板材冲压成形回弹模拟的评述

回弹是板材成形过程中不可避免的一个普遍现象,直接影响到冲压件的尺寸精度和零件最终形状.因此,回弹模拟是板材成形过程模拟中的一个关键问题,也是最为棘手的问题.本文在系统地归纳了国内外众多学者在应用有限元技术进行回弹模拟研究的基础上,对回弹模拟的历史发展、回弹模拟的计算方法、影响回弹模拟的主要因素以及回弹的预测和补偿等方面作了详尽的论述,对回弹模拟研究有着很好的参考价值与指导意义.     

Modeling and FE Simulation of Quenchable High Strength Steels Sheet Metal Hot Forming Process

High strength steel (HSS) sheet metal hot forming process is investigated by means of numerical simulations. With regard to a reliable numerical process design, the knowledge of the thermal and thermo-mechanical properties is essential. In this article, tensile tests are performed to examine the flow stress of the material HSS 22MnB5 at different strains, strain rates, and temperatures. Constitutive model based on phenomenological approach is developed to describe the thermo-mechanical properties of the material 22MnB5 by fitting the experimental data. A 2D coupled thermo-mechanical finite element (FE) model is developed to simulate the HSS sheet metal hot forming process for U-channel part. The ABAQUS/explicit model is used conduct the hot forming stage simulations, and ABAQUS/implicit model is used for accurately predicting the springback which happens at the end of hot forming stage. Material modeling and FE numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the effect of the processing parameters on the hot forming process. The processing parameters have significant influence on the microstructure of U-channel part. The springback after hot forming stage is the main factor impairing the shape precision of hot-formed part. The mechanism of springback is advanced and verified through numerical simulations and tensile loading-unloading tests. Creep strain is found in the tensile loading-unloading test under isothermal condition and has a distinct effect on springback. According to the numerical and experimental results, it can be concluded that springback is mainly caused by different cooling rats and the nonhomogengeous shrink of material during hot forming process, the creep strain is the main factor influencing the amount of the springback.     

影响板料成形回弹数值模拟精度的因素分析

分析了影响板料回弹精度的数值模拟因素：屈服准则、硬化模式、单元技术及有限元数值计算方法。研究结果表明各向异性屈服准则Barlat89更接近于材料的实际屈服行为;对于具有Bauschinger效应的材料及复杂加载问题,采用非线性混合强化材料模型预测板料回弹量的精度最高;由于实体壳单元具有实体单元和壳单元的优点,预测回弹模拟结果精度高。研究还表明,在时间允许的条件下,采用较小单元尺寸模拟精度高。     

Finite element analysis for delamination of laminated vibration damping steel sheet

The material structure of laminated vibration damping steel sheet（LVDSS） was introduced in detail. An interface cohesive model between the skin sheets was developed by using a contact/interface approach, and the model was applied to simulate ＂T＂-peel and lap-shear processes of LVDSS. The interface contact stress distribution during the ＂T＂-peel and lap-shear processes is obtained, and the finite element analysis（FEA） results agree satisfactorily with the corresponding experimental results. As a result, the model is suitable to simulate the cohesive of LVDSS     

Numerical and Experimental Investigation into Hot Forming of Ultra High Strength Steel Sheet

Hot forming of ultra high strength steel (UHSS) sheet metal grade 22MnB5 boron for channel components using water cooling is studied on a laboratory scale. After hot forming, the different microstructures such as martensite, bainite, and pearlite in formed component are produced, which are closely related with mechanical properties of formed component. The effect of forming start temperature and the contact state between blank and die on the microstructure evolution is investigated. In addition, the effect of processing parameters, such as forming start temperature and blank holder force (BHF), on the final quality of component, i.e., springback, that happens after hot forming of UHSS is investigated. It can be concluded that the forming start temperature has a significant effect on the final mechanical properties of formed components. The effect of forming start temperature on springback is examined in detail under a wide range of operating conditions. The higher the BHF and the forming start temperature, the lower is the springback after hot forming. Furthermore, thermo-mechanically coupled finite element analysis model encompassing heating of sheet blank, forming and quenching are developed for hot forming process. The stress distributions on sheet blank under different conditions during hot forming are compared to gain a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of springback. Comparisons show that numerical simulation results have good agreement with experimental results.     

