On the capacity of MIMO relay channels

We study the capacity of multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) relay channels. We first consider the Gaussian MIMO relay channel with fixed channel conditions, and derive upper bounds and lower bounds that can be obtained numerically by convex programming. We present algorithms to compute the bounds. Next, we generalize the study to the Rayleigh fading case. We find an upper bound and a lower bound on the ergodic capacity. It is somewhat surprising that the upper bound can meet the lower bound under certain regularity conditions (not necessarily degradedness), and therefore the capacity can be characterized exactly; previously this has been proven only for the degraded Gaussian relay channel. We investigate sufficient conditions for achieving the ergodic capacity; and in particular, for the case where all nodes have the same number of antennas, the capacity can be achieved under certain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. Numerical results are also provided to illustrate the bounds on the ergodic capacity of the MIMO relay channel over Rayleigh fading. Finally, we present a potential application of the MIMO relay channel for cooperative communications in ad hoc networks.     

On the MAC-BC duality of multiuser non-regenerative MIMO relay systems

Multiple input multiple output(MIMO) relaying techniques can greatly improve the spectral efficiency and extend network coverage for future wireless systems.This article investigates a multiuser MIMO relay channel,where a base station(BS) with multiple antennas communicates with multiple mobile stations(MS) via a relay station(RS) with multiple antennas.The RS applies linear processing to the received signal and then forwards the processed signal.The dual channel conditions between MIMO relay multiple access channel(MAC) and broadcast channel(BC) are first developed for single-relay scenario with white Gaussian noise.Then the MAC-BC duality for MIMO relay systems is established by proving that the capacity region of MIMO relay MAC is equal to that of dual MIMO relay BC under the same total network transmit power constraint.In addition,the duality is also extended to multi-relay scenario with arbitrary noise.Finally,several simple general numerical examples are provided to better illustrate the effectiveness of the MIMO relay MAC-BC duality.     

Performance analysis of space shift keying for AF relaying with relay selection

In this paper, we propose an amplify-and-forward multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relaying scheme, which combines space shift keying (SSK) with the best and partial relay selection. In this scheme, SSK transmission is considered by using the source (S) transmit antennas. Besides the direct link transmission, a relay, which is selected according to the best or partial relay selection techniques, amplifies the data received from S and forwards it to the destination (D). Theoretical error probability expressions of the proposed cooperative SSK systems are derived and an asymptotic diversity analysis is also performed to demonstrate the achievable diversity orders of the systems. It is shown that the proposed SSK systems outperform the conventional cooperative single-input multiple-output (SIMO) systems. It is also revealed that there is an interesting trade-off between SSK with the best and the partial relay selection in terms of error performance and complexity as in conventional cooperative SIMO systems. However, it is shown that the partial relay selection provides an almost identical error performance compared to the best relay selection with a considerably lower complexity when the number of relays is less than or equal to the number of receive antennas at D in the cooperative SSK system.     

具有天线选择与中继选择的空间调制技术

针对空间调制(SM)技术存在的缺欠,提出了具有天线选择和中继选择的空间调制系统方案。首先在多输入多输出(MIMO)信道模型下,通过对发送端天线选择,将拥有最佳信道状态的天线选出进行SM,打破SM技术对发送端天线数的限制,并提升采用高阶调制的SM分集性能。然后进一步将此思想引入协作通信网络,结合传感器网络的分级观念,提出采用中继选择和空间调制的中继传输协议,并通过仿真观察系统分集性能的改善。仿真结果表明,上述中继传输协议不仅能提升系统性能,而且使系统配置更加灵活。     

Optimized distributed MIMO for cooperative relay networks

This paper presents an optimized distributed multiple-inputmultiple-output (OD-MIMO) for cooperative communication in wireless relay networks. The set of cooperating nodes is a priori unknown. In order to avoid the centralized stream and pilot allocation procedure, a fixed signature vector (SV) is assigned for each node in the network. We analyze the constraints of the proposed scheme, and derive an optimization criterion for the decision of the SVs. A gradient-based algorithm for SV design is provided. Simulation results show that the performance loss of OD-MIMO compared to centralized distributed MIMO is small for large number of cooperative relay nodes.     

