Eine Methode zur Bewertung von Restspalten in Schweißnähten an T‐ und Kreuzstoßverbindungen

A method to assess root gaps in welded seams of T‐ and Cross joints. Design and welding codes require full penetration in case of complete butt splices. This often ends up to time‐ and cost‐intensive repair work for the executing steel work company. Quite recently, classification methods and along with these, a method of tolerating such partial penetrations (here: root gaps) to be considered right from the weld design or planning stage were actually missing, so that additional manufacturing work was preassigned from the outset. Within an AiF‐DASt‐research project [1] an assessment method has been developed basing on an accurate detection of root gaps by non‐destructive testing methods. That method guarantees the demanded structural reliability of a steel structure despite of leaving a weld that actually is to be rejected due to insufficient penetration according to the conventional codes.     

Analysis of residual stress in stainless steel pipe weld subject to mechanical axial tension loading

This paper presents the characteristics of welding residual stresses in circumferentially butt-welded stainless steel pipe by utilizing three-dimensional (3-D) uncoupled thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) analysis method. Moreover, stress variations in welded joints of the pipe under superimposed mechanical axial tension loading are further investigated employing the welding residual stresses and plastic strains obtained from the thermo-mechanical FE analysis as an initial condition. Results show that spatial variations of the welding residual stresses are present along the circumference and a rapid change of the residual stresses exists at the welding start/stop position, hence 3-D FE analysis is essential to accurately simulate circumferential welding of a pipe component. When mechanical axial tension loading is applied to the circumferentially butt-welded stainless steel pipe, bending moment is generated at the welded joints caused by the circumferential shrinkage of the weld region during welding; thus affecting the axial and hoop stress evolutions in the course of the superimposed mechanical loading.     

变截面方钢管轻骨料混凝土柱-H钢梁隔板贯通节点抗震性能试验研究

通过对变截面方钢管轻骨料混凝土柱-H钢梁圆弧扩大头隔板贯通节点和基本型节点进行低周往复加载试验,分析了该类节点的破坏形态、滞回性能、延性、承载力、刚度退化与耗能能力等。结果表明：隔板圆弧扩大头节点先在隔板圆弧扩大区形成塑性铰,随后梁腹板焊接孔开裂,梁翼缘对接焊缝延性拉断;基本型节点在梁翼缘对接焊缝侧边开裂,裂纹扩展迅速至脆断;隔板圆弧扩大头构造明显提高了节点延性和耗能能力,有效降低了节点区焊缝过于密集和焊接热影响区的交叉影响,避免了梁翼缘对接焊缝处的应力集中和过早脆断;隔板圆弧扩大头节点的承载力、塑性转角和耗能能力较基本型节点分别提高16.09%~22.25%、17.34%~63.94%和24.97%~44.32%;加载到节点破坏时,节点域和柱内轻骨料混凝土未发生压碎、剥离、拉裂或滑移破坏,说明该类节点的抗震性能主要受钢梁与隔板间焊缝影响。     

Q690D钢材十字形焊接接头高温后的断裂破坏试验研究

为研究Q690D高强度钢材及焊缝连接件在常温和高温后的断裂性能,选取代表实际梁柱节点局部焊接构造的十字形焊接节点试样,完成了常温和一系列高温后Q690D钢材和ER80-G焊缝金属的单轴拉伸试验,得到了钢材和焊缝金属在不同高温后的弹性模量、屈服强度、极限强度和延伸率.开展了常温和高温后十字形焊接接头的单调拉伸试验和超低周...     

Experimental and FE analysis of submerged arc weld induced residual stress and angular deformation of single and double sided fillet welded joint

Submerged arc welding is well-known for its very high deposition rate and thus the capability to join very high thickness metal pieces in large structural applications. Fillet joints are mostly used in structural applications which can be extensively seen in shipbuilding, bridge construction, house buildings, automobile or any other large structures. Thermal stresses generates in a fusion welded joint due to high temperature gradient, which is the cause of the residual stresses upon cooling followed by the angular deformation and failure of the welded structure. As an effect of the thermal gradient, the induced longitudinal, transverse residual stress & angular distortion can vary in single sided and double sided submerged arc welded fillet joints, during designing & manufacturing welded structures which should be taken into account. The main objective of this paper is to quantify the amount of residual stresses and angular deformation in a fillet welding joint. An elasto-plastic thermomechanical model has been developed for predicting residual stresses. A comparison of the residual stress and angular deformation between single and double sided fillet weld joint has been made. The simulation results reveal that the amount of residual stress present in the single sided fillet weld is more and unbalanced in both side of the center of weld line compared to the double sided fillet weld and the predicted results have been matched with the experiments as well as published literatures.     

