稻壳低温制备多孔氮化硅陶瓷

以稻壳为原料,碳热还原法常压条件下合成出Si3N4粉体,进而模压成型,在低温下成功烧成了多孔氮化硅陶瓷.采用Archimedes法、三点弯曲法测量了烧结试样的密度、气孔率及抗弯强度.通过XRD测定了烧结试样的物相组成,并用SEM观察其显微形貌.结果表明:在1450℃到1550℃内均能烧成多孔氮化硅陶瓷,随着温度的升高,试样的气孔率逐渐降低,抗弯强度逐渐增强.1450～1500℃烧成试样的显气孔率为55.51％ ～35.15％,其抗弯强度为23.74 ～86.85 MPa,主要物相为β-Si3N4.     

反应烧结制备多孔β-sialon/Si_3N_4陶瓷

以Si粉和Al2O3空心球为原料,采用反应烧结后高温烧结法制备了多孔β-sialon/Si3N4陶瓷。X射线衍射结果表明:在0.25MPa的氮气压力下于1300℃反应烧结2h后在0.25MPa的氮气压力下1700℃及1750℃高温烧结2h,制备的样品的组成为β-sialon(Si6-zAlzOzN8-z,z=3)及β-Si3N4,随着烧结温度由1700℃升高至1750℃,β-sialon的相对质量分数由29.9%增加至56.8%。场发射扫描电镜观察结果表明:1750℃高温烧结样品的显微结构由大孔β-sialon及疏松的β-Si3N4基体组成。1750℃高温烧结后,样品的气孔率为28%,抗弯强度为92.5MPa。     

常压烧结制备多孔氮化硅陶瓷研究

选用Al2O3、Y2O3、Lu2O3三种氧化物作为烧结助剂,采用凝胶注模成型和气氛保护常压烧结工艺,成功制备了具有高强度和高气孔率的多孔氮化硅陶瓷材料.本文研究了三种烧结助剂对多孔氮化硅的力学性能、介电性能和微观结构的影响,以及对氮化硅陶瓷的烧结促进作用,结果表明Y2O3具有最佳的烧结活性促进作用,其微观结构表明β-Si3N4棒状晶粒搭接结构是使多孔氮化硅陶瓷材料具有较好力学性能的重要原因.     

烧结制度对多孔氮化硅陶瓷的制备及特性的影响研究

采用碳热还原-常压烧结法制备高性能多孔氮化硅陶瓷材料,结合热力学分析和TG-DTA分析得出碳热还原反应的主要机理和起始反应温度,在此基础上分别通过三种烧结制度制备多孔氮化硅陶瓷,并利用XRD、SEM以及压汞仪研究其对结构与性能的影响。结果表明:碳热还原反应属于吸热反应,其吉布斯自由能随温度升高而降低,反应起始温度为1472℃;制得的多孔氮化硅陶瓷主要由长柱状β-Si_3N_4晶粒交错搭接而成,1200℃预烧结有利于β-Si_3N_4晶型的发育,制备的产物晶粒细小,长径比较大,组织分布均匀,晶粒结合较为紧密,其内部具备大量不规则孔隙结构,孔容为0.5538m L·g~(-1),孔隙率为48.04%,在保持较高的气孔率的同时兼具了较高的强度。     

α-Si_3N_4与γ-Si_3N_4、α-Si_3N_4混合粉体超高压烧结的比较研究

以Y2O3-Al2O3-La2O3体系作烧结助剂,在5.4～5.7GPa、1620K～1770K的高温高压条件下进行了α-Si3N2与γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4粉体的烧结研究.探讨了烧结温度及压力对烧结体性能的影响.实验测试结果表明:α-Si3N4、γ-Si3N4完全相变为β-Si3N4,相同的烧结条件下,α-Si3N4比γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4混合粉体烧结试样的相对密度、维氏硬度高.α-Si3N4与γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4混合粉体烧结试样的最高相对密度与维氏硬度分别为98.78%、21.87GPa和98.71%、21.76GPa.烧结体由相互交错的长柱状β-Si3N4晶粒组成,显微结构均匀.     