Power optimization for maximum channel capacity in MIMO relay system

Introducing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay channel could offer significant capacity gain.And it is of great importance to develop effective power allocation strategies to achieve power efficiency and improve channel capacity in amplify-and-forward relay system.This article investigates a two-hop MIMO relay system with multiple antennas in relay node (RN) and receiver (RX).Maximizing capacity with antenna selection (MCAS) and maximizing capacity with eigen-decomposition (MCED) schemes are proposed to efficiently allocate power among antennas in RN under first and second hop limited scenarios.The analysis and simulation results show that both MCED and MCAS can improve the channel capacity compared with uniform power allocation (UPA) scheme in most of the studied areas.The MCAS bears comparison with MCED with an acceptable capacity loss, but lowers the complexity by saving channel state information (CSI) feedback to the transmitter (TX).Moreover, when the RN is close to RX, the performance of UPA is also close to the upper bound as the performance of first hop is limited.     

多用户MIMO双向中继信道鲁棒预编码

在多用户MIMO双向中继系统中,若使用非理想信道模型,中继处仅能获得部分下行信道状态信息,这样将导致系统性能大幅度下降。由此提出基于最小信干噪比最大化的鲁棒预编码方案。仿真表明,该方案不仅可以使最差信干噪比最大化,也有效地改善了系统的比特误码率性能。     

Outage performance of MIMO relay channels with maximal ratio transmission

The outage performance of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay system over slow frequency-nonselective fading channels, where maximal ratio transmission is adopted at both the source and relay transmitters whereas maximal ratio combining is used at relay and destination receivers, is investigated. A closed-form expression for the outage probability is presented. Numerical results are presented to verify the analysis.     

Outage analysis of opportunistic multi-antenna relay selection in decode-and-forward relay networks

This article studies the closed-form expressions of outage performance for opportunistic relay under aggregate power constraint in decode-and-forward(DF)relay networks over Rayleigh fading channels,assuming that multiple antennas are available at the relay node.According to whether instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)or average SNR can be utilized for relay selection,two opportunistic relay schemes,opportunistic multi-antenna relay selection(OMRS)and average best relay selection(ABRS)are proposed.The performances of both two schemes are evaluated by means of theoretical analysis and simulation.It is observed that OMRS is outage-optimal among multi-antenna relay selection schemes and closely approaches the beamforming(BF)scheme known as theoretical outage-optimal.Compared with previous single-antenna opportunistic relaying(OR)scheme,OMRS brings remarkable performance improvement,which is obtained from maximum ratio combining(MRC)and beamforming techniques.It is also shown that the performance of ABRS in asymmetric channels is close to OMRS in the low and median SNR range.     

Energy‐efficient relay deployment in cellular systems using fractional frequency reuse and transmit antenna selection techniques

To cope with the steep surge in mobile traffic, network operators are now expanding their infrastructure for mobile access networks. However, since energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions are a large burden to network operators, they are making great efforts to improve the energy efficiency (EE) of their networks by promising techniques, including relaying and multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO). Relaying technique can considerably improve the EE when the interference between base stations (BSs) and relay stations (RSs) is effectively coordinated by an elaborate relay deployment using the fractional frequency reuse (FFR) technique. Also, MIMO techniques improve the radio channel quality through diversity gains, so the system capacity and the EE can be improved. Therefore, a combination of relaying/MIMO techniques can be considered to achieve the higher performance, particularly, if the system complexity and costs of using such techniques are low. Since the transmit antenna selection (TAS), one of MIMO techniques, can provide a sufficient transmit diversity gain and satisfy the requirements for low complexity and cost (thus, practical), the TAS is recommended for use with the relaying technique. In this paper, for an energy‐efficient relay deployment using FFR and TAS techniques, we derive the EE and the resource partitioning according to RS positions and the number of BS antennas by a mathematical analysis. Then, the optimal RS positions according to the number of antennas can be determined by an optimization approach. The numerical and simulation results indicate that the proposed analysis method can efficiently analyze the EE and locate the RSs.     

