梁结构中受到的边界约束等效为弹性扭转弹簧的方法。