SintClad: A New Approach for the Production of Wear-Resistant Tools

Tools used in the mineral processing industry are required to feature high wear resistance to facilitate an adequate cost efficiency. These kinds of tools are made of composite materials based on a low-alloyed substrate material and a high-alloyed coating. The coatings can be applied in different ways using production processes like HIP cladding, deposit welding, and composite casting. The article is concerned with the problem of a novel and cost-effective coating alternative: sinter cladding, using the principle of super-solidus liquid-phase sintering (SLPS). Usually SLPS represents a sintering technique, which is used for the compaction of high-alloyed metal powders. However, no recognizable efforts were made to use the SLPS-process for applying a PM-coating on a bulk substrate material. Sinter cladding for the first time uses SLPS to combine the process of powder compaction with the application of a coating to a solid steel substrate into one single step. Another advantage of the process is the possibility to produce massive bulk coatings with thicknesses exceeding 20 mm. This article is original in the scope of question and investigation methods in terms of microstructure, hardness profiles, EDX measurements, diffusion calculations, and computational thermodynamics.     

Sintered Cu Alloyed Stainless Steels and Their Corrosion Behavior

Copper is an effective element to activate the sintering process of stainless steels and to enhance corrosion resistance of the sintered specimens. Ways of introducing Cu into stainless steel powders lead to different consequence in the microstructure and corrosion behavior of sintered Cu alloyed stainless steel. In the present work, two methods, mixing Cu with stainless steel powder and coating stainless steel powder with Cu by electroless plating, were introduced in order to investigate their influence on the sintered specimens. It was found that the sintered specimens from Cu-coated stainless steel powders (1-5 wt.%Cu) produce less porous surfaces with isolated pores than the specimens from mixed powders and the former have obviously high density and relatively even Cu distribution. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicate that Cu-electroless plating of 1-5 wt.%Cu improves the corrosion resistance of sintered stainless steel due to the lowering of passivation current density.     

回火对Cr4Mo4V钢电子束Cr合金化层组织和性能的影响

研究了Cr4Mo4V钢电子束Cr合金化层结构随回火温度及时间变化的演化规律。采用XRD和TEM研究了Cr合金化层在回火过程中的物相变化,采用纳米硬度计和电化学工作站分别测试了Cr合金化层硬度和耐蚀性随回火温度的变化。结果表明,回火过程中纳米级碳化物从合金化层中析出,使合金化层硬度增加,随着回火时间和温度的增加,碳化物发生长大,硬度随之降低。碳化物的析出会导致基体Cr元素的下降,耐蚀性降低,但仍优于原始Cr4Mo4V钢。     

粉末冶金高氮超级奥氏体不锈钢的开发

采用气雾化法制备高氮超级奥氏体不锈钢粉末,利用热等静压成形。结果表明,热等静压后,材料完全致密,而σ及Cr2 N两相的析出导致材料塑性、韧性及耐蚀性显著下降。材料经1200℃×1 h固溶处理后,力学性能及耐蚀性能大大提高,抗拉强度Rm为1050 MPa、屈服强度Rp0.2为735 MPa,伸长率A为57.0%,自腐蚀电位Ecorr为0.946 V。     

Development of cold work tool steel based-MMC coating using HVOF spraying and its HIP densification behaviour

The aim of the present study is to develop a Fe-based metal matrix composite (MMC) coating using high velocity oxy-fuel spraying (HVOF) process. A ledeburitic high alloyed cold work tool steel (X220CrVMo13-4) and NbC with an average size of 2 µm at different volume fractions have been considered as metal matrix and hard particles respectively. MMC coatings were deposited on austenitic stainless substrates and the coatings were subsequently densified by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) with and without encapsulation. Microstructural analysis of the as-sprayed and HIPed coatings were characterized by SEM and XRD methods. Results showed that the feedstock preparation involving fine NbC was an influencing factor on the coating deposition. A relatively homogeneous dispersion of fine NbC up to 30 vol.% in cold work tool steel matrix was possible using optimized HVOF spraying. Besides, HVOF spraying and its subsequent HIP treatment induced significant microstructural and phase changes in the MMC coatings. The study showed the potential of HVOF spraying for the development of steel based MMC coatings and its subsequent densification can be achieved by HIP process with and without encapsulation.     

