禽流感病毒抗原-抗体复合物的制备及其免疫原性

目的制备禽流感病毒抗原-抗体复合物,并检测其免疫原性。方法以H5亚型禽流感病毒的HA蛋白为抗原,其病毒的高免卵黄为抗体,将抗原与抗体按不同比例混合,制备禽流感病毒抗原抗体复合物。免疫1日龄SPF仔鸡,进行保护力试验;于免疫后不同时间检测血清HI抗体水平,并与H5亚型油乳剂灭活疫苗进行比较。结果抗原与抗体比例为1∶0.6的抗原-抗体复合物在免疫仔鸡15d后,其诱导的平均抗体水平达6.5log2,与H5亚型禽流感油乳剂灭活疫苗(6.2log2)相比,差异无统计学意义;在等量病毒攻击后,二者对仔鸡的保护率相同(93.3%)。结论制备的禽流感病毒抗原-抗体复合物具有良好的免疫原性,为研制禽流感新型复合物疫苗提供了依据。     

Broadly Antiviral Activities of TAP1 through Activating the TBK1-IRF3-Mediated Type I Interferon Production

Deeply understanding the virus-host interaction is a prerequisite for developing effective anti-viral strategies. Traditionally, the transporter associated with antigen processing type 1 (TAP1) is critical for antigen presentation to regulate adaptive immunity. However, its role in controlling viral infections through modulating innate immune signaling is not yet fully understood. In the present study, we reported that TAP1, as a product of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), had broadly antiviral activity against various viruses such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), adenoviruses (AdV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and influenza virus (PR8) etc. This antiviral activity by TAP1 was further confirmed by series of loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments. Our further investigation revealed that TAP1 significantly promoted the interferon (IFN)-β production through activating the TANK binding kinase-1 (TBK1) and the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) signaling transduction. Our work highlighted the broadly anti-viral function of TAP1 by modulating innate immunity, which is independent of its well-known function of antigen presentation. This study will provide insights into developing novel vaccination and immunotherapy strategies against emerging infectious diseases.     

Design,Synthesis and Antiviral Activity Studies of Schizonepetin Derivatives

A series of schizonepetin derivatives have been designed and synthesized in order to obtain potent antivirus agents. The antiviral activity against HSV-1 and influenza virus H3N2 as well as the cytotoxicity of these derivatives was evaluated by using cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay in vitro. Compounds M2, M4, M5 and M34 showed higher inhibitory activity against HSV-1 virus with the TC₅₀ values being in micromole. Compounds M28, M33, and M35 showed higher inhibitory activity against influenza virus H3N2 with their TC₅₀ values being 96.4, 71.0 and 75.4 μM, respectively. Preliminary biological activity evaluation indicated that the anti-H3N2 and anti-HSV-1 activities improved obviously through the introduction of halogen into the structure of schizonepetin.     

H5N1人用禽流感疫苗免疫原性检测方法的建立

目的确定人用禽流感疫苗免疫原性检测方法。方法用禽流感病毒R1203株制备疫苗,以不同剂量免疫家兔,检测血清中的血凝抑制抗体和中和抗体,并进行交叉血凝抑制试验、交叉单向免疫扩散试验和交叉中和试验。结果R1203株疫苗接种家兔1针后14 d,中和抗体和血抑抗体滴度均较低;第2针后14 d均明显升高。血抑抗体量-效反应不明显,而中和抗体量-效反应明显。交叉血凝抑制试验显示,异型之间普遍有交叉反应,滴度大部分不低于1∶40。单向免疫扩散试验显示异型之间无交叉反应。禽流感疫苗抗血清不能中和人流感病毒,但能中和同型病毒(R1194),滴度可达1∶240。结论中和抗体能正确反映疫苗的免疫原性;检测中和抗体的方法可用于禽流感疫苗的效力试验。     

Development of a Rapid Fluorescent Diagnostic System for Early Detection of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5 Clade 2.3.4.4 Viruses in Chicken Stool

Rapid diagnosis is essential for the control and prevention of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). However, highly sensitive and rapid diagnostic systems have shown limited performance due to specific antibody scarcity. In this study, two novel specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx viruses were developed by using an immunogen from a reversed genetic influenza virus (RGV). These mAbs were combined with fluorescence europium nanoparticles and an optimized lysis buffer, which were further used for developing a fluorescent immunochromatographic rapid strip test (FICT) for early detection of H5Nx influenza viruses on chicken stool samples. The result indicates that the limit of detection (LoD) of the developed FICT was 40 HAU/mL for detection of HPAIV H5 clade 2.3.4.4b in spiked chicken stool samples, which corresponded to 4.78 × 10⁴ RNA copies as obtained from real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). An experimental challenge of chicken with H5N6 HPAIV is lethal for chicken three days post-infection (DPI). Interestingly, our FICT could detect H5N6 in stool samples at 2 DPI earlier, with 100% relative sensitivity in comparison with RT-PCR, and it showed 50% higher sensitivity than the traditional colloidal gold-based rapid diagnostic test using the same mAbs pair. In conclusion, our rapid diagnostic method can be utilized for the early detection of H5Nx 2.3.4.4 HPAIVs in avian fecal samples from poultry farms or for influenza surveillance in wild migratory birds.     

