Finite element modeling and experimental results of brass elliptic cups using a new deep drawing process through conical dies

This paper introduces a new technique for deep drawing of elliptic cups through a conical die without blank holder or draw beads. In this technique an elliptic-cup is produced by pushing a circular blank using a flat-headed elliptic punch through a conical die with an elliptic aperture in a single stroke. A 3D parametric finite element (FE) model was built using the commercial FE-package ANSYS/APDL. Effects of die and punch geometry including, half-cone angle, die fillet radius, die aperture length and punch fillet radius on limiting drawing ratio (LDR), drawing load and thickness strain of the cup have been investigated numerically for optimal process design. A die with half cone angle of 18° has shown the best drawability for the new technique. An experimental set-up has been designed, manufactured, and used for experimental production of elliptical shaped sheet-metal cups. A total of seven punches having aspect ratios ranging from 2 to 2.25 and a die with an aspect ratio of 2 have been manufactured and used. Tensile tests were carried out to obtain the stress–strain behavior for the formed sheet metal. Experiments were conducted on blanks of brass (CuZn33) with initial thicknesses of 1.5, 1.9, 2.4 and 3 mm at different clearance ratios (c/t). Effects of blank thickness and clearance ratio on limiting drawing ratio, drawing load and thickness strain were numerically and experimentally investigated. Finite element model results showed good agreement with experimental results. An elliptic cup with a limiting drawing ratio (LDR) of 2.28 has been successfully achieved using the proposed technique and set-up.     

Increase in limiting drawing ratio by using partially thickened blanks

Deep drawing of a partially thickened blank, the thickness of which is somewhat larger at the punch head portion than at the flange portion, is investigated in an attempt to increase the limiting drawing ratio (LDR). A rigid-plastic finite element simulation is firstly used to predict the effect of the partially thickened blank on the increase in LDR. To confirm the result of the simulation, deep drawing experiments are carried out using partially thickened blanks that are produced by machining. In addition, spot welding and forging process methods are employed to produce partially thickened blanks. The finite elements simulation and experimental results show that when a partially thickened blank is used, the LDR increases appreciably compared with that for a normal blank of uniform thickness.     

镁合金板材的固体颗粒介质拉深工艺参数

提出基于固体颗粒介质成形(SGMF)工艺的镁合金板材差温拉深工艺,并展开试验研究。通过对AZ31B镁合金薄板进行差温拉深成形试验,研究了成形温度、拉深速度、压边力、压边间隙、凹模圆角和润滑条件对拉深性能的影响,确定AZ31B镁合金板料最佳成形工艺参数。结果表明:该工艺可显著提高镁合金板材的成形性能,成形温度及拉深速度对板料拉深性能影响较大,板料最佳成形温度区间为290～310℃,颗粒介质与板料理想温差为110～150℃;压边力和压边间隙对拉深性能产生联合影响;此外,凹模圆角和润滑条件也对拉深性能有一定的影响。当上述工艺参数达到最佳值时成功拉深出极限拉深比(LDR)为2.41的工件。     

A Method for evaluating limiting drawing ratios

Sufficient data have now been generated to assess the influence of material, process, and tooling variables on the limiting drawing ratio, when deep drawing cylindrical cups from circular blanks. The influence of these parameters is less well understood in the deep drawing of nonaxisymmetric cups, and the data that exist have generally been collected from drawing tests. A theoretical approach is presented for predicting the limiting drawing ratio when deep drawing prismatic cups. For a given blank geometry, the drawing load is calculated to plastically deform the flange, overcome friction between the flange and the blank holder, and to bend the material over the die radius. Deformation in the cup wall is ignored. The onset of yielding in the flange is determined using a finite-element code. The calculated drawing load is compared to a theoretical maximum, and when the two values coincide, this yields the limiting blank size under the assumed processing conditions, i.e., blank holder force, die radius, blank shape, and coefficient of friction. The theoretical predictions were compared with experimental results when deep drawing square cups from optimum blank shapes, and the correspondence was found to be acceptable.     

