Effects of Fatty Acid Addition on the Physicochemical Properties of Corn Starch

The effect of addition of six fatty acids (stearic, palmitic, myristic, oleic, palmitoleic, and myristoleic acid) on the gelatinization, glass transition, and retrogradation properties of corn starch as well as their complexing abilities with amylose were determined. Differential scanning calorimeter studies reflected that addition of fatty acids caused a 73–89% decrease in the gelatinization enthalpy compared to that of the native starch. Besides amylose-lipid formation, exotherm was determined at the same temperature range with the gelatinization endotherm. As a result, it was suggested that fatty acids complexed with amylose during gelatinization. Fatty acid addition significantly increased the glass transition temperature of starch gel. This was attributed to two reasons: the first is due to the physical cross-linking action of amylose–lipid complexes in starch-water system; the second may be due to the effect of uncomplexed fatty acids on water distribution in the gel structure as a result of their amphiphilic character. Thermal properties of amylose-lipid complexes were compared in order to determine the effect of fatty acid properties. It was found that the shorter chain length and unsaturation favored the complex formation but the complexes formed by longer and saturated fatty acids were more heat stable. Addition of fatty acids resulted in 73–90% and 47–71% reduction in the retrogradation enthalpy compared to native starch gels at 5°C and 21°C, respectively. The reduction in the retrogradation enthalpy was inversely related to the amylose-lipid complexing abilities of the fatty acids and it might be explained by the hindrance effect of uncomplexed fatty acids to the water distribution in the starch gel matrix.     

Effect of Gelatin Addition on Properties of Pullulan Films

The gelatin was added into pullulan films to improve their performances and lower their cost. The gelatin addition raised the tensile strength of the gelatin–pullulan composite films, and reduced the oxygen permeability. The cost of composite films was reduced comparing to that of the pullulan films. Moreover, the molecular interaction of the composite film was evaluated. The interactions of gelatin and pullulan in the composite films were detected, such as (1) formation of 2 glycosylated proteins; (2) improvement of β‐sheet content; (3) formation of the interchain hydrogen bond and a semicrystalline region. Therefore, the molecular interaction was the main reason for the performance improvement of the composite films.     

Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate on the Properties of Gelatin

Epigallocatechin gallate was added to gelatin, and the changes in the gelatin were characterized to determine the effects of epigallocatechin gallate modification. The microstructural changes in the samples were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the gel strength and thermal stability of gelatin can be improved by appropriate epigallocatechin gallate addition. The optimal final concentration of epigallocatechin gallate was 1.0 g l^?1 in a gelatin solution (66.7 g l^?1). The concentration was also verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Covalent bonds were not observed in the epigallocatechin gallate-gelatin samples. Hydrogen bonds were the main molecular interactions observed in the epigallocatechin gallate-gelatin samples. The color of the epigallocatechin gallate-gelatin hydrogels or xerogels was darker because of the epigallocatechin gallate oxidation.     

普鲁兰多糖对挤压流延法制备淀粉膜性能的影响

对普鲁兰多糖改善淀粉基可食性膜的性能进行研究,并用光学显微镜对膜表面进行观察。结果表明:添加普鲁兰多糖后有效的改善了淀粉膜的拉伸性能;随着普鲁兰多糖添加量的增加,降低了淀粉膜的水溶解时间和O2透过率;当普鲁兰多糖添加量在5%~9%时,淀粉膜具有较低的透湿性,且淀粉膜的白度较高,黄色值较低。光学显微分析膜表面,当普鲁兰多糖添加量为9%时,普鲁兰多糖与淀粉能较好的融合。综合膜的各项性能得出,普鲁兰多糖的添加量不宜超过9%。     

蒙脱石对挤压流延法制备淀粉膜性能的影响

对蒙脱石改善淀粉膜的性能进行研究。结果表明:添加蒙脱石后能有效改善淀粉膜的耐水性能,能够延缓膜的老化作用;随着蒙脱石添加量的增加,淀粉膜的抗拉强度和水溶解时间逐渐增大,而断裂伸长率逐渐降低。光学显微分析膜表面,添加蒙脱石后能使淀粉膜表面更加平整、光滑。蒙脱石添加量不宜超过3%,否则膜材变脆且热塑性淀粉的流动性过低。     

Fatty Acid Concentration Effect on Tensile Strength, Elongation, and Water Vapor Permeability of Laminated Edible Films

Water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), and elongation (E) were investigated in laminated methyl cellulose/corn zein-fatty acid films. They were prepared by casting corn zein-fatty acid solutions onto methyl cellulose films. WVP decreased as chain length and concentration of fatty acids increased. The TS of laminated edible film containing palmitic acid decreased as palmitic acid increased. The TS of films containing stearic-palmitic acid blends showed similar trends but there were no significant differences among blends. The TS of the film containing lauric acid was maximum at 30% lauric acid concentration. The E values for films containing fatty acids varied inversely with TS.     

