小型铅铋冷却快堆瞬态安全分析

本文基于多通道热工模型与功率计算模型,在快堆分析程序SARAX的基础上开发了可用于分析小型铅铋冷却快堆在无保护超功率事故、无保护失流事故及无保护失热阱事故发生时瞬态安全特性的计算功能,并利用该程序计算了在不同事故情况下,堆芯反应性、功率以及热工参数随时间的变化,分析评价了堆芯的中子学和热工水力学性能。结果表明所设计的堆芯在发生事故时具有固有安全特性。     

Transient Safety Analysis of Small Leaded-Bismuth Cooled Fast Reactor

Based on the multi-channel thermal model and the power model, the calculation code which could be used in the transient safety analysis of fast reactor was developed in unprotected overpower accident, unprotected loss of flow accident and unprotected loss of hot sink accident in the paper. By this code, the core reactivity, power and thermal parameter changes with time in different accident cases were calculated and the core neutronics and thermal-hydraulics performance was analyzed. The results indicate that the core design has safety features when accident happens.     

快中子通量实验堆失流事故三维数值模拟

为验证计算流体动力学（CFD）方法在钠冷快堆失流事故模拟计算中的可靠性和可行性,针对快中子通量实验堆（FFTF）,建立了包含冷池、热池、堆芯在内的全三维模型,其中堆芯组件简化为多孔介质模型,堆芯保留了盒间特征,各类隔板简化为无厚度面。失流事故下主要参数计算结果与实验数据的对比表明,CFD方法能有效捕捉冷池、热池以及盒间复杂的流动换热现象,堆芯最热组件的位置在瞬态过程发生了变化,热管段出口温度与实验值符合良好,装有温度测点的组件出口温度模拟值较实验值低。CFD方法仍需针对组件盒间进行相应的模型开发和验证,此外还需进行大量全堆级别的实验验证,以保证计算结果的合理性。     

田湾核电站长周期换料冷却剂流量丧失事故分析

田湾核电站采用长周期燃料循环策略后,堆芯热工物理参数发生变化,最终安全分析报告的结论已不适用,需要对事故工况进行重新分析。本文给出了失流事故分析的主要假设和分析方法,采用瞬态计算程序DINAMIKA-97计算分析了失流事故。分析结果表明,所有失流事故均满足安全准则的要求,核电站的安全是能够保障的。     

Preliminary thermal hydraulic safety analysis of water-cooled ceramic breeder blanket for CFETR

The Chinese fusion engineering test reactor (CFETR) was expected to bridge from the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER) to the demonstration fusion reactor (DEMO). The water-cooled ceramic breeder (WCCB) blanket is one of the blanket candidates for CFETR. In this paper, preliminary thermal hydraulic safety analyses have been carried out using the system safety analysis code RELAP5 originally developed for light water fission reactors. The pulse operation and three typical loss of coolant accidents (LOCAs), namely, in-vessel LOCA, in-box LOCA, and ex-vessel LOCA, were simulated based on steady-state initialization. Simulation results show that important thermal hydraulic parameters, such as pressure and temperature can meet the design criterion which preliminarily verifies the feasibility of the WCCB blanket from the safety point of view.     

SCWR-FQT回路的冷却剂流量丧失事故研究

超临界水冷堆燃料验证实验（SCWR-FQT）将对1个小型燃料组件在超临界水环境下进行堆内性能测试。为了对该实验回路进行系统设计和安全分析,应用修改过的ATHLET程序建立实验回路计算模型,对两种造成燃料组件实验段冷却剂流量部分或全部丧失的设计基准事故进行模拟分析,即由于装载实验段的压力管内部的导向管破裂导致流经实验段的冷却剂旁通和主冷却剂泵卡轴事故。计算结果显示：实验段冷却剂旁通事故中,燃料包壳温度在事故初期出现约920 ℃的峰值;而主泵卡轴事故中,燃料包壳温度未明显升高。计算结果表明,现有的安全系统设计能保证在事故情况下维持燃料组件实验段的有效冷却。     

LOCA下喷放参数对冷却剂喷放特性影响数值研究

冷却剂喷放过程是失水事故（LOCA）的重要过程之一,研究冷却剂喷放过程的热工水力特性对认识LOCA以及预测事故后放射性源项迁移过程有着重要意义。本文利用FLUNET软件建立冷却剂喷放数值计算模型,并对其进行验证。利用模型研究喷口直径、喷放距离和喷放压力等喷放参数对计算域内流场温度、液滴速度和蒸汽流速等特性的影响。研究结果表明：喷口直径的提高使得喷放参数均有提高;随喷放距离的增大,流场温度和液滴速度先上升后下降,而蒸汽流速先上升后趋于平稳;喷放压力越大,喷放参数的最大值离喷放出口越远,液滴速度和蒸汽流速的最大值随喷放压力的增大逐渐上升,而流场温度最大值没有变化。     

Numerical Study on Influence of Blowdown Parameter on Coolant Blowdown Characteristic in LOCA