新型Fe-Cr-Mo-V系热强耐蚀钢的热处理工艺

新型Fe-Cr-Mo-V系热强耐蚀钢是一种新开发的具有高硬度,红硬性和一定耐腐蚀性的特种钢材.通过对淬火和回火试样的微观组织观察和硬度测试,研究了该钢种的热处理工艺.结果表明,该钢种的最佳热处理工艺为1 120℃水淬,560℃回火2 h,经该工艺处理后材料的拉伸强度为1 607 MPa、冲击功为8.2J、断面收缩率为30.56%,伸长率为4.4%.     

Influence of Processing and Heat Treatment on Corrosion Resistance and Properties of High Alloyed Steel Coatings

Corrosion and abrasive wear are two important aspects to be considered in numerous engineering applications. Looking at steels, high-chromium high-carbon tool steels are proper and cost-efficient materials. They can either be put into service as bulk materials or used as comparatively thin coatings to protect lower alloyed construction or heat treatable steels from wear and corrosion. In this study, two different corrosion resistant tool steels were used for the production of coatings and bulk material. They were processed by thermal spraying and super solidus liquid phase sintering as both processes can generally be applied to produce coatings on low alloyed substrates. Thermally sprayed (high velocity oxygen fuel) coatings were investigated in the as-processed state, which is the most commonly used condition for technical applications, and after a quenching and tempering treatment. In comparison, sintered steels were analyzed in the quenched and tempered condition only. Significant influence of alloy chemistry, processing route, and heat treatment on tribological properties was found. Experimental investigations were supported by computational thermodynamics aiming at an improvement of tribological and corrosive resistance.     

二次调质离子渗氮工艺参数对35CrMo钢耐蚀性的影响

采用不同的回火温度、渗氮温度和N2与H2的比例,对35CrMo钢进行热处理,通过正交试验分析这些参数对渗氮层耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,最佳的耐蚀性热处理工艺为回火温度550℃、渗氮温度540℃、氮气与氢气流量比为1∶5。XRD分析表明白亮层组织以γ’相为主,并含一定量的α-Fe(N)和ε相,这种组织有很好的耐蚀性,且具有较小的的脆性。     

Entwicklung,Verarbeitung und Einsatz des stickstofflegierten,hochmolybdänhaltigen Stahles X 3 CrNiMoN 17 13 5

Development, processing and use of nitrogen alloyed high molybdenum steel X3CrNiMoN 17 13 5 Addition of 0,15% Ni to the steel X5-CrNiMo 17 13 delays the precipitation of intermetallic phases and chromium carbides. The nitrogen containing steel can be welded up to a plate thickness of 30 mm without precipitation; hot cracking has not been observed either. The weld metal corresponds to the base material with respect to ductility and corrosion resistance. It is resistant to pitting, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking, in particular in mixed acids. Successful applications include textile industry (bleaching equipment, heating equipment), shipbuilding (driving shafts, exhaust gas coolers, waste gas condenser tubing), water desalination equipment, nuclear industry (evaporator for radioactive waste water, processing of radioactive waste in fluoride containing nitric acid), chemical industry (pressure container material, heat exchangers for brackish water).     