纳米甘薯渣纤维素的添加对玉米淀粉可食性膜性能的影响

以水蒸气透过性、吸湿性、溶解性、抗拉强度和断裂伸长率为指标,研究纳米甘薯渣纤维素对玉米淀粉可食性膜性能的影响。结果表明:随着添加的纳米甘薯渣纤维素质量浓度的增大,玉米淀粉可食性膜的水蒸气透过性、吸湿性、溶解性和断裂伸长率逐渐减小,而抗拉强度逐渐增大。当纳米甘薯渣纤维素的质量浓度为0.4g/100mL时,膜的水蒸气透过率最小;当纳米甘薯渣纤维素的质量浓度为0.5g/100mL时,膜的吸湿性、溶解性和断裂伸长率最小,而抗拉强度最大。提示纳米甘薯渣纤维素的添加能有效改善膜的性能。     

双醛淀粉改性明胶膜的制备与性能研究

利用双醛淀粉(DAS)交联明胶,制备了DAS改性明胶膜,研究了DAS改性对明胶膜力学性能、溶胀性能、吸湿性能和热降解稳定性能的影响。结果表明:DAS能有效地与明胶发生交联反应。适量DAS的交联可大幅提高明胶膜的拉伸强度。DAS交联可赋予明胶稳定的结构,有效地降低明胶膜对水的敏感性。随着DAS用量的增加,明胶膜的平衡溶胀率逐渐降低。DAS交联可降低明胶膜的吸湿率,在DAS用量为3%～5%时,膜的平衡吸湿率最低。经DAS改性后,明胶膜的热降解温度升高,表明其耐热降解稳定性得到提高。     

酸改性淀粉流变特性及凝胶化性质的研究

本文比较研究了几种不同原淀粉及改性淀粉的流变特性及凝胶化性质，包括：淀粉糊性质的研究，温度、浓度、PH对淀粉糊表观粘度的影响，淀粉凝胶强度及凝胺质构的研究等。结果表明：酸踟性淀粉具有低粘度、高浓度下稳定的凝肢性、并具有良好的咀嚼性和弹性，可以在食品工业中广泛应用的一种良好的食品胶凝剂。     

海藻酸钠对鱼皮明胶膜理化特性的影响

采用罗非鱼皮明胶与海藻酸钠混合制备可食性复合膜,研究海藻酸钠含量对复合膜理化性质的影响。结果显示：单一罗非鱼皮明胶具有良好的成膜能力,但是机械性能差,将海藻酸钠添加到明胶膜中得到的复合膜抗拉强度和断裂伸长率有明显改善,海藻酸钠添加量在40%时,抗拉强度达最大值6.6?MPa,相对于纯明胶膜（5.5?MPa）和纯海藻酸钠膜（4.6?MPa）分别增加20%和43%,断裂伸长率也在此时达到最大值120%,比纯明胶膜（64%）和纯海藻酸钠膜（88%）分别增加87.5%和26.7%。海藻酸钠水溶性和吸湿率分别高达100%和48.7%,经共混后复合膜的水溶性降低至55%以下,吸湿率介于25%～40%之间,有较大的改善。流变学特性和X射线衍射分析结果表明：明胶和海藻酸钠具有良好的相容性,二者共混可制得性质稳定的复合膜,海藻酸钠与明胶的复合膜液为非牛顿流体,黏度和增稠能力较单一明胶膜有所增加。     

Physicochemical,Water Vapor Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Corn Starch and Chitosan Composite Films

Biodegradable flexible films were developed from corn starch (CS) and chitosan (CH); their microstructure, mechanical and barrier properties were evaluated. Chitosan and starch blend filmogenic suspensions showed a pseudoplastic behavior, similar to that of chitosan solutions. Smooth surfaces, homogeneous and compact film structures were observed from microstructure studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of glycerol reduced film opacity and increased film solubility of both CS and composite CS‐CH films. Water vapor permeability values of composite CS‐CH films plasticized with glycerol ranged between 3.76 and 4.54× 10⁻¹¹ g s⁻¹ m⁻¹ Pa⁻¹, lower than those of the single component films. CS‐CH films were resistant and their flexibility increased with glycerol addition. Tensile strength values of CS‐CH films were comparable to those of low‐density and high‐density polyethylenes but lower than that obtained for cellophane, however, composite biodegradable films showed lower elongation at break values than the synthetic commercial ones. In conclusion, CS‐CH films can be described as biofilms with a homogeneous matrix, stable structure and interesting water barrier and mechanical properties, with great possibilities of utilization, and with the advantage of biodegradability.     