Steel Frame Welding Robot Systems and Their Application at the Construction Site

Two welding robot systems have been developed to rationalize steel–frame construction. Both systems consist essentially of two portable cartesian–coordinate welding robots mounted on a carriage together with their ancillaries. After the robots are mounted on a beam or column by an operator, they measure the groove shape of the joint seam, determine the optimal welding conditions, and carry out welding from the first to the last layer without operator intervention.
An important feature of the column–beam welding system is the curved torch, with which the robot can continuously weld the bottom flange of a beam through a scallop. Since the pantograph of the carriage can extend three floors, up to 12 joints can be welded from one carriage position.
In welding column–column joints, two robots traveling on a circumferential rail installed near the seam of a rectangular hollow section weld the joint in combination. The robots can continuously weld a seam containing corners without weld defects even in joints with a misaligned groove.
Each system has been applied to actual construction sites and has proved effective in stabilizing the quality of welds and in raising welding productivity.     

豪克能消除焊接应力设备的研究与应用

豪克能消除应力设备是国外较为广泛使用的提高焊接接头疲劳寿命、消除焊接残余应力和进行局部强化处理的焊后处理设备。它的基本工作原理是向被处理的金属部位输入大能量的豪克能并使工具头以每秒几万次的频率冲击金属表面,从而达到消除残余应力提高疲劳寿命的目的。通过对120t的炼钢转炉壳体和对大亚湾核电站中微电子设备进行消除焊接应力试验及对低碳钢Q235-B与0345板材的对接接头和十字接头形式标准焊接试件进行疲劳性能试验证明：豪克能焊接应力消除设备对焊接应力的消除率可达90％以上、疲劳寿命可提高30倍以上。     

激光冲击对X80管线钢焊接接头应力腐蚀的影响

利用激光冲击波对X80管线钢焊接接头进行了表面改性处理,通过慢拉伸试验分析了X80管线钢焊接接头在NACE溶液(不含H2S和含饱和H2S)的H2S应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为,研究了经激光冲击处理后焊接接头表面细化的晶粒和残余应力对H2S应力腐蚀的影响机理.结果表明:激光冲击处理可改善焊接接头的表面质量,形成强化层,产生晶粒细化和残余压应力,获得细小均匀的针状铁素体组织,因大量晶粒承受氢压,可显著提高材料的临界应力值.应力腐蚀敏感指数ISCC比原始状态下降了5.84％,提高了X80管线钢焊接接头抗SCC的性能.激光冲击处理使X80管线钢焊接接头表面粗糙度有所上升,在一定程度上又降低了X80管线钢焊接接头SCC抗力.     

基于等效结构应力的钢框架焊接梁柱节点低周疲劳评估

在地震作用下钢框架梁柱焊接节点会发生低周疲劳现象,进而导致结构发生破坏。本文基于等效结构应力法提出一种高层钢框架梁柱焊接节点低周疲劳评估方法。首先,结合有限元多尺度模拟方法,建立包含翼缘及腹板焊缝细节的钢框架梁柱焊接节点多尺度模型。其次,利用不同单元尺寸多尺度模型,验证结构应力的网格不敏感特性,进而通过等效结构应力法评估钢框架梁柱焊接节点的疲劳寿命。结果表明,采用等效结构应力法可消除网格的敏感性,在往复荷载作用下,靠近工艺孔焊缝应力水平高于远离工艺孔焊缝,翼缘中心焊缝寿命最低,裂纹最先产生于翼缘焊缝中心处,评估方法为实际工程提供技术支持。     

隔板贯通方钢管轻骨料混凝土柱-H形梁与箱形梁异形节点抗震性能试验

对圆弧加强隔板贯通方钢管轻骨料混凝土柱-H形梁与箱形梁异形节点和基本型异形节点进行循环加载试验,研究了贯通隔板圆弧扩大头构造对异形节点抗震性能的影响,获得了该类节点的破坏模式、滞回性能、承载力和塑性转角等抗震性能参数。基于试验结果和力学分析,建议了异形节点域的抗弯、抗剪计算模型,推导了异形节点域的抗弯、抗剪承载力计算公式。结果表明:基本型异形节点滞回曲线劣化明显,节点在刚度较大、几何突变的箱形梁翼缘对接焊缝边缘脆断;隔板圆弧加强异形节点的滞回曲线饱满,承载能力和刚度退化不明显,主要破坏模式为在隔板圆弧加强区形成塑性铰,梁翼缘对接焊缝延性开裂;加载至节点破坏时,贯通隔板与柱壁板间焊缝未发生撕裂破坏,节点域内轻骨料混凝土未压碎或拉裂,轻骨料混凝土与隔板和柱壁板间未发生剥离或滑移;隔板圆弧加强异形节点的塑性转角可达0.038~0.056 rad,承载力较基本型异形节点提高21.5%~56.2%。     