空调后板冲压成形的回弹翘曲研究

采用CAE分析以及试验相结合的方法,建立加筋后空调后板冲压成形及回弹的有限元数值模型,研究后板在冲压成形过程中的回弹问题,得到加强筋的形状、位置、尺寸等对成形效果的影响规律。提出该后板的加筋设计规范,依据设计规范,加筋后的后板回弹较小,满足实际生产要求。     

一种新的实体壳单元在板料成形中的应用

开发了一种新的实体壳MSSS单元,在厚向划分一层网格采用多点积分,精确获得了厚向应力应变分布;采取粘性沙漏控制算法,克服了零能模式。厚向多点积分求解内力以及应力应变的更新,使得MSSS单元表现出了极好的单元性能,可以准确描述板料成形回弹现象。基于FASTAMP板料成形模拟软件,论文给出了一个方板拉深成形算例,以及两个NUMISHEET国际标准考题回弹算例,并且与实验结果以及相关文献中的模拟结果做了比较。     

TRIP钢薄板冲压的回弹研究

冲压过程中回弹模拟的精度依赖于准确的材料模型。对于TRIP钢,传统的有限元因为没有考虑TRIP效应对材料弹塑性性能的影响而对回弹预测的精度很低。该文中首先建立耦合TRIP效应和它对材料内部变量的影响的弹塑性本构模型,该模型能够很好的描述冲压过程中的相变规律和弹性模量随相变的变化情况。该模型的仿真结果与传统仿真方法相比,与实验结果更相符。     

单元尺寸和积分点个数对冲压回弹模拟精度的影响

冲压回弹是板料成形数值模拟领域中最难准确预测的缺陷之一,其模拟精度受多种因素的影响,如材料本构模型、单元类型与尺寸、接触摩擦模型和有限元算法等。该文采用ABAQUS有限元软件对拉弯回弹进行数值模拟研究,重点分析了壳单元的积分点个数和接触角度对回弹预测精度与模拟时间的影响。研究结果表明,随着壳单元积分点个数的增加和单元尺寸的减小,冲压回弹的预测精度总体趋于提高趋势,但模拟时间相应地增大。当接触角度取16°时,得到的回弹预测精度与接触角度为5°时比较相近;另外,在7个积分点时,得到的回弹预测精度相当于25~51个积分点之间的范围。这与传统观点认为的,积分点应取25~51个,接触角度应小于10°不同。利用这一规律,有望在模拟时,既能得到较高的模拟精度,又可大大降低模拟时间。     

车用铝合金板材回弹规律研究

在车用铝合金材料的成形加工过程中,回弹是主要的成形缺陷之一并且较难控制。本文对车用6061铝合金板材进行了室温拉伸试验获得其应力-应变曲线并建立改进的Johnson-Cook本构模型。该模型被应用于V形弯曲试验的有限元仿真中,研究不同各向异性屈服准则对板料回弹预测精度的影响,仿真结果表明应用YLD2000-2d屈服准则时其预测精度较高,同时也验证了该模型用于回弹分析的有效性。进一步探究不同因素如变形程度,冲压速度,摩擦条件,压边力等对铝合金板材回弹行为的影响规律,并应用于铝合金发罩内板的冲压成形过程,能够有效减小工件的回弹。     

Industrial applications of sheet stamping simulation using new finite element models

The paper is aimed to present industrial applications of sheet stamping simulation using new finite element formulations developed in the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering in Barcelona. Theoretical formulation is briefly reviewed. Both continuum and shell elements have been considered. The new shell elements developed are based on a geometrically exact shell model treating the shell as one-director Cosserat surface. The formulation of the continuum elements employs the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient tensor into its elastic and plastic parts. The new finite element models have been implemented in the in-house explicit dynamic code STAMPACK. A number of practical problems of sheet metalforming have been solved with the program. Some of the problems, namely stamping of a kitchen sink, hydraulic forming of an aeronautical part and stamping of a food can, have been presented in the paper. The examples give an idea of practical information that can be obtained from the computer simulation of a forming process. The results confirm a good behaviour of the formulation and program used in the industrial applications.     

Springback prediction for incremental sheet forming based on FEM-PSONN technology

In the incremental sheet forming (ISF) process, springback is a very important factor that affects the quality of parts. Predicting and controlling springback accurately is essential for the design of the toolpath for ISF. A three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element model (FEM) was developed to simulate the process and the simulated results were compared with those from the experiment. The springback angle was found to be in accordance with the experimental result, proving the FEM to be effective. A coupled artificial neural networks (ANN) and finite element method technique was developed to simulate and predict springback responses to changes in the processing parameters. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to optimize the weights and thresholds of the neural network model. The neural network was trained using available FEM simulation data. The results showed that a more accurate prediction of springback can be acquired using the FEM-PSONN model.     