高温高压下γ-Si3N4的相变

为了研究γ-Si3N4在高温高压下的相变,在压力为5.2、5.4及5.7 GPa,温度为1 300～1 450 K,保温时间为15 min条件下,以Y2O3、Al2O3和La2O3为烧结助剂,制备了γ-Si3N4烧结体。用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对烧结样品进行了分析和观察。结果表明:γ-Si3N4首先转变为α-Si3N4,再由α-Si3N4转变为β-Si3N4;β-Si3N4烧结体主要由长柱状的晶粒组成,晶粒相互连接,呈交叉分布,显微结构较为均匀,结构致密。拟合了三相相界方程,得到了γ、γ+α、α、α+β、β-Si3N4相界方程,并讨论了相关的相变机制。     

冷等静压成型压力对反应烧结氮化硅陶瓷性能的影响

将硅粉冷等静压成型,通过反应烧结得到氮化硅陶瓷,研究了成型压力对反应烧结氮化硅(RBSN)陶瓷性能的影响。结果表明,当成型压力从100MPa增加到300MPa,反应烧结氮化增重率逐渐下降,从60.25%降到47.31%;而残余硅含量随着增加,从10%增加到29%;RBSN开气孔率随着成型压力的增大而减小,开气孔率从20.50%降到13.81%。成型压力小于等于200MPa时,RBSN的密度和强度随成型压力的增大而增大;成型压力大于200MPa时,RBSN的密度随成型压力的增大而减小,强度随成型压力的增大变化不大,变化约为5%;在200MPa时,RBSN的密度达到最大值2.52 g/cm3。冷等静压成型RBSN由晶须状α-Si3N4,柱状β-Si3N4和残余硅组成。     

Si加入量对Si_3N_4-SiC复合材料性能的影响

固定其他组分配比不变,仅改变配方中Si粉加入量即Si粉从10％增加到60％,经过准静态氮化法反应烧结制得Si3N4——SiC复合材料,并对其进行力学性能、XRD和SEM检测,实验结果显示:随着Si加入量的增加,复合材料的强度逐渐增大,而密度却呈现减小趋势,生成的Si3N4-中β-Si3N4含量增加,形成的网络结构的致密度也相应增大,但β-Si3N4晶粒减小。     

凝胶注模技术制备高强度多孔氮化硅陶瓷

采用凝胶注模技术和无压烧结工艺制备高孔隙率、高强度多孔氮化硅陶瓷。研究了浆料固相含量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷坯体相对质量损失和收缩率的影响,测定了材料在烧结前后的物相组成,分析了浆料固相含量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷显微结构、孔隙率、弯曲强度及断裂韧性的影响。结果表明:随浆料固相含量增大,坯体相对质量损失率和收缩率减小,烧结后的多孔氮化硅陶瓷孔隙率由65.24%减小到61.19%;而弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别由93.91MPa和1.48MPa·m1/2提高到100.83MPa和1.58MPa·m1/2。长棒状β-Si3N4晶粒无规律的交错搭接和相互咬合是多孔氮化硅陶瓷在保持高孔隙率的同时具有高强度的主要原因。     

α-Si3N4与γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4混合粉体超高压烧结的比较研究

以Y2O3-Al2O3-La2O3体系作烧结助剂,在5．4～5．7GPa、1620-1770K的高温高压条件下进行了α-Si3N4与γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4粉体的烧结研究,并探讨了烧结温度及压力对烧结体性能的影响。实验结果表明：α-Si3N4、γ-Si3N4完全相变为β-Si3N4;在相同的烧结条件下,α-SigN4比γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4混合粉体烧结试样的相对密度、维氏硬度高。α-Si3N4与γ-Si3N4、α-Si3N4混合粉体烧结试样的最高相对密度与维氏硬度分别为98．78％、21．87GPa和98．71％、21．76GPa。烧结体由相互交错的长柱状β—Si3N4晶粒组成．显微结构均匀。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。