折线隔板贯通方钢管轻骨料混凝土柱-H形钢梁异型节点抗震性能试验研究

通过对折线加强隔板贯通方钢管轻骨料混凝土柱-H形钢梁异型节点和基本型异型节点试件进行低周往复加载试验,研究了隔板折线加强构造对节点破坏形态、承载力、塑性转角、滞回性能、骨架曲线、刚度退化和耗能等的影响。试验结果表明：基本型异型节点在刚度较大、几何尺寸变化较大的大截面梁翼缘对接焊缝侧边开裂,节点的塑性转角约为0.028 rad;隔板折线加强异型节点的主要破坏模式为隔板折线加强区形成塑性铰及延性拉断、梁腹板焊接孔开裂及梁翼缘对接焊缝断裂,其塑性转角可达0.034~0.057 rad,承载力和耗能能力较基本型异型节点分别提高16.5%~47.0%和21.2%~144.0%;隔板贯通方钢管轻骨料混凝土柱-H形钢梁异型节点中,大截面梁先于小截面梁破坏,柱壁板间焊缝未发生撕裂破坏,轻骨料混凝土未发生压碎、拉裂、剥离或滑移破坏,节点的抗震性能主要受钢梁和隔板间焊缝破坏（而非轻骨料混凝土）的影响。     

Effect of stress ratio on the enhancement of fatigue strength in high performance steel welded joints by ultrasonic impact treatment

In this study, we conducted fatigue tests under various stress ratios using cruciform welded joints to confirm the benefit of Ultrasonic Impact Treatment (UIT) for the fatigue strength of welded joints. The material used in the experiment is the JIS SBHS500 high performance steel for bridges. The fatigue life of the peened weld joint by UIT is significantly longer than that of as-welded joints, especially at a low stress ratio. We also estimated the fatigue life of these cruciform joints by crack growth analysis based on the crack opening and closure simulation using the modified strip-yielding model, accounting for the residual stress distribution created by welding or UIT. These estimation results demonstrate good agreement with experimental results obtained at various stress ratios.     

Über die Anpassung eines fortschrittlichen Stützwirkungsansatzes für das Kerbspannungskonzept

On the calibration of an advanced support approach for the effective notch stress concept – applying an implicit gradient approach as replacement for the notch rounding in the fatigue life assessment of welded joints. The proof of fatigue life for welded structures according to the notch stress concept requires the calculation of stresses on a geometry with rounded notches in the weld toe and the weld root. The roundings prevent singularities in stress calculation as well as simulate notch sensitivity. In this paper an advanced method for modelling the micro support theory without rounded notches, is presented.     

双相型S22053不锈钢角焊缝连接拉伸试验研究

焊缝连接广泛应用于不锈钢结构生产和装配领域,但目前国内外专门关于不锈钢焊缝连接承载性能的研究较少。为研究国产双相型S22053不锈钢角焊缝搭接接头的承载性能,对6个正面角焊缝连接试件和5个侧面角焊缝连接试件进行了拉伸试验,测得了焊缝连接在拉伸作用下的极限荷载、极限强度等,并对焊缝随荷载的变形情况进行了测量。试验结果表明：正面角焊缝连接试件破坏截面平均角度约29°,并非45°理论值,其极限强度平均值973MPa,焊缝平均变形量为1.139mm。侧面角焊缝连接试件破坏截面平均角度约46°,比较接近45°理论值,其极限强度平均为637MPa,焊缝平均变形量为1.792mm。正面角焊缝连接试件焊缝极限强度为侧面角焊缝连接试件的1.53倍。     

央视新台址钢结构工程高强钢超长焊缝的质量控制

中央电视台新台址钢结构工程,钢柱截面大,钢板较厚,分节后单条焊缝长度大,最大单条焊缝长度接近15m,且焊接位置全部为立焊缝,焊接难度较大.为了保证焊接质量,本文分别介绍了焊接前的准备工作、焊接过程中的质量控制措施以及超长焊缝的焊接质量评定等问题.     