Experimental and numerical study of warm deep drawing of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet

Warm forming of magnesium alloy sheet has attracted more and more attention in recent years. The formability of magnesium alloy sheet at elevated temperature depends on appropriate processes, and the fabrication of high-performance sheet. In this research, an AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet with excellent performances is fabricated by the cross-rolling and the uniform annealing treatments. The uniaxial tensile tests are conducted using a Gleeble 3500 thermal–mechanical simulator, and the mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet are analyzed. Finally, some limiting drawing ratio (LDR) experiments are performed. The experiments show that the LDR can reach 2.0 at the forming temperature of 150 °C and the drawing velocity of 15 mm/s. A warm deep drawing process is also simulated by the finite element method. The influences of drawing temperature and blank holder force on the formability are numerically investigated. The simulation demonstrated that variable blank holder force technology can improve the LDR from 3.0 to 3.5, and decrease the wall thinning ratio from 15.21% to 12.35%.     

基于DYNAFORM的汽车前防撞梁支撑板的拉延模具设计

汽车覆盖件是以冲压件为主的零件,而作为生产冲压件的冲压模具的设计,与汽车覆盖件的成形质量息息相关。利用DYNAFORM仿真软件对某汽车防撞梁支撑板进行了拉延仿真,并依据仿真结果对其冲压速度、拉延筋布置方案、压边力、凸凹模间隙等参数进行选取和设计。通过分析厚度变化云图,采用厚度差来评价成形结果,确定了具有较好成形效果的参数组合。仿真结果表明:在确定了拉延模具采用等效实体拉延筋的设置后,压边力为360 k N、冲压速度为4000 mm·s-1、凸凹模间隙为0.66 mm时,可获得最好的成形效果。本设计及其仿真结果为其他类型的汽车防撞梁支撑板拉延模具设计提供了有效参考。     

A comparative estimation of the forming load in the deep drawing process

The deep drawing process is one of the important sheet-metal forming processes. Using this operation, many parts are manufactured in various industries. In this paper, different methods of analysis such as analytical, numerical and experimental techniques are employed to estimate the required drawing force for a typical component. With this regard, the numerical simulations were conducted using the finite-element (FE) method. In these simulations, the effects of the element type on the forming load and the variation of the thickness strain were studied. Moreover, the influences of the friction coefficient on the load–displacement curve of the process and maximum drawing force were quantitatively investigated for both the analytical and FE methods. A die set including a blankholder was designed to carry out the experiments on a 600 kN Instron testing machine. Different analytical relationships suggested by different researchers were also used to calculate the maximum drawing force. The results obtained from these methods together with the numerical results were compared with the experimental findings. Based on this comparison, it was concluded that Siebel’s formula predicts more accurate results, compared with other analytical relationships. It was also found that this formula is more sensitive to the friction coefficient than the finite-element simulations. On the other hand, the shell elements are more suitable than four-node solid elements for the numerical analyses because the relevant FE predictions present much better agreement with the experimental results.     

镁合金拉深工艺的研究与进展

主要介绍了镁合金塑性加工工艺中拉深工艺的研究情况，并结合作者的研究论述了在镁合金拉深过程中模具结构、成形温度、拉深速度、润滑条件、压边方式等对拉深成形效果和极限拉深比的影响，以此为镁合金拉深件的设计及拉深工艺的制定提供参考。最后展望了镁合金拉深工艺研究的发展方向与趋势。     

Numerical simulation and analysis on the deep drawing of LPG bottles

Deep drawing is one of the most used sheet metal forming processes in the production of automotive components, LPG bottles and household goods, among others. The formability of a blank depends on the process parameters such as blank holder force, lubrication, punch and die radii, die-punch clearance, in addition to material properties and thickness of the sheet metal. This paper presents a numerical study made on the deep drawing of LPG bottles. In particular, the application of both variable blank holder forces and contact friction conditions at specific location during deep drawing are considered. The numerical simulations were carried out with DD3IMP FE code. A variable blank holder force strategy was applied and the numerical results were compared with results from other blank holder force schemes. It is evident that the proposed variable blank holder force scheme reduces the blank thinning when compared to other schemes; the friction coefficient also has a significant influence on the stress–strain distribution.     

