GPP问题的骨架分析与启发式算法设计

图的划分问题(GPP)是具有广泛应用背景的典型NP-难解问题,高效启发式算法一直是该领域的研究热点.作为设计启发式算法的有力工具,GPP的骨架分析存在理论分析结果匮乏、骨架规模过小等缺陷.文中采用构造偏移GPP实例的技巧,不仅在理论卜证明了获取GPP的骨架是NP-难解的,并且利用一般GPP实例与偏移实例的关系,实现了骨架规模的提高.在此基础上,文中对于目前求解GPP问题最好的算法之一的IBS进行了改进,提出了基于偏移实例的IBS算法(BI-IBS).算法BI-IBS首先构造偏移GPP实例,然后再利用局部最优解交集对它进行归约,最后再求解归约后的规模更小的新实例.实验结果表明,BI-IBS比现有算法在解的质量上有了较显著的提高.文中的工作较完善地解决了GPP的骨架研究存在的问题,所采用的构造偏移实例的技巧对于其它NP-难解问题的骨架理论分析及启发式算法设计亦具有较高的参考价值.     

黑白二次分配问题

二次分配问题QAP(quadratic assignment problem)的变种问题是当前的研究热点.实际应用中存在一类不能用QAP及其现有变种描述的问题,该类问题在QAP问题的基础上增加了额外的约束条件:将设备分为黑白两色,其中白色设备要求与至少一个黑色设备的距离不超过预定阈值.文章将之定义为黑白二次分配问题BWQAP(Black and White QAP).文章首先分析了它的计算复杂性,指出该问题是NP-难解问题,不存在ε-近似度的多项式时间近似算法(ε>O).同时证明了其可行解的存在性与黑白图上的支配集问题等价,也属于NP-难解问题.为了能在可接受的时间内得到大规模实例质量可接受的近似解,提出了一种求解BWQAP的启发式算法GFO.该算法利用QAP现有算法得到初始解,然后利用局部搜索策略完成解的可行化和优化.大量实验表明,该启发式算法能够有效地求解BWQAP问题的实例.     

基于禁忌表的定位算法求解TSP问题

本文提出了一种基于禁忌表的定位算法求解TSP问题的快速、高效近似算法。这种算法结合了禁忌搜索算法中禁忌表及大规模构造算法和定位改进算法求解规模较大的TSP问题。计算机实例仿真证明,算法在求解质量和求解速度两方面高于著名的启发式算法的解。该算法针对TSP问题提出,是非常有效的。     

蚁群系统求解TSP问题的性能分析

TSP问题是组合优化中经典的问题,蚁群系统是求解TSP问题诸多算法中取得较好性能的一种启发式算法.从运行时间分布和解的性能分布角度对算法求解TSP的性能进行了分析,得出了一些有实际指导意义的结论:算法找到最优解的概率是随着运行时间的增加而增大的;算法运行前期改进解的性能速度较快,但后期明显减慢;可以通过重启策略获得与最优解距离在一定范围内的解.     

基于目标增量的无等待流水调度快速迭代贪婪算法

最小化总完工时间无等待流水调度是典型的NP-完全问题,广泛存在于实际生产系统.改变传统求解调度序列目标函数的模式,提出目标增量法,通过目标函数变化量判断新解的优劣,大大降低算法所需计算时间;通过证明启发式算法基本操作的目标增量性质,设计两种基本目标增量法以快速评估新产生解的质量.提出快速迭代贪婪算法FIG(Fast Iterative Greedy algorithm)求解该问题,构造初始解生成算法,提出分段式重构局部搜索方法和迭代改进全局搜索策略以进一步提高解的质量.基于110个经典Benchmark实例,将提出的FIG算法与目前求解该问题较好的启发式算法PHlp和元启发式算法SRTS、DPSOvnd进行比较,实验结果表明FIG在性能上优于SRTS和PHlp,略逊于DPSOvnd;在效率上优于SRTS和DPSOvnd,略逊于PHlp.     

自适应调整α,β参数的蚁群算法

为了提高基本蚁群算法的全局求解能力,对基本蚁群算法进行了改进,提出了一种通过自适性改变启发式因子α和期望启发式因子β的蚁群算法.当连续几代进化后的最优解没有明显变化时,改进后的算法通过对启发式因子α和期望启发式因子β的自适应调整来提高最优解的求解质量.通过对TSP问题的仿真表明,改进后的蚁群算法在求解最优解和收敛性能方面比起基本蚁群算法存在优势.     

求解TSP问题的多级归约算法

TSP(traveling salesman problem)问题是最经典的NP-hard组合优化问题之一.长期以来,人们一直在寻求快速、高效的近似算法,以便在合理的计算时间内解决大规模问题.由于对较大规模的问题,目前的近似算法尚不能在较短的时间内给出高质量的解,因此提出了多重归约算法.该算法的基本原理是通过对TSP问题的局部最优解与全局最优解之间关系的分析,发现对局部最优解的简单的相交操作能以很高的概率得到全局最优解的部分解.利用这些部分解可以大大缩小原问题的搜索空间,同时也不会降低搜索的性能.这就是所谓的归约原理.再通过多次归约使问题的规模降到足够小,然后对这个较小规模的实例直接用已有的算法求解,最后通过相反的次序拼接部分解,最终得到一个合法的解.在TSPLIB(traveling salesman problem library)中,典型实例上的实验结果表明,此算法在求解质量和求解速度上与目前已知的算法相比有较大的改进.     

求解旅行商问题的循环局部搜索算法的运行时间和性能分布分析

旅行商问题（Traveling Salesman Problem,TSP）是组合优化中最典型的NP难问题之一,长期以来人们都在寻求快速高效的近似算法以在合理的计算时间内准确地解决大规模问题,并设计出许多高效实用的启发式和宏启发式算法,其中循环LK算法是性能最好和最具代表性的算法之一．作者研究了该算法的运行时间分布：通过对TSPLIB中大量不同规模的TSP实例的运行时间分布的统计分析和拟合,发现求解TSP问题的循环LK算法的运行时间分布很好地服从Weibull分布,并进一步给出了该分布对求解TSP问题的物理意义．作者同时首次给出了循环LK算法求解TSP问题得到的解的性能分布以及由此得到的一些有实际指导意义的结论．     

求解TSP问题的一种启发式算法

TSP问题模型应用广泛,其求解策略的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.根据TSP问题的特点,借鉴无向完全图上最小生成树的生成过程,设计了一种启发式算法对TSP问题进行求解.该算法的基本思想是以无向完全图上不同最小生成树为基础,采用启发式的方法构造不同闭合回路,最后取最短闭合回路作为最优解.文中采用C语言编程,同时分析了算法的性能和时间复杂度,并进行了大量仿真计算.结果表明设计的算法能够有效求得TSP问题的优化解.     

水流启发式算法求解Euclid TSP

1.思想来源旅行商问题(TSP)可以简单表述如下:给定一组N个城市和它们之间的两两距离,找出一个闭合的旅程,使得每个城市刚好经过一次且总的旅程距离最短。旅行商问题已经被证实是一个NP难解问题。虽然欧氏平面上的TSP有PTAS,但运算时间和精度呈指数函数关系,所以找一个快速的近似算法仍然具有很大的意义。近年来提出的逼近最优解的算法如遗传算法、模拟退火算法、神经网络算法本质上都是进行随机搜索,本文是用确定性的启发式算法求解TSP。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).