深冷处理后回火温度对15Cr超级马氏体不锈钢组织及耐点蚀性能的影响

利用场发射扫描电镜、透射电镜以及电化学综合测试系统对15Cr超级马氏体不锈钢(SMSS)经不同热处理工艺处理后的显微组织变化和第二相碳化物及其对该钢腐蚀行为的影响进行了研究。结果表明,试验钢经不同热处理工艺处理后组织均由板条马氏体、奥氏体以及M₂₃C₆型碳化物颗粒组成,随着回火温度的增加,试验钢中逆变奥氏体含量增加,且在650 ℃回火时达到体积分数最大值41.41%。当回火温度高于600 ℃时第二相碳化物开始析出,且650 ℃回火后碳化物数量及尺寸较600 ℃增多。点蚀电位随着回火温度的增加而降低,第二相碳化物的析出降低了试验钢的点蚀电位,促进了亚稳点蚀位置的形成,从而降低了试验钢的耐腐蚀性能。     

含氮耐蚀模具钢TM420的组织与性能

对含氮耐蚀模具钢TM420不同热处理状态下的硬度、晶粒度、显微组织、力学性能以及耐点蚀性能进行了研究.结果表明:含氮耐蚀模具钢TM420退火后组织主要为铁素体+碳化物,一般不含δ铁素体;相比传统耐蚀模具钢,TM420钢具有更好的淬硬性,预硬态试样具有更好的强韧性和耐点蚀性能;TM420钢具有较宽的淬火及回火区间,且具有...     

Synthesis of γ-TiAl based alloy by mechanical alloying and reactive hot isostatic pressing

Elemental Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb powders were mechanically alloyed (MA) for 8 h and 45 h. The MA powders were then consolidated by reactive hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The microstructure of the HIPed materials consisted of equiaxed γ-TiAl and α₂-Ti₃Al phases. During the high-temperature annealing of the HIPed materials, the α₂-Ti₃-Al phase transformed into a lamellar structure consisting of alternating laths of α₂-Ti₃Al and γ-TiAl. It is suggested that a high content of interstitial elements together with the microalloying elements of niobium and/or chromium in MA powders raises α/(α + γ) transus to a higher temperature.     

简析海洋环境用HFW钢管的质量控制

主要介绍并分析了在海洋环境中高频直缝焊接钢管焊缝的耐腐蚀性能、抗断裂性能(CTOD)、质量稳定性及质量保障体系;提出了提高高频直缝焊接钢管焊缝的耐腐蚀性能和质量稳定性的措施及有待深入研究的方向。分析认为:采用更低S含量的钢卷,可减少沟槽腐蚀的产生;焊缝经淬火+回火热处理工艺后,其抗HIC腐蚀性能更好。     

热处理工艺对5Cr钢力学性能和耐蚀性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、拉伸及冲击试验机等仪器研究了不同热处理工艺对5Cr钢组织和力学性能的影响,利用高温高压反应釜模拟腐蚀过程,并结合电化学测试对比分析了热轧态和调质态钢的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:5Cr钢经淬火+回火处理后,组织中碳化物弥散析出,具有较高的强度和良好的塑、韧性。热轧态钢的腐蚀速率为0.188 mm/a,调质态钢为0.158 mm/a。调质态钢中作为阴极的碳化物(Fe₃C)少且均匀弥散分布,组织自腐蚀电位较高,腐蚀电流密度较低,电偶腐蚀程度较浅,耐腐蚀性能较好。     

回火温度对EH890海洋工程用钢耐蚀性能的影响

为探究回火温度对EH890海洋工程用钢耐蚀性能的影响,采用X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电镜分析了原始淬火态和不同回火温度下EH890钢的物相及微观组织,通过电化学试验研究了不同热处理状态下的腐蚀行为,并结合显微硬度、位错密度计算分析了回火温度对其腐蚀的影响规律。结果表明,EH890钢原始淬火态组织为板条贝氏体,少量粒状贝氏体及准多边形铁素体和薄膜状残留奥氏体,随着回火温度的提高,贝氏体板条不断粗化,铁素体与残留奥氏体分解转化,回火温度达到350 ℃时,贝氏体边界处开始析出弥散细小的碳化物及第二相。随回火温度的升高,试样钢的耐蚀性能呈现先上升后下降的趋势。一方面,回火处理降低了因淬火产生的高位错密度,减轻试样的腐蚀倾向;另一方面,随着回火温度的升高,弥散第二相不断从基体析出,与基体形成局部电偶作用,破坏钝化膜的完整性,降低钝化膜对基体的保护作用,降低腐蚀抗力。在两种因素的综合作用下,经350 ℃回火试样表面形成了更具保护性的钝化膜,表现出最佳的耐蚀性能。     