Antiviral activity of silver nanoparticle/chitosan composites against H1N1 influenza A virus

Silver nanoparticle (Ag NP)/chitosan (Ch) composites with antiviral activity against H1N1 influenza A virus were prepared. The Ag NP/Ch composites were obtained as yellow or brown floc-like powders following reaction at room temperature in aqueous medium. Ag NPs (3.5, 6.5, and 12.9 nm average diameters) were embedded into the chitosan matrix without aggregation or size alternation. The antiviral activity of the Ag NP/Ch composites was evaluated by comparing the TCID₅₀ ratio of viral suspensions treated with the composites to untreated suspensions. For all sizes of Ag NPs tested, antiviral activity against H1N1 influenza A virus increased as the concentration of Ag NPs increased; chitosan alone exhibited no antiviral activity. Size dependence of the Ag NPs on antiviral activity was also observed: antiviral activity was generally stronger with smaller Ag NPs in the composites. These results indicate that Ag NP/Ch composites interacting with viruses exhibit antiviral activity.     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒免疫血清精制工艺的建立

目的建立马抗H5N1亚型禽流感病毒免疫血清的精制工艺。方法以硫酸铵盐析法提取免疫马血浆中的IgG抗体,以8～256μg/mgIgG胃蛋白酶(活性单位1:3000)进行消化,以阳离子交换层析柱纯化F(ab’)2抗体,并参照《中国药典》三部(2005版)要求,对试制的样品进行检定。结果经一步50%硫酸铵和多步33%硫酸铵盐析,获得了较为纯净的IgG抗体。8μg胃蛋白酶用量可完全消化1mgIgG抗体分子,阳离子交换方法分离F(ab’)2抗体纯度可达90%以上,高于常规工艺制备的抗体纯度。以此工艺试制的样品,各项质量指标均符合《中国药典》三部(2005版)质量标准。结论已初步建立了马抗H5N1亚型禽流感病毒免疫血清的精制工艺。     

AG1478 Elicits a Novel Anti-Influenza Function via an EGFR-Independent,GBF1-Dependent Pathway

Current options for preventing or treating influenza are still limited, and new treatments for influenza viral infection are urgently needed. In the present study, we serendipitously found that a small-molecule inhibitor (AG1478), previously used for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition, demonstrated a potent activity against influenza both in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, the antiviral effect of AG1478 was not mediated by its EGFR inhibitory activity, as influenza virus was insensitive to EGFR blockade by other EGFR inhibitors or by siRNA knockdown of EGFR. Its antiviral activity was also interferon independent as demonstrated by a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) knockout approach. Instead, AG1478 was found to target the Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF1)–ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) system by reversibly inhibiting GBF1 activity and disrupting its Golgi-cytoplasmic trafficking. Compared to known GBF1 inhibitors, AG1478 demonstrated lower cellular toxicity and better preservation of Golgi structure. Furthermore, GBF1 was found to interact with a specific set of viral proteins including M1, NP, and PA. Additionally, the alternation of GBF1 distribution induced by AG1478 treatment disrupted these interactions. Because targeting host factors, instead of the viral component, imposes a higher barrier for developing resistance, GBF1 modulation may be an effective approach to treat influenza infection.     

Antiviral Effects of ABMA and DABMA against Influenza Virus In Vitro and In Vivo via Regulating the Endolysosomal Pathway and Autophagy