Deformation behaviors of magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet in cold deep drawing

To investigate how the popular magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet （aluminum 3%, zinc 1%） behaves in cold working, deep drawing experiments at room temperature, along with finite element（FE） simulation, were performed on the cold forming sheet of the AZ31 alloy after being annealed under various conditions. The activities were focused on the fracture pattern, limit drawing ratio（LDR）, deformation load, thickness distribution, anisotropic effect, as well as the influences of the annealing conditions and tool configuration on them. The results display that punch shoulder radius instead of die clearance, has much influence on the thickness distribution. The anisotropy is remarkable in cold working, which adversely impacts the LDR. The fracture often happens on the side wall at an angle to axis of the deformed specimen. The results also imply that the LDR for the material under present experimental conditions is 1.72, and annealing the material at 450 ℃ for 1 h may be preferable for the cold deep drawing.     

细晶5083铝合金非等温拉深工艺研究

通过实验研究了拉深凹模温度、拉深速度、压边间隙及润滑条件对细晶5083铝合金非等温拉深工艺的影响。实验结果表明:细晶5083铝合金板料在凹模温度为250℃以上具有良好的拉深成形能力。当凹模温度为275℃时,极限拉深比达到2.9;当在较佳的凹模温度不同的拉深速度下进行拉深时,得出细晶5083铝合金非等温拉深工艺在一定的拉深速度范围内对应变速率不敏感,在压头速度≤2mm/min时均能拉深成功。考虑了润滑层厚度和材料在升温过程中的热膨胀性能,通过实验得出的最佳压边间隙为1.9mm。选用水基石墨作为润滑剂,润滑层厚度达到0.3mm左右时拉深能够成功进行。     

Tool temperature control to increase the deep drawability of aluminum 1050 sheet

A feasibility study on the tool temperature control to increase the deep drawability of Al-1050 sheet is performed. The conventional deep drawing process is limited to a certain limit drawing ratio (LDR) beyond which failure will ensue. The purpose of this study is to examine the possibilities of relaxing the above limitation through the tool temperature control, aiming towards a process with an increased LDR. The idea which may lead to this goal is strengthening the punch-nose radius part by cold punch which has frequently been potential failure area in cup drawing process, while heating the remainder of the blank to reduce the stress on the cup sidewalls. Over the ranges of conditions investigated, the deep drawability of Al-1050 is found to be strongly sensitive to the temperature of the die and punch. The experimental implementation shows that the tool temperature control is very effective way to promote deep drawability of Al-1050.     

Development of a new process for producing deep square cups through conical dies

In this article, a new process for increasing the drawability of square cups has been developed. A circular blank is pushed by a flat-headed square punch through a conical die with a square aperture. The deformed blank conforms to the square shape of the die throat and finally a square cup is obtained. The developed technique has a simple tooling set in which the drawing process can be efficiently preformed in a single-acting stroke without using draw beads or blankholder. A commercial finite element simulation package, DYNAFORM, is used to investigate the developed setup in order to determine the optimum die cone angle. An experimental setup is built accordingly with a half cone angle of 18°. Brass alloy (67/33 Cu–Zn) and commercially pure aluminum (Al99.5w) sheets are used in the experimentations. The effects of the original blank thickness (t_o=1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 mm) and the orientation of the blank rolling direction (0°, 22.5°, 45°, and 67.5°) to the punch side on the limiting drawing ratio (LDR) and punch load are experimentally investigated. The present process successfully produces square cups with drawing ratios of 2.92 for brass and 2.74 for aluminum. The new process has shown superiority over the conventional methods through achieving high drawing ratio especially for thick sheets (2–3 mm). Comparison between experimental results and the available published work showed that the required punch force in the new process is significantly reduced while the LDR is increased.     