The coolant blowdown process is one of the important processes of the loss of coolant accident (LOCA). It is of great significance to study the thermal hydraulic characteristics of coolant blowdown process for understanding LOCA and predicting the migration process of radioactive source term after accident. The numerical simulation model of coolant blowdown was established by FLUENT software and verified. The model was used to study the effects of blowdown parameters such as diameter of nozzle, blowdown distance and blowdown pressure on flow field temperature, droplet velocity and vapor velocity. The results show that the increase of diameter of nozzle increases the blowdown parameters. As the blowdown distance increases, the flow field temperature and the droplet velocity increase first and then decrease, while the vapor velocity first rises and then stabilizes. The greater the blowdown pressure is, the farther the blowdown parameter is from the blowdown outlet. The maximum values of droplet velocity and vapor velocity increase gradually with the blowdown pressure, while the maximum value of the flow field temperature does not change.     

ARIES-AT safety design and analysis

ARIES-AT is a 1000 MWe conceptual fusion power plant design with a very low projected cost of electricity. The design contains many innovative features to improve both the physics and engineering performance of the system. From the safety and environmental perspective, there is greater depth to the overall analysis than in past ARIES studies. For ARIES-AT, the overall spectrum of off-normal events to be examined has been broadened. They include conventional loss of coolant and loss of flow events, an ex-vessel loss of coolant, and in-vessel off-normal events that mobilize in-vessel inventories (e.g., tritium and tokamak dust) and bypass primary confinement such as a loss of vacuum and an in-vessel loss of coolant with bypass. This broader examination of accidents improves the robustness of the design from the safety perspective and gives additional confidence that the facility can meet the no-evacuation requirement under average weather conditions. We also provide a systematic assessment of the design to address key safety functions such as confinement, decay heat removal, and chemical energy control. In the area of waste management, both the volume of the component and its hazard are used to classify the waste. In comparison to previous ARIES designs, the overall waste volume is less because of the compact design.     

Safety analysis of small long life CANDLE fast reactor

Safety analysis for small long life fast CANDLE reactor was performed with ULOF (unprotected loss of flow), SDRW (unprotected shut down rods withdrawal), ULOHS (unprotected loss of heat sink) and LB (local blockage) accidents. The employed reactor system is based on the former steady state research. The core with 1.0 m radius and 2.0 m length produces 200 MW thermal power in steady state, using enriched N-15 natural uranium as fresh fuel and lead bismuth as coolant. The former 3 accidents were simulated without scram by neutronic-thermal hydraulic calculation coupled with stationary diffusion calculation. The LB accident was simulated by transient thermal hydraulic calculation only, because in this accident the neutronic factors basically do not change. The analysis results show that the proposed small CANDLE fast reactor can survive all the accidents without any active protection.     

钠冷行波堆TP-1瞬态安全分析

钠冷行波堆作为一种具有潜力的新堆型,正处于概念研究阶段。本工作根据TerraPower公司最新设计的钠冷行波堆TP-1的具体结构和运行工况方案,建立其一回路主要部件的物理数学模型,用Fortran语言初步开发了钠冷行波堆瞬态安全分析程序TAST,并对钠冷行波堆稳态进行计算,表明系统程序运行稳定可靠。采用TAST对失流事故和反应性引入事故进行计算,得到关键参数的瞬态变化,初步验证了钠冷行波堆在这两个事故工况下的安全性。     

超临界二氧化碳模块化微型堆瞬态安全分析

超临界二氧化碳反应堆是一种极具潜力的新堆型,目前正处于概念设计阶段。本文以韩国科学技术院（KAIST）设计的超临界二氧化碳模块化微型堆（MMR）为研究对象,对一回路系统主要部件进行建模,并利用FORTRAN语言开发了适用于超临界二氧化碳反应堆的瞬态安全分析程序TRA_SCR。基于该程序,对KAIST MMR进行了稳态计算分析,验证了程序的正确性。同时,对部分无保护失流事故和无保护反应性引入事故进行了瞬态计算,获得了关键热工水力参数的瞬态特性。计算结果表明该反应堆系统具有较强的固有负反馈特性,且在所计算的事故中,包壳、燃料和冷却剂温度均未超出安全限值,表明了系统在上述事故下的安全性。但在上述无保护失流事故中,堆芯冷却剂出口温度接近安全限值,表明在该事故工况下,反应堆出口温度是制约系统安全性能的关键因素。     

Multi-Channel Thermal Hydraulic Model for LOCA Analysis of Heterogeneous BWR Core

A multi-channel thermal hydraulic model for LOCA analysis of a heterogeneous core such as a HCBWR has been developed. This model solves integral formulations for basic equations based on a one-dimensional drift flux model. The core region is divided into several fuel channel groups which differ in their thermal power or geometry. The various flow patterns in the core are determined by calculating the redistribution of vapor generated in the lower plenum into the fuel channel groups. In order to verify the multi-channel model, a computer program FLORA was developed based on the multi-channel model and large and small break LOCA experiments conducted in the Two Bundle Loop (TBL) facility were analyzed by the FLORA program. As a result, the difference in thermal hydraulic behavior between two bundles with different power in the various break LOCA experiments were well simulated.     