Influenza virus is an acute and highly contagious respiratory pathogen that causes great concern to public health and for which there is a need for extensive drug discovery. The small chemical compound ABMA and its analog DABMA, containing an adamantane or a dimethyl-adamantane group, respectively, have been demonstrated to inhibit multiple toxins (diphtheria toxin, Clostridium difficile toxin B, Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin) and viruses (Ebola, rabies virus, HSV-2) by acting on the host’s vesicle trafficking. Here, we showed that ABMA and DABMA have antiviral effects against both amantadine-sensitive influenza virus subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2), amantadine-resistant subtypes (H3N2), and influenza B virus with EC₅₀ values ranging from 2.83 to 7.36 µM (ABMA) and 1.82 to 6.73 µM (DABMA), respectively. ABMA and DABMA inhibited the replication of influenza virus genomic RNA and protein synthesis by interfering with the entry stage of the virus. Molecular docking evaluation together with activity against amantadine-resistant influenza virus strains suggested that ABMA and DABMA were not acting as M2 ion channel blockers. Subsequently, we found that early internalized H1N1 virions were retained in accumulated late endosome compartments after ABMA treatment. Additionally, ABMA disrupted the early stages of the H1N1 life cycle or viral RNA synthesis by interfering with autophagy. ABMA and DABMA protected mice from an intranasal H1N1 challenge with an improved survival rate of 67%. The present study suggests that ABMA and DABMA are potential antiviral leads for the development of a host-directed treatment against influenza virus infection.     

精制马抗H5N1禽流感病毒免疫球蛋白疏水层析方法的优化

目的对精制马抗H5N1禽流感病毒免疫球蛋白疏水层析方法进行优化。方法将胃蛋白酶直接加入制备好的高效价马抗H5N1禽流感病毒血清进行消化裂解,再加入饱和度为26%的硫酸铵溶液,盐析沉淀离心一次后,直接进行疏水层析进一步纯化F(ab′)2抗体。结果连续洗脱依次出现6个蛋白峰,50min左右,洗脱峰3开始出现,其中含大部分F(ab′)2抗体,此时硫酸铵摩尔浓度约为1.0～1.1mol/L。阶段梯度洗脱,当硫酸铵摩尔浓度降至1.0mol/L时,大量F(ab′)2片段被洗脱下来,纯度达90%以上。结论优化了精制马抗H5N1禽流感病毒免疫球蛋白的疏水层析方法,降低了硫酸铵用量,减少了离心次数,生产周期也大大缩短。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒样颗粒的构建及鉴定

目的构建同时含有禽流感H5N1疫苗株NIBRG-14的血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)、神经氨酸酶(Neurami-nidase,NA)及基质蛋白(Matrix protein,M1)3种基因的重组杆状病毒,并研究其表达产物的生物学特性。方法利用RT-PCR法从禽流感H5N1疫苗株NIBRG-14中扩增HA、NA及M1基因片段,并同时亚克隆至杆状病毒穿梭质粒pFastBacDual中,构建重组杆状病毒穿梭质粒,转染Sf9昆虫细胞,包装重组杆状病毒Bacmid-HA-NA-M1a。Westernblot法和血凝试验检测HA、NA及M1蛋白在Sf9细胞中的表达;表达的重组蛋白经超速离心浓缩及蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化后,透射电镜观察病毒样颗粒(Virus-like particles,VLPs)的形态结构,并通过单向免疫扩散(Single radialimmunodiffusion,SRID)试验检测HA的含量。结果已成功构建了重组杆状病毒,该病毒可同时表达HA、NA及M1蛋白,3种蛋白可自行组装成VLPs,并分泌至细胞培养上清中,血凝效价可达1∶64;重组杆状病毒表达的蛋白形成的VLPs与NIBRG-14标准抗血清形成沉淀环,浓缩及纯化后的重组蛋白HA含量分别为36和27μg/ml;透射电镜观察可见直径约100 nm的典型流感VLPs。结论构建的重组杆状病毒可表达VLPs,为禽流感新型疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

38例甲型H1N1流感患者病毒核酸阴转时限的观察

目的观察甲型H1N1流感患者病毒核酸阴转时限。方法选择2009年9月16～27日我院收治的甲型H1N1流感确诊病例38例,经同一名医生进行咽拭子采集,采用RT-PCR方法检测甲型通用、甲1通用、季节性流感、甲型H1N1亚型4个病毒亚型,以甲型通用、甲1通用、甲型H1N1亚型均阴转作为判定病毒核酸阴转的标准。结果 38例甲型H1N1流感患者病毒核酸阴转的时限最短1 d,最长14 d,平均4.5 d;病毒核酸阴转时间主要集中在第3、4、5天,第5天与第4天相比,甲型通用、甲1通用和甲型H1N1的阴转比例均明显增加(P<0.05);发病36 h内接受抗病毒治疗者,病毒核酸阴转平均时间为4.1 d;37～72 h接受抗病毒治疗者,病毒核酸阴转平均时间为5.2 d;有3例甲型通用、甲1通用、甲型H1N1亚型病毒核酸未同时阴转。结论甲型H1N1流感抗病毒治疗1周,大部分患者病毒核酸阴转,不具有传染性;尽早(36 h内)接受抗病毒治疗,可以缩短病毒核酸阴转时间;甲型通用、甲1通用、甲型H1N1亚型具有较好的一致性,对三者未同时阴转的情况,应注意是否同时合并其他甲型流感病毒亚型感染。     