央视新台址钢结构工程高强钢超长焊缝的质量控制

中央电视台新台址钢结构工程,钢柱截面大,钢板较厚,分节后单条焊缝长度大,最大单条焊缝长度接近15m,且焊接位置全部为立焊缝,焊接难度较大。为了保证焊接质量,本文分别介绍了焊接前的准备工作、焊接过程中的质量控制措施以及超长焊缝的焊接质量评定等问题。     

Fatigue strength evaluation of welded structural details in corrugated steel web girders

Fatigue strength evaluation of welded structural details is of practical significance in the design of corrugated steel web girders in highway bridges and industrial structures. In this paper, the fatigue strengths of corrugated steel web girders with several welded structural details and welding methods are analytically examined by fatigue tests of corrugated web beams and small-size welded joints. The stress concentration & distribution characteristics of corrugated web beams were analysed using finite element analysis. The beam test results showed that the structure with scallops or notches in the flange has lower fatigue strength and that with butt joints is prone to suffer from shear crack on the corrugated web. Within the inside range of the scallop, the stress concentration becomes greater with the increase of scallop radius and the tension flange contributes significantly to the bending capacity of corrugated steel web beams. The tests for small-size welded joints indicated their applicability in the analysis and prediction of S-N relationship of the test corrugated steel web beams. Finally, the fatigue crack propagation lives of weld joints were compared with those of test corrugated steel web beams with respect to related design Categories of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.     

梁翼缘、腹板开孔方钢管混凝土柱-H型钢梁节点力学性能试验研究

为研究梁翼缘、腹板开孔构造对方钢管混凝土柱-H型钢梁节点破坏模式的影响,对6个方钢管混凝土柱-H型钢梁节点（1个常规节点和5个开孔节点）进行了低周循环加载试验。试验结果表明：按现行规范设计的方钢管混凝土柱-H型钢梁常规节点在梁翼缘对接焊缝处脆性断裂,节点的塑性转角不能满足临时指南FEMA的要求;合理的梁翼缘和腹板开孔构造,显著减缓了方钢管混凝土柱-H型钢梁节点梁翼缘对接焊缝的应力集中,梁削弱截面形成塑性铰,节点塑性转角达到0.03 rad,满足了临时指南FEMA的要求;其滞回性能稳定,承载力和常规节点相当;内隔板与柱壁板间焊缝质量较差的节点在试验中发生柱壁外鼓、柱壁间焊缝撕裂,节点延性和承载力明显下降。     

深圳至中山跨江通道钢桥面板结构疲劳试验研究

正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳开裂问题是制约桥梁工程可持续发展的关键难题,亟需发展具有高疲劳抗力特性的正交异性钢桥面板结构。依托深圳至中山跨江通道项目,在钢桥面板结构中同时引入纵肋与顶板新型双面焊构造细节和纵肋与横隔板新型交叉构造细节两类构造细节,设计9个足尺节段模型,通过模型试验确定了纵肋与顶板传统单面焊构造细节和新型双面焊构造细节、纵肋与横隔板传统交叉构造细节和新型交叉构造细节的疲劳开裂模式和实际疲劳抗力;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)确定了不同制造工艺条件下纵肋与顶板焊接细节的初始制造缺陷尺度;采用等效结构应力法确定了两类细节各疲劳开裂模式的疲劳抗力。研究结果表明:纵肋与顶板传统单面焊构造细节的疲劳裂纹起裂于顶板焊根并沿顶板厚度方向扩展,其疲劳抗力为95.1～98.7MPa,新型双面焊构造细节的疲劳裂纹起裂于顶板内侧焊趾并沿顶板厚度方向扩展,其疲劳抗力为108.5～123.2MPa,且在相同加载条件下,双面埋弧焊构造细节的疲劳抗力高于双面焊气体保护焊构造细节的疲劳抗力;传统单面焊构造细节焊根的初始制造缺陷尺度显著大于新型双面焊构造细节焊趾的初始制造缺陷尺度,且双面埋弧焊的初始制造缺陷尺度小...     

3D residual stress modelling of welded high strength steel plate-to-plate joints

A numerical investigation on the residual stress distributions near the weld toe of plate-to-plate Y-joints fabricated by using high strength steel (HSS) plate is carried out in this study. A full 3D sequentially coupled thermal–mechanical modelling procedure is employed for residual stress analysis for the HSS plate-to-plate joints. Two specimens respectively fabricated by welding at ambient temperature and at a preheating temperature of 100 °C are investigated. The 3D numerical models reveal that while high tensile transverse residual stress, which is perpendicular to the weld, is generated near the weld toe of the joint middle section, proper preheating could significantly reduce the magnitude of the residual stress. In addition, it is found that the welding direction between successive weld pass could also affect the maximum residual stress value near the chord weld toe.