Improvement of a physical model for blockage formation of solid–liquid mixture flow with freezing for core safety evaluation of SFRs

The SIMMER code has been developed to analyze event progression during core disruptive accidents (CDAs) in sodium-cooled fast reactors. One of the key phenomena during CDAs is the discharge of molten fuel from the core region which reduces the reactivity effectively. The discharge flow is inhibited by blockage formation due to freezing of the molten fuel. Then, the blockage formation is enhanced by unmolten fuel which forms solid–liquid mixture flow with the molten fuel. A physical model for blockage formation of solid–liquid mixture flow with freezing in the SIMMER code is improved in this study to dissolve some inconsistencies between the modeling and the physical phenomena involved in the solid–liquid mixture flow with freezing for more precise evaluation of CDA. The improved model is validated with a systematical procedure through a benchmark analysis of an experiment. Consequently, experimental penetration behaviors are simulated reasonably by the SIMMER code analysis with the improved model while excessive blockage formation occurred in the analysis with the original model.     

钠冷快堆分析程序ATHAS-LMR的子通道模型

以子通道模型和绕丝分布式阻力模型为基础,研发了液态金属快中子增殖堆热工水力子通道分析程序ATHAS-LMR,以对液态金属快中子增殖堆燃料组件中的热工水力现象进行分析。与国外知名实验和类似子通道分析程序比较,结果表明：ATHAS-LMR与实验结果及其他子通道分析程序的结果相近,能够完成包括堵流工况的各种工况下液态金属快中子增殖堆组件的热工水力性能分析。     

Steady thermal hydraulic characteristics of nuclear steam generators based on the drift flux code model

To investigate the steady thermal hydraulic characteristics of U-tube steam generator(SG), a 1D simulation code based on the four-equation drift flux model is developed. The U-tube channels presumably consist mainly of the primary channel, secondary channel, and tube wall. In the sub-cooling regions of the primary and secondary channels, flow is simulated using the single-phase flow model, whereas that in the boiling regions of the secondary channels is simulated using the four-equation drift flux model. The first-order equations of upwind difference are derived based on the staggered grid. Steady-state thermal hydraulic parameters are obtained with a cross-iteration scheme of heat balance and natural circulation requirement. The developed code is applied to analyze the SG behavior of the Qinshan I Nuclear Power Plant under 100%, 75%, 50%, 30%, and 15% power conditions. Analysis results are then compared with the simulation results obtained using RELAP5.     

Sensitivity analysis of the MASLWR helical coil steam generator using TRACE

Accurate simulation of transient system behavior of a nuclear power plant is the goal of systems code calculations, and the evaluation of a code's calculation accuracy is accomplished by assessment and validation against appropriate system data. These system data may be developed either from a running system prototype or from a scaled model test facility, and characterize the thermal hydraulic phenomena during both steady state and transient conditions. The identification and characterization of the relevant thermal hydraulic phenomena, and the assessment and validation of thermal hydraulic systems codes, has been the objective of multiple international research programs. The validation and assessment of the best estimate thermal hydraulic system code TRACE against the Multi-Application Small Light-Water Reactor (MASLWR) Natural Circulation (NC), helical coil Steam Generator (SG), Nuclear Steam Supply System (NSSS) design is a novel effort, and is the topic of the present paper. Specifically, the current work relates to the assessment and validation process of TRACE code against the NC database developed in the OSU-MASLWR test facility. This facility was constructed at Oregon State University under a U.S. Department of Energy grant in order to examine the NC phenomena of importance to the MASLWR reactor design, which includes an integrated helical coil SG. Test series have been conducted at this facility in order to assess the behavior of the MASLWR concept in both normal and transient operation and to assess the passive safety systems under transient conditions. In particular the test OSU-MASLWR-002 investigated the primary system flow rates and secondary side steam superheat, used to control the facility, for a variety of core power levels and Feed Water (FW) flow rates. This paper illustrates a preliminary analysis, performed by TRACE code, aiming at the evaluation of the code capability in predicting NC phenomena and heat exchange from primary to secondary side by helical SG in superheated condition and to evaluate the fidelity of various methods to model the OSU-MASLWR SG in TRACE. The analyses of the calculated data show that the phenomena of interest of the OSU-MASLWR-002 test are predicted by the code and that one of the reasons of the instability of the superheat condition of the fluid at the outlet of the SG is the equivalent SG model used to simulate the different group of helical coils. The SNAP animation model capability is used to show a direct visualization of selected calculated data.     

钠冷快堆中间回路建模仿真及流量控制研究

针对钠冷快堆中间回路泵、管道、换热器等,采用Matlab/Simulink软件建立了一种仿真模型,对回路的流量和管道换热进行了计算。根据相似理论、泵水力特性曲线及回路压力损失等计算流量。编制了SFAC V1.0程序,该程序的计算结果与实验值符合较好,最大相对误差为5%。将管道划分为不同节段,在各节段上建立能量守恒微分方程组,从而建立了管道换热计算的模型。同时,对钠流量的控制方式进行了设计和改进,对控制参数进行了整定,并对流量需求进行了计算。计算结果表明,该控制方式的控制品质较高。