Enhancing formability in hydromechanical deep drawing process adding a shallow drawbead to the blank holder

In this paper, a new method was proposed in order to enhance the limiting drawing ratio (LDR) of AA5754-O in the hydromechanical deep drawing process (HDD). In the proposed method, a shallow drawbead was added to the blank holder to increase LDR so as to provide strain hardening of a large region on the flange of the sheet material in addition to pre-bulging process which affects particularly only the initial stage but not the later ongoing process. So the LDR of the AA5754-O was increased from 2.65 to 2.787 by enlarging the region of strain hardening in the flange and partially reducing wrinkling tendency due to occurred tensile stresses using the convenient pressure and blank holder force profiles. The importance levels and their convenient values for height of drawbead, pre-bulge height and pressure, surface roughness of the punch were determined with analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method. ANOVA analysis illustrated that adding a shallow drawbead to the blank holder is the most effective factor between the investigated factors for the HDD process. While the effects of the pre-bulging pressure and pre-bulging height were determined as quite small, the surface roughness of the punch was found unimportant compared to the effect of the shallow drawbead. The highest LDR value was obtained with 1 mm drawbead height, 5 mm pre-bulging height, 10 MPa pre-bulging pressure and 2.8 μm surface roughness of the punch.     

Finite element simulation on the deep drawing of titanium thin-walled surface part

The deep drawing of titanium thin-walled surface part was simulated based on a self-developed three-dimensional finite element model. After an investigation on forming rules, a virtual orthogonal experimental design was adopted to determine the significance of processing parameters, such as die radius, blank holder force, and friction coefficient, on the forming process. The distributions of thickness and equivalent plastic strain of the drawn part were evaluated. The results show that die radius has a relative major influence on the deep drawing process, followed by friction coefficient and blank holder force.     

基于正交试验和能量转换的精密级进模多步拉深成形研究

应用正交试验方法,采用Dynaform对精密级进模多步拉深成形进行有限元数值模拟。结合能量转换原理,研究各步拉深中凹、凸模圆角半径、拉深高度以及压边力等工艺参数对成形件厚度和回弹的影响,并找出各因素影响的主次顺序。以射频(RF)连接器的壳件为例,通过上述方法优化各步成形参数,用以指导模具设计。     

拼焊板方盒件拉深成形的实验研究

本文对拼焊板方盒件的拉深成形进行了试验研究。试验中采用了整体压边圈和分瓣压边圈。凹模表面和型腔加工了台阶以补偿坯料的厚度差值。对压边力的控制采用了弹性橡胶控制法和刚性直接控制法。对压边力的分布采用了均匀压边力和局部改变压边力。通过调整模具结构和压边方法及压边力分布 ,对坯料不均匀变形规律及焊缝的移动规律、坯料的起皱规律及控制坯料不均匀变形的方法进行了探讨研究。     

制动毂挡尘盖拉深成形过程的应力应变分析

在大型CAD软件Pro/E中建立了汽车车轴制动毂挡尘盖拉深成形的凸凹模模型,运用大型商用有限元软件MSC.Marc,对其拉深成形过程进行了数值模拟.分析金属材料在拉深时的流动情况及挡尘盖在拉深后的应力应变分布规律,重点研究了压边力和凸凹模间隙对板材成形性能的影响,分析了起皱和破裂产生的原因、特点、影响因素以及预防措施等.模拟及试验结果表明,工件在拉深时,凸缘部分材料易产生失稳起皱现象;凸、凹模之间的间隙是影响盒形部分产生破裂的主要原因.当刚性压边圈与凹模之间的间隙减小到1.2倍的料厚时,能获得表面质量光滑的合格件;当凸凹模及浮动凸凹模之间的间隙大于料厚时,能确保拉深过程顺利进行.     

基于神经网络的拉深力智能化预测系统

结合塑和学理论、正交试验法及神经网络技术建立了精确计算形件拉深力的智能化预测系统。根据Ｈｉｌｌ的各向异性理论导出了新的计算杯形件拉深过程中拉深力变化的理论公式,并坟出了最大拉深力,应用正交试验法分析了各工艺参数对最大拉深力的影响。针 对在应用ＢＰ网络时遇到的两个关键问题进行了讨论并提出了解决方案。应用人工神经网络技术把理论公式与试验数据结合在一起建立了智能化预测系统。     

新型液压-机械拉深工艺试验研究

利用改进后的新型液压-机械拉深模具进行拉深试验研究.设计适合于改进后的新型液压-机械拉深模具的拉深工艺过程,对不同直径的板料进行拉深试验,每次试验没置不同的工艺参数,获得了拉深比达2.63的制件.试验表明,引入液压作用后,可以大幅度地提高板料的极限拉深比,随着板料直径的增加,使拉深成功进行的液压力区间逐渐减小.