人干扰素诱导跨膜蛋白基因实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立人干扰素诱导跨膜蛋白(Interferon induced transmembrane protein,IFITM)1、2、3基因实时荧光定量PCR检测方法。方法根据GenBank中登录的人IFITM1、2、3及β-actin基因序列,分别设计4对特异性引物,以质粒pVAX1-IFITM1、2、3和pMD18-T-β-actin为模板,分别进行PCR及实时荧光定量PCR扩增,优化实时荧光定量PCR反应体系及反应条件,绘制标准曲线及扩增曲线,建立实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,并验证该方法的重复性、灵敏度及特异性。结果各质粒的PCR及实时荧光定量PCR产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,均可见大小与理论值相符的特异性条带。IFITM1、2、3和β-actin的最佳荧光定量PCR引物浓度分别为0.2、0.5、0.4和0.5μl,最佳退火温度为55℃。各质粒标准曲线的循环数与起始模板拷贝数的相关性均较好(R2分别为0.998、0.990、0.990和0.995),扩增效率分别为106.284%、101.030%、104.929%和101.962%。IFITM1、2、3基因不同拷贝数的试验内CV为0.14%-0.72%,试验间CV为0.77%-1.58%;灵敏度分别为2.52×100、1.3×100和3.7×101copies;该方法未扩增出鸡肝脏及禽流感病毒H3N2 cDNA,可特异性扩增B型流感病毒cDNA,各标准质粒的溶解曲线约在同一温度出现1个单峰。结论已成功建立了IFITM1、2、3基因实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,该方法具有较高的重复性、灵敏度及特异性,为进一步研究IFITM1、2、3的功能及其基因表达与肿瘤发生发展的相关性奠定了基础。     

静注甲型H1N1流感人免疫球蛋白的研制

目的研制高效价静注甲型H1N1流感人免疫球蛋白。方法用甲型H1N1流感疫苗(简称甲流)对固定供血浆者按疫苗说明书免疫后2周开始采集原料血浆,采用血凝抑制法检测原料血浆和制品的甲流抗体效价;采用柱层析法从高效价甲流免疫血浆中提取富含IgM免疫球蛋白的样品,模拟低温乙醇蛋白分离法工艺从小量混合血浆分离IgG样品,测定血浆和提取样品的甲流抗体效价,分析甲流中和抗体效价与IgG、IgM含量的对应关系,判断甲流中和抗体的免疫球蛋白类型;按本公司静脉注射人免疫球蛋白(Intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)生产工艺制备静注甲型H1N1流感人免疫球蛋白,并与普通IVIG及相应合并血浆的甲流抗体效价进行比较。结果筛选到甲流抗体效价≥320 HU/ml的合格血浆9 866袋,合格率达33.5%,其中抗体效价≥640 HU/ml的血浆占合格血浆的49%,血浆质量符合《中国药典》三部(2010版)"血液制品生产用人血浆规程"要求;甲流抗体效价与IgG含量呈相应比例关系,而与IgM含量无关,甲流中和抗体的免疫球蛋白类型以IgG为主;制备的甲流人免疫球蛋白制品的甲流中和抗体效价达2 560 HU/ml,为普通IVIG的197倍,其他质量指标符合《中国药典》三部(2010版)"静注人免疫球蛋白制检规程"要求。结论成功研制了静注甲型H1N1流感人免疫球蛋白,在甲流疫情得到有效控制的情况下,仍具有战略储备意义。     

Potent HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors Containing Carboxylic and Boronic Acids: Effect on Enzyme Inhibition and Antiviral Activity and Protein-Ligand X-ray Structural Studies

We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of phenylcarboxylic acid and phenylboronic acid containing HIV-1 protease inhibitors and their functional effect on enzyme inhibition and antiviral activity in MT-2 cell lines. Inhibitors bearing bis-THF ligand as P2 ligand and phenylcarboxylic acids and carboxamide as the P2′ ligands, showed very potent HIV-1 protease inhibitory activity. However, carboxylic acid containing inhibitors showed very poor antiviral activity relative to carboxamide-derived inhibitors which showed good antiviral IC₅₀ value. Boronic acid derived inhibitor with bis-THF as the P2 ligand showed very potent enzyme inhibitory activity, but it showed lower antiviral activity than darunavir in the same assay. Boronic acid containing inhibitor with a P2-Crn-THF ligand also showed potent enzyme K_i but significantly decreased antiviral activity. We have evaluated antiviral activity against a panel of highly drug-resistant HIV-1 variants. One of the inhibitors maintained good antiviral activity against HIV_DRV^R_P20 and HIV_DRV^R_P30 viruses. We have determined high resolution X-ray structures of two synthetic inhibitors bound to HIV-1 protease and obtained molecular insight into the ligand-binding site interactions.     