机械合金化及热压烧结制备Fe-Cr-Mn基超细晶奥氏体不锈钢研究

采用高能研磨诱导的机械合金化方法制备了Fe-Cr-Mn基不锈钢合金粉末;对机械合金化粉末分别进行了退火和热压烧结,分析了退火过程中的相变规律,并对热压烧结获得的奥氏体不锈钢进行了组织和耐蚀性能研究.结果表明:机械合金化获得的不锈钢合金粉由亚稳态的纳米晶铁素体构成;退火/热压烧结处理后,铁素体逐渐转变为热力学上更加稳定的...     

Formation of Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni Nanocrystalline Alloy with Excellent Corrosion Resistance: Phase Transition and Microstructure

In this paper, microstructure characteristics and phase transitions of Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni nanocrystalline alloy are comprehensively studied during the mechanical alloying and hot pressing sintering processes. Corrosion resistance of the sintered Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni nanocrystalline alloy samples is further analyzed. During the mechanical alloying process, Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni nanocrystalline alloy powders mainly composed of metastable ferrite phase are obtained after mechanical alloying for 8, 16 and 24 h, respectively. In the subsequent hot pressing sintering process, the phase transitions(from ferrite to austenite) occur from 650 to 750 °C for Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni alloy powders milled for 24 h. When the sintering temperature is raised to 1050 °C for 1 h, the ferrite phase has transformed into austenite phase completely, and the obtained grain size of sintered Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni alloy is around 40 nm. Electrochemistry test of the sintered Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni alloy has been operated in 0.5 mol L~(-1) H_2SO_4 solution to show the corrosion resistance properties. Results show that the sintered Fe-19 wt%Cr-9 wt%Ni alloy exhibits excellent corrosion resistance, which is proved by higher self-corrosion potential, lower self-corrosion current density and larger capacitive reactance, compared with that of commercial 304 stainless steel.     

平整液对冷轧钢板表面耐蚀性能的影响

通过采用电化学方法、开尔文探头测试技术、红外光谱法、工业大气挂片等试验方法对无机平整液A与有机型平整液B两种不同类平整液对冷轧钢板表面耐蚀性能的影响进行了对比研究.结果表明:无机平整液在冷轧钢板表面的成膜速度及其耐蚀性能优于有机平整液;然而无机平整液与后道工序所用防锈油的兼容性能不如有机平整液.     

热处理工艺对新型系泊链钢组织与耐蚀性能的影响

采用920℃水冷淬火后再经560～650℃保温3 h的回火工艺,研究了不同回火工艺对新型系泊链钢组织、耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,该新型系泊链钢随回火温度从560℃升高到650℃,碳化物析出类型由低温的M3C型向高温的M7C3和M23C6型转变;形态由低温细小棒状和片状逐渐向高温颗粒较大椭圆状和球状转变;耐蚀性能逐渐变好,应力腐蚀敏感性也逐渐减小。耐蚀性能的变化主要是由回火组织中相界、晶界及碳化物的数量和形态的变化所引起的。     

40Cr钢激光表面加Ni60B合金化及其磨蚀性能研究

     对40Cr钢进行了表面加Ni60B粉末激光合金化处理.金相、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析,硬度测试和磨损与盐雾腐蚀实验的结果表明：合金化层的结构为熔化区、过渡区及热影响区;熔化区显微组织为胞状一树枝状晶,热影响区为极细的隐晶马氏体;激光合金化处理后的试样产生了新相Cr₂₃C₆和Cr₃C2,显微硬度Hk可达到8.6 GPa,比基体提高了近3倍;耐磨性与耐蚀性都比基体有明显提高.