一种二次壳单元在板料回弹控制中的应用

阐述了一种逐渐被广泛使用的回弹控制方式,并根据一种新型的二次壳单元有限元模型,充分考虑板料厚度方向应力对成形的影响,分析了汽车覆盖件的门内板B柱回弹控制过程。根据数值分析以及现场实际试验结果对比,验证了此单元模型可以比较精确的模拟出负间隙成形后回弹变化趋势。     

Springback of thin-walled tube NC precision bending and its numerical simulation

The springback is one of the key factors which affect the forming quality of thin-walled tube NC precision bending. The elastic-plastic finite element method was proposed to study the springback process of thin-walled tube NC precision bending and the combination of dynamic explicit algorithm and the static implicit algorithm was proposed to solve the whole process of thin-walled tube NC precision bending. Then, the 3D elastic-plastic finite element model was established based on the DYNAFORM platform, and the model was verified to be reasonable. At last, the springback rule of thin-walled tube NC precision bending and the effect of geometry and material parameters on the springback rule of thin-walled tube NC precision bending were studied, which is useful to controlling the springback of thin-walled tube NC precision bending, and the numerical simulation method can be used to study other effect of parameters on the forming quality of thin-walled tube NC precision bending.     

板料成形有限元分析的显式算法

本文基于连续介质力学及有限变形理论，建立了退化四节点壳单元的动力有限元模型，用于三维板料成形过程分析。数学模型采用物质坐标系中的ＵｐｄａｔｅＬａｇｒａｎｇｅ描述，用动力显式积分的方法，使位移计算显式化，避免了由材料几何等高度非线性引起的计算收敛问题。根据此模型编制的程序模拟了一盒形零件的成形过程。     

Experimental and finite element analysis for fracture of coating layer of galvannealed steel sheet

Mechanical properties of galvannealed (GA) steel sheet used for automotive exposed panel and predicted failure phenomenon of its coating layer were evaluated using finite element method. V-bending test was performed to understand better the fracture of coating layer of GA steel sheet during plastic deformation. Yield strength of the coating layer was calculated by using a relative difference between hardness of coating layer measured from the nano-indentation test and that of substrate. To measure shearing strength at the interface between substrate and coating layer, shearing test with two specimens attached by an adhesive was carried out. Using the mechanical properties measured, a series of finite element analyses coupled with a failure model was performed. Results reveal that the fracture of coating layer occurs in an irregular manner at the region where compressive deformation is dominant. Meanwhile, a series of vertical cracks perpendicular to material surface are observed at the tensile stressed-region. It is found that 0.26-0.28 of local equivalent plastic strain exists at the coating and substrate at the beginning of failure. The fracture of coating layer depends on ductility of the coating layer considerably as well.     

基于试验和有限元方法的橡皮囊液压成形回弹规律

橡皮囊液压成形中常见的缺陷包括破裂、起皱和回弹等成形缺陷,其中回弹缺陷直接影响钣金件的尺寸精度。文章针对带下陷直弯边和凸弯边钣金件进行橡皮囊液压成形试验。结果表明,随着压力的增加,回弹值减小;弯曲线取向为90°的回弹值,大于弯曲线取向为0°的回弹值;弯曲成形性能与轧制方向的选取有关。有限元模拟结果与试验结果进行对比分析表明,模拟所得回弹值与试验结果相比偏小。     

高强度硼钢22MnB5的热变形方程及其模拟应用

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机,在温度为700℃～950℃、应变速率为0.01/s～0.4/s的条件下,对高强度硼钢22MnB5的热变形行为进行研究。结果表明,随着变形温度的升高,硼钢的延伸率升高,变形抗力降低;随着应变速率的提高,硼钢22MnB5的变形抗力和延伸率增大。根据高温拉伸实验得出的数据,构建硼钢22MnB5的稳态流变应力模型和热变形方程,并将试验结果和构建的本构方程输入ABAQUS软件进行U型件热弯曲成形的回弹模拟,数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性和正确性,为成形所需的最大载荷及设备选择提供依据。     

半球形凸模拉深过程的动力显式有限元分析

本文基于连续介质力学及有限变形理论 ,建立了用于三维板料成形过程分析的有限元模型 ,开发了动力显式算法的板料成形过程模拟的有限元分析程序DESSFORM3D。采取集中质量矩阵 ,用动力显式积分的方法 ,使位移计算显式化 ,避免了由材料、几何、边界条件等高度非线性因素引起的计算收敛问题。对半球形凸模拉深过程进行模拟计算 ,并把模拟结果与实验结果进行对比 ,验证了软件的计算结果     

板料冲压成形数值模拟中的几个关键问题

本文概括了板料成形数值模拟中涉及的几个关键技术环节 ,如材料模型、单元模型、接触摩擦模型、等效拉延筋模型、回弹模型等。介绍了作者在软件开发过程中对这些模型的一般处理方法。并利用自行开发的静力隐式算法弹塑性有限元分析软件SheetForm○R给出了几个计算实例