H1N1亚型流感病毒M1基因重组杆状病毒的构建及鉴定

目的构建H1N1亚型流感病毒M1基因重组杆状病毒,并进行鉴定。方法 PCR扩增H1N1亚型流感病毒(A/PR/8/34)全长M1基因,与pFastBacdua(lpFBD)载体连接,构建重组杆状病毒转移载体pFBD-M1,转化含有Bacimd和Helper质粒的DH10Bac感受态细胞,获得骨架质粒rBacmid-M1,将其转染sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒rBac-M1。采用噬斑形成法检测病毒滴度,PCR法检测M1基因的插入,间接免疫荧光、Western blot和ELISA法检测M1蛋白的表达。结果重组杆状病毒骨架质粒rBacmid-M1经PCR鉴定证实构建正确;第3代rBac-M1病毒滴度为3×108pfu/ml;感染rBac-M1的sf9细胞经PCR扩增可见3 300 bp的条带,间接免疫荧光检测可见特异性绿色荧光,Western blot检测可与鼠抗流感病毒(PR8)和鼠抗M1蛋白(PR8)多克隆抗体发生特异性反应,ELISA检测M1蛋白可与鼠抗流感病毒(PR8)多克隆抗体发生特异性反应,具有良好的反应原性。结论已成功构建了H1N1亚型流感病毒M1基因重组杆状病毒,为进一步研究流感病毒M1的功能及新型流感疫苗开发奠定了基础。     

Novel Furin Inhibitors with Potent Anti‐infectious Activity

New peptidomimetic furin inhibitors with unnatural amino acid residues in the P3 position were synthesized. The most potent compound 4‐guanidinomethyl‐phenylacteyl‐Arg‐Tle‐Arg‐4‐amidinobenzylamide (MI‐1148) inhibits furin with a K_i value of 5.5 pM . The derivatives also strongly inhibit PC1/3, whereas PC2 is less affected. Selected inhibitors were tested in cell culture for antibacterial and antiviral activity against infectious agents known to be dependent on furin activity. A significant protective effect against anthrax and diphtheria toxin was observed in the presence of the furin inhibitors. Furthermore, the spread of the highly pathogenic H5N1 and H7N1 avian influenza viruses and propagation of canine distemper virus was strongly inhibited. Inhibitor MI‐1148 was crystallized in complex with human furin. Its N‐terminal guanidinomethyl group in the para position of the P5 phenyl ring occupies the same position as that found previously for a structurally related inhibitor containing this substitution in the meta position, thereby maintaining all of the important P5 interactions. Our results confirm that the inhibition of furin is a promising strategy for a short‐term treatment of acute infectious diseases.     

The Fight against the Influenza A Virus H1N1: Synthesis,Molecular Modeling,and Biological Evaluation of Benzofurazan Derivatives as Viral RNA Polymerase Inhibitors

The influenza RNA polymerase complex, which consists of the three subunits PA, PB1, and PB2, is a promising target for the development of new antiviral drugs. A large library of benzofurazan compounds was synthesized and assayed against influenza virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1). Most of the new derivatives were found to act by inhibiting the viral RNA polymerase complex through disruption of the complex formed between subunits PA and PB1. Docking studies were also performed to elucidate the binding mode of benzofurazans within the PB1 binding site in PA and to identify amino acids involved in their mechanism of action. The predicted binding pose is fully consistent with the biological data and lays the foundation for the rational development of more effective PA–PB1 inhibitors.     

人用H5N1禽流感裂解疫苗的制备工艺

目的设计3种工艺,制备不同裂解程度的禽流感疫苗,并观察其免疫效果。方法用禽流感毒种R1203株制备3种禽流感疫苗(全病毒、裂解-1和裂解-2),并分别以不同剂量免疫大鼠和家兔,肌肉接种2针(间隔14d),初免后14d和28d静脉采血,检测动物血清中血凝抑制抗体和中和抗体。结果两种动物在疫苗接种1针后14d,血抑抗体和中和抗体滴度均较低;接种2针后14d,均显著高于1针;裂解-2疫苗接种两种动物后的抗体反应均高于其他两种疫苗,且家兔的中和抗体量-效反应明显。结论裂解-2疫苗的工艺优于其他两种疫苗,其中和抗体能正确反映疫苗的质量。