明胶/普鲁兰酶改性淀粉膜的制备与性能研究

研究了普鲁兰酶对淀粉膜性能的影响及明胶对普鲁兰酶改性淀粉膜性能的影响。结果表明:与原淀粉膜相比,普鲁兰酶改性淀粉膜的表面更平滑;膜的热稳定性增大,热封性能增强;抗拉强度、水蒸气透过率和透光率分别增加了75%、18%和35%,断裂伸长率降低了53%。与未添加明胶的酶改性淀粉膜相比,添加明胶后,膜的表面变粗糙;膜的阻水性能与阻光性能增强,热封性能变差。当明胶添加量为10%时,膜的抗拉强度增加了17.6%;当明胶添加量为25%时,膜的断裂伸长率增加了54.3%;在明胶添加量为15%时,膜的热稳定性最大。     

Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Bambara Groundnut Starch Films Modified with Stearic Acid

The physicochemical and mechanical properties of biofilm prepared from bambara starch modified with varying concentrations of stearic acid (0%, 2.5%, 3.5%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) were studied. By scanning electron microscopy, bambara starch films modified with stearic acid (≥3.5%) showed a progressively rough surface compared to those with 2.5% stearic acid and the control. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra revealed a peak shift of approximately 31 cm^?1, suggesting the promotion of hydrogen bond formation between hydroxyl groups of starch and stearic acid. The addition of 2.5% stearic acid to bambara starch film reduced water vapor permeability by approximately 17%. Bambara starch films modified with higher concentration of stearic acid were more opaque and showed significantly high melting temperatures. However, mechanical properties of starch films were generally negatively affected by stearic acid. Bambara starch film may be modified with 2.5% stearic acid for improved water vapor permeability and thermal stability with minimal effect on tensile strength.     

Influence of Transglutaminase-Induced Cross-Linking on Properties of Fish Gelatin Films

ABSTRACT:  Fish gelatin (FG) is a potential alternative to current mammalian (beef and pork) gelatin. However, its physical and thermal properties limit its use in many applications. The treatment of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) on FG could be a practical way to increase the use of FG films in various applications. Physical properties, barrier properties, and molecular weight change of FG films were measured. The viscosity of the MTGase-treated FG solution significantly ( P < 0.05) increased from 6.81 ± 0.65 cP to 35.04 ± 3.59 cP as the reaction time and concentration of MTGase increased. After employing 2% of MTGase into FG solution, the tensile strength increased from 48.03 ± 5.45 MPa to 68.00 ± 1.9 MPa, while percent elongation decreased from 13.1%± 2.90% to 1.47%± 0.05%. Oxygen barrier property was significantly ( P < 0.05) increased from 7.24 ± 1.48 cc·m/m²·d to 17.69 ± 3.08 cc·m/m²·d, while water vapor permeability was not statistically ( P < 0.05) different. The melting temperature ( T _m) measured by differential scanning calorimetry increased from 124.78 ± 1.98 °C to 158.49 ± 2.68 °C as the enzyme reaction time increased. The color values of L *, a *, and b * were changed from 95.56 ± 0.09 to 95.50 ± 0.06, from −0.17 ± 0.01 to −0.23 ± 0.00, and from 3.17 ± 0.04 to 3.47 ± 0.09, respectively. The opacity significantly ( P < 0.05) increased from 1.43%± 0.32% to 2.87%± 0.06%. SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of fish gelatin films increased when the MTGase reaction takes place.     

食品胶对甘薯淀粉膜性能的响应面法优化实验

以机械性能(抗张强度、断裂拉伸应变)和透湿性为指标,研究食品胶对甘薯淀粉膜性能的优化。结果表明：羟丙基羧甲基纤维素(HPCMC)添加量为3.5～4.0g/100g 淀粉、甘油添加量小于2.0g/100g 淀粉及黄原胶添加量小于2.0g/100g 淀粉时,膜的机械性能较好;HPCMC 添加量小于2.0g/100g 淀粉、甘油添加量大于4.0g/100g 淀粉和黄原胶添加量小于1.5g/100g 淀粉时,膜的透湿性较小。由于不同性能的优化值范围不完全相同,在实际应用中可根据对不同性能的要求进行选择。     

干燥温度对可食性谷朊粉膜性能的影响

干燥温度是影响可食性谷朊粉膜性能的一个重要因素。本文探讨了可食性谷朊粉膜制备过程中 ,采用不同的干燥温度进行干燥对膜透光率、水溶性、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸汽透过系数等性能的影响 ,试验结果表明 :以 6 0℃为干燥温度时 ,膜的综合性能最好。     

The Effects of Acetic Acid Concentration and Extraction Temperature on Physical and Chemical Properties of Pigskin Gelatin

This research was aimed to study the influence of acetic acid concentration and extraction temperature on physical and chemical properties of pigskin gelatin. The experiment used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors and three replicates of treatment. The first factor was concentration of acetic acid solution consisted of 3 levels (2, 4 and 6%). The second factor was extraction temperature consisted of 3 levels (50, 55 and 60 ^oC). The result showed that interaction of acetic acid and extraction temperature had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the gel strength, viscocity, protein content and pH value of pigskin gelatin. Pigskin gelatin with acetic acid concentration 2, 4 and 6% and extraction temperature up to 60^oC had similar characteristics to the commercial gelatin. The optimum production was obtained from 4% acetic acid and temperature 55^oC such as gel strength 134.22 g/Bloom; viscocity.7.16 cP; protein content 88.56% and pH value 5.21.