Optimizing the joint transmit and receive MMSE design using mode selection

To approach the potential multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) capacity while optimizing the system bit-error rate (BER) performance, the joint transmit and receive minimum mean squared error (joint Tx/Rx MMSE) design has been proposed. It is the optimal linear scheme for spatial multiplexing MIMO systems, assuming a fixed number of spatial streams p as well as fixed modulation and coding across these spatial streams. However, the number of spatial streams has been arbitrarily chosen and fixed, which may lead to an inefficient power allocation strategy and a poor BER performance. In this paper, we relax the constraint of fixed number of streams p and optimize this value for the current channel realization, under the constraints of fixed average total transmit power P/sub T/ and fixed rate R, what we refer to as mode selection . Based on the observation of the existence of a dominant optimal number of streams value for the considered Rayleigh flat-fading MIMO channel model, we further propose an "average" mode selection that avoids the per-channel adaptation through using the latter dominant value for all channel realizations. Finally, we exhibit the significant BER improvement provided by our mode selection over the conventional joint Tx/Rx MMSE design. Such significant improvement is due to the better exploitation of the MIMO spatial diversity and the more efficient power allocation enabled by our mode selection.     

Statistically robust design of linear filter for non-regenerative MIMO relay systems

This paper addresses the robust linear filter design issues for non-regenerative multiple input multiple output (MIMO) relay systems with imperfect channel state information (CSI) in both or partial hops. By considering statistical Kronecker channel model involving channel mean and antenna correlation, the robust linear processing schemes in imperfect CSI scenario for both hops are first derived based on mean squared error (MSE) criterion. In addition to this, the result is also extended to two practical scenarios, i.e. imperfect CSI for relay link with perfect CSI for access link and imperfect CSI for access link with perfect CSI for relay link. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is capable of mitigating the performance degradation caused by the imperfect CSI.     

Outage probability of multi-hop MIMO relaying with transmit antenna selection and ideal relay gain over rayleigh fading channels

We present a study on the outage probability of multi-hop wireless communication systems with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) link based on the transmit antenna selection and the maximal-ratio combining (MRC) at the receiver. A nonregenerative system (NS) is investigated with an ideal amplifying gain. MIMO channels are assumed in uncorrelated Rayleigh fading.We derive a moment generating function (MGF) of the reciprocal of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and obtain a closed-form approximation on the outage probability through the numerical inversion of a Laplace transform. Numerical results show that the presented outage is exactly matched with the outage probability when assuming the ideal relay gain. For more practical gains, the result is shown to be a lowerbound that gets tight at high average SNR as well as for a small number of hops and/or of antennas. We also compare the outage probabilities of nonregenerative MIMO relaying with a regenerative counterpart for multiple hops.     

面向5G的缓存辅助多天线中继策略

缓存辅助多天线中继技术可以为5G通信系统提供广域覆盖范围,并且有效改善系统的吞吐率性能.研究了一个三节点多天线缓存辅助中继系统,提出了最大化系统平均吞吐率的最佳缓存辅助中继策略,即联合自适应链路选择以及功率分配方案.分析结果表明,最佳的链路选择方案仅依赖于当前的瞬时信道状态信息以及相关链路的信道统计信息,而最佳功率分配方案是对发送的数据流进行等功率分配.仿真结果表明,相对于无缓存辅助的MIMO中继系统,缓存的引入能够显著改善中继系统的吞吐率.此外,MIMO技术的引入还能够获得多天线所带来的复用增益,进一步改善缓存辅助中继系统的吞吐率.     

Collision resolving relay selection in large-scale blind relay networks

Optimal relay selection in large-scale networks is a difficult task since the network is usually considered as blind due to the high volume and collection difficulty of the relays’ information. In this paper, we develop a collision resolving relay selection (CReS) scheme that achieves the optimal relay from a random set of candidates without the previous knowledge of any individual relay. By introducing stochastic geometry based quality-of-service region, the relation between the distribution of the available relay number and the transmission request is established. Furthermore, the selection phase of the CReS scheme is divided into two sub-phases according to different distributions of the relay number in boundless and bounded regions. A switch rule is proposed when several relays collide in the first sub-phase, followed by the second sub-phase to resolve the collision with the splitting algorithm. The optimal solution that requires minimum selection slots for all sub-phases is derived. In addition, a sub-optimal solution is also explored to reduce the computational complexity. The scheme shows a better applicability than conventional information-based schemes in view of its little information requirement when dealing with large-scale relay allocation problems.     

