关于清洁汽油模式的讨论

阐述了汽油中烯烃和芳烃对发动机沉积物和废气排放皆有不良的影响，指出为了维持马达法辛烷值，国外有些清洁汽油规格中允许较高的芳烃含量。认为最近一个阶段我国在满足Euro Ⅱ排放标准的前提下，生产90号无铅汽油时可采取高烯烃、低芳烃模式；然而在调制93号或更高标号无铅汽油时，烯烃含量应该减少，芳烃含量应该增加。     

汽油烃组成对汽车排放的影响

使用不同烃组成的6种汽油分别在满足国III、国IV排放标准的车型上进行了I型、IV型和VI型排放试验,研究了汽油烯烃、芳烃含量对常温冷启动后、低温冷启动后尾气排放和蒸发排放的影响。结果表明,汽油组成对排放的影响与汽车技术密切相关,满足国IV排放标准的车型上,当芳烃体积分数为35%、油品烯烃体积分数控制在25%时,HC,CO,NOx三种排放物较低;芳烃含量对排放的影响与发动机技术相关,但基本上呈现出芳烃含量较低时排放也较低的趋势;总蒸发排放物随油品烯烃含量增加而增加;油品的非烷烃类烃含量（即烯烃含量与芳烃含量之和）越高,车辆低温冷起动后HC、CO排放越高。     

燃油组分对车用汽油机排放特性的影响分析

综述了燃油中烷烃、烯烃、芳烃等组分对于车用汽油机排放特性的影响。未燃烷烃是烷烃燃料HC排放的主要成分,烯烃燃料的HC排放主要包括丙烯、异丁烯、戊烯等,1,3-丁二烯的排放随燃油烯烃含量的增加而增加;苯、甲苯、乙苯等的排放随芳烃含量的增加而增加;发动机燃烧工况如空燃比、点火角度等对各种HC排放的具体组成有显著影响。因此,不仅需要加强降低燃油烯烃、芳烃含量的研究,也应该借助发动机燃烧过程的优化来降低因烯烃、芳烃含量高对排放造成的不利影响。     

燃油烃类组分对车用汽油机排放特性的影响

综述了燃油中烷烃、烯烃、芳烃等组分对车用汽油机排放特性的影响。未燃烷烃是烷烃燃料HC排放的主要成分,烯烃燃料的HC排放主要包括丙烯、异丁烯、戊烯等,1,3-丁二烯的排放随燃油烯烃含量的增加而增加;苯、甲苯、乙苯等的排放随芳烃含量的增加而增加;发动机燃烧工况如空燃比、点火角发等对各种HC排放的具体组成有显著影响。因此,不仅需要加强降低燃油烯烃、芳烃含量的研究．也应该借助发动机燃烧过程的优化来降低因烯烃、芳烃含量高对排放造成的不利影响。     

欧Ⅲ汽油配方的研制和使用性能的研究

通过转鼓试验考察了不同硫含量、芳烃含量及烯烃含量汽油对车辆的排放、加速性及燃料消耗的影响，并在M111发动机上进行了汽油对发动机进气闯和燃烧室沉积物生成倾向的试验，考察了汽油及清净剂的清洁性能。     

汽油烃组成与排放的研究

研究了汽油中烯烃、芳烃含量对尾气排放、蒸发排放以及燃油经济性的影响。研究表明,汽油组成对排放的影响与汽车技术紧密相关。在别克和桑塔纳2种车型上,降低汽油中烯烃含量对尾气排放的影响趋势不同,对别克车降低烯烃含量,排放升高;而对桑塔纳车降低烯烃含量,排放减少;汽油中芳烃含量对2种车型的排放以及燃油经济性的影响较大,且影响趋势相同。     

汽油及汽油清净剂对燃烧室沉积物的影响

 环保法规的日益严格使得燃料清洁化的趋势越来越迫切。汽油中烯烃、芳烃等易在发动机进气系统以及燃烧室生成沉积物,在汽油中加入汽油清净剂可有效的清除喷嘴及进气阀处沉积物,减少排放,但不同的汽油及汽油清净剂对燃烧室沉积物有不同的影响,燃烧室沉积物增加会影响发动机性能,并导致尾气排放增加。主要综述了汽油组成以及不同组成汽油清净剂对燃烧室沉积物的影响,并提出了清洁汽油发展建议。     

汽油中芳烃对发动机排放的影响

对我国典型炼油工艺生产的组分汽油进行分析、调合,采用发动机台架试验,考察了汽油中芳烃含量及种类对Ford DHE420发动机常规和非常规污染物排放的影响情况。结果表明,汽油中芳烃含量增加,尾气中CO排放增加,碳氢化合物和NO_x排放变化不明显,甲醛、甲醇和小分子烃类化合物排放减少,甲苯排放升高,1,3-丁二烯和苯排放几乎不变;烷基化汽油中加入7%的不同种类芳烃化合物不会显著影响发动机常规污染物排放,不同的芳烃在尾气中生成甲苯和苯的趋势各不相同。     

汽油芳烃对发动机沉积物的影响

采用实验室模拟手段以及Ford2-3 L标准发动机台架试验研究了汽油芳烃对发动机进气阀以及燃烧室沉积物的影响。结果表明,随着芳烃含量的增加,进气阀和燃烧室沉积物质量增大,并且不同结构的二甲苯对沉积物的影响不同,其中对二甲苯形成沉积物的趋势最大;相对于烯烃,芳烃含量对进气阀以及燃烧室的沉积物形成影响较大。     