信道反馈延迟时MIMO中继系统的线性预编码算法

针对采用放大转发(Amplify and Forward, AF)中继技术的多入多出(Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO)系统, 考虑信道估计误差及反馈存在延迟的情况, 提出一种基于最小均方误差(Minimum Mean Squared Error, MMSE)准则的预编码设计方案.假设基站-中继端及中继端-终端的信道均存在估计误差与反馈延迟, 在基站和中继端功率都受限条件下, 以MMSE为准则, 推导得到了基站预编码矩阵、中继转发矩阵和终端解码矩阵的闭式解.数值仿真结果表明, 该方案所提出的预编码算法能有效地改善系统的误比特率与均方误差.     

Energy-efficient relay selection and optimal relay location in cooperative cellular networks with asymmetric traffic

Energy-efficient communication is an important requirement for mobile relay networks due to the limited battery power of user terminals. This paper considers energy-efficient relaying schemes through selection of mobile relays in cooperative cellular systems with asymmetric traffic. The total energy consumption per information bit of the battery-powered terminals, i. e. , the mobile station(MS)and the relay, is derived in theory. In the joint uplink and downlink relay selection(JUDRS)scheme we proposed, the relay which minimizes the total energy consumption is selected. Additionally, the energy-efficient cooperation regions are investigated, and the optimal relay location is found for cooperative cellular systems with asymmetric traffic. The results reveal that the MS-relay and the relay-base station(BS)channels have different influence over relay selection decisions for optimal energy-efficiency. Information theoretic analysis of the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff(DMT)demonstrates that the proposed scheme achieves full spatial diversity in the quantity of cooperating terminals in this network. Finally, numerical results further confirm a significant energy efficiency gain of the proposed algorithm comparing to the previous best worse channel selection and best harmonic mean selection algorithms.     

Quality of service aware antenna selection scheme for multi-hop relay networks

Multi input multi output (MIMO) based multi-hop relay (MHR) networks has become one of the promising technologies in improving the quality of wireless links. The optimal antenna selection is one of the suitable solutions to overcome the limitations of MIMO scheme. To attain the full benefits of transmitter antenna selection schemes, perfect channel quality information (CQI) is required at the transmitter. The time varying channel and the feedback delay make CQI at the transmitter outdated and also affect the antenna selection process. In this work, we have derived the symbol error probability (SEP) of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) for three different antenna selection schemes by considering the effect of delayed CQI. All these derived expressions are the function of correlation between CQI at the receiver and delayed CQI at the transmitter. The simulation results show that the antenna selection gain decreases with the decrease in correlation. It is also observed that scheme 1 based antenna selection is optimal for different constellations and more suited for MHR network.     

Energy-efficient hybrid beamforming for millimeter-wave-based massive multiple-input multiple-output system

The advanced wireless communication system requires abridged energy consumption, enhanced data rate, and good signal coverage. The massive MIMO technology for 5G systems has been developed to accommodate several users simultaneously with superior throughput. The claim for high data rate wireless communication services is expanding quickly as time goes. Thus, the key difficulty is that as the number of users grows, the number of phase shifters grows as well, causing the system to consume more power; as a result, the system's energy efficiency decreases. Hybrid beamforming has recently emerged as an attractive technique for millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems. The analog beamformer in the RF domain and digital beamformer in the baseband are coupled through a minimal number of RF chains in hybrid beamforming architecture. Hybrid beamforming utilizes fewer RF (radio frequency) chains than the total number of antennas to have a lower energy consumption design. The hybrid beamforming for a mmWave-based massive MIMO system through different phase shifter selection mechanisms is proposed to achieve the highest energy efficiency for mmWave communications systems. The fully connected with phase shifter selection, sub-connected with phase shifter selection (SPSS), and fully connected and sub-connected with phase shifter selection with halved and doubled switches are considered for this research. The simulation results show the SPSS with halved switch outperforms on energy efficiency.     

MMSE based joint Tomlinson-Harashima source and linear relay precoder design in non-regenerative MIMO relay system

This paper proposes a joint nonlinear transceiver design scheme based on minimum mean square error(MMSE) criterion for non-regenerative multiple input multiple output(MIMO) relay system.The proposed scheme decomposes the error covariance matrix,reformulates the original joint design problem as two separate optimization problems,and then provides a closed-form solution with only local channel state information(CSI) available at the source and destination.Performance evaluation shows that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms linear schemes,and has a competitive performance compared with existing global CSI based nonlinear schemes,both iterative and non-iterative.