汽油胶质的形成机理及影响因素研究进展

综述了近年来汽油胶质的形成机理及影响因素的研究进展,介绍了汽油在储存过程中形成的胶质的分子结构及胶质产生的机理。在储存过程中,汽油中的分子与氧气反应生成过氧化物,过氧化物在复杂的多步骤链式反应中形成大分子可溶和不可溶氧化物,随后成核、团聚形成胶质。汽油胶质的含量受汽油组分、含氧化合物、重馏分、金属离子的影响。汽油中的共轭烯烃和环状烯烃容易发生氧化反应,在相同储存条件下会导致汽油胶质含量增加。汽油受到重馏分污染或金属离子污染时均会使胶质含量增加,但增加的程度有所不同。乙醇对乙醇汽油胶质形成的影响研究结果并不一致,需要进一步探究。     

WO3/ZrO2催化烷烃异构化反应研究进展

 介绍了WO3/ZrO2固体超强酸催化剂几种常用的制备方法,概述了制备条件对WO3/ZrO2结构及其对烷烃异构化催化性能的影响,综述了WO3/ZrO2及改性WO3/ZrO2固体超强酸催化剂催化烷烃异构化反应的研究进展。结果表明, WO3/ZrO2固体超强酸对烷烃异构化反应具有较好的催化性能, 催化剂中WO3含量、焙烧温度及ZrO2晶型是影响催化性能的主要因素. 还简要介绍了WO3/ZrO2表面结构, 预测了WO3/ZrO2固体超强酸催化剂今后研究重点。     

THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE FUEL TYPE ON SI ENGINE NITROGEN-OXIDES AND CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS UNDER PART-LOAD OPERATING CONDITIONS

Six different gasoline blends with different antiknock agents and aromatics content were investigated for its influence on SI engine nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emissions at part- load operating conditions. The six fuel types used were leaded gasoline with 0·5 g Pb/1, commercial unleaded gasoline, unleaded synthetic gasoline and its blends with different proportions of methyl tertiary butyl ether MTBE l10, 15 and 20 vol%). A four- stroke, four- cylinder, spark- ignition Regata engine (type 138 B 3.000) was used for conducting this study. The exhaust gases were analyzed for nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emitted at part-load operating conditions for the speed range of 1000 to 3000 rpm. The results of this investigation have shown that blending unleaded synthetic gasoline with ethers such as MTBE reduces the aromatic content of the fuel. The 20 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest carbon monoxide emissions of all blends used at part load condition. On the other hand, the 10 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest nitrogen-oxides emission of all blends at part-load condition. The carbon monoxide concentration in engine exhaust differs between increase and decrease at part-load condition when fuel aromatics content increases. It was also found that as the gasoline aromatics content increases in the blend, the nitrogen-oxides concentration in engine exhaust increases. So, substitution of MTBE for the higher aromatics gasoline blends may help improving state environment and air quality.     

THE EFFECT OF GASOLINE FUEL TYPE ON SI ENGINE NITROGEN-OXIDES AND CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS UNDER PART-LOAD OPERATING CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT

Six different gasoline blends with different antiknock agents and aromatics content were investigated for its influence on SI engine nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emissions at part- load operating conditions. The six fuel types used were leaded gasoline with 0·5 g Pb/1, commercial unleaded gasoline, unleaded synthetic gasoline and its blends with different proportions of methyl tertiary butyl ether MTBE l10, 15 and 20 vol%). A four- stroke, four- cylinder, spark- ignition Regata engine (type 138 B 3.000) was used for conducting this study. The exhaust gases were analyzed for nitrogen-oxides and carbon monoxide emitted at part-load operating conditions for the speed range of 1000 to 3000 rpm. The results of this investigation have shown that blending unleaded synthetic gasoline with ethers such as MTBE reduces the aromatic content of the fuel. The 20 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest carbon monoxide emissions of all blends used at part load condition. On the other hand, the 10 vol% MTBE-fuel blend gave the lowest nitrogen-oxides emission of all blends at part-load condition. The carbon monoxide concentration in engine exhaust differs between increase and decrease at part-load condition when fuel aromatics content increases. It was also found that as the gasoline aromatics content increases in the blend, the nitrogen-oxides concentration in engine exhaust increases. So, substitution of MTBE for the higher aromatics gasoline blends may help improving state environment and air quality.     

炼油化工企业催化裂化汽油选择性加氢工艺技术初探

催化裂化汽油是汽油的主要调和组分,具有硫含量高和烯烃含量高的特点,在满足脱硫的同时,最大程度避免烯烃的饱和,成为当前汽油质量升级的关键。催化裂化汽油质量的提升可以有效降低汽车尾气的污染状况,对于空气也能够起到优化作用,最重要的是能够对经济的发展产生积极作用。本文对当前炼油化工企业催化裂化汽油选择性加氢工艺技术的应用现状进行介绍,然后针对技术发展问题进行分析研究。     

ARGG装置技术改造及其效果

为提高装置处理量、柴汽比和经济效益，降低装置能耗和汽油烯烃含量，中国石化巴陵石化公司在2001年和2003年两次对ARGG装置进行了一系列技术改造。实践证明改造是成功的，装置处理量成功地从800kt／a提高到1．05Mt／a以上，催化裂化汽油烯烃体积分数降至35％以下，柴汽比增加，能耗降低，经济效益显著，年新增效益达3100万元。     

PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOTIVE RECIPROCATING ENGINES WITH DIFFERENT FUELS

ABSTRACT

A single cylinder reciprocating engine test rig was used to measure power output, specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature and energy balance for different speeds, air-fuel ratios and compression ratios with gasoline and diesel oil as fuels. Comparison of the results for the same compression ratios and range of running speeds shows that gasoline produces higher power and exhaust temperatures than diesel oil. However, it produced less thermal efficiency up to 2000 rpm speed. The energy balance shows slightly higher percentage in power and exhaust energy but markedly less radiation energy to the atmosphere with diesel oil.