Residual strength at −40 °C of a precracked cold‐formed rectangular hollow section made of ultra‐high‐strength steel – an engineering approach

This study investigated the residual strength of a precracked cold‐formed rectangular hollow section made of novel ultra‐high‐strength steel. The primary goal was to experimentally discover the residual strength of the structure when used in low temperature service conditions. The secondary goal was to predict the residual strength by using a J‐integral approach with nonlinear finite element calculations and to compare these predictions with measured results. The experimental tests were carried out with a beam in four‐point bending loading. The test specimens were taken from a cold‐formed rectangular hollow section fabricated from direct quenched (untempered) ultra‐high‐strength steel S960 QC omitting the annealing in the fabrication process. The tests for final failure were carried out at ?40 °C, with the exception of the first pilot test. There were two kinds of tests: (1) the beam was cyclically loaded until the final fracture or the fatigue precrack was first introduced and (2) the specimen was then subjected to a quasistatic bending loading condition until it failed. The new experimental results matched well with our predictions, and both confirmed the high toughness of ultra‐high‐strength steel in beam construction studied, even at a low ambient temperature.     

Oxide Fiber Reinforced Glass: a Challenge to New Composites

The brittle nature and low fracture resistance of glass and ceramic materials limit their use in engineering applications. To achieve a tougher glass material, oxide fiber reinforced glass composites were synthesized by slurry infiltration and hot‐pressing. Significant increases in bending strength and work‐of‐fracture have been noticed for fiber reinforced glass matrix composites with carbon coated fibers. These effects are related to the low bonding between fiber and matrix, caused by the fiber coating.     

Experimental and numerical study on effect of forming process on low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of high‐strength steel

Application of high‐strength steel on different structural components is becoming more attractive. In spite of their great advantages of high yield strength, the use of these steel grades faces some important challenges as well. There are many formed steel components of different structures that are subjected to fatigue loading conditions. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of pre‐bending process of high‐strength steel subjected to low‐cycle fatigue loading conditions. For this purpose, a new test set‐up has been designed to take into consideration the effect of pre‐bending process when the fatigue load is applied. To detect fatigue crack initiation onset, lock‐in thermography technique is used to monitor the incremental temperature variation during fatigue cycling. Furthermore, to estimate fatigue lifetime of the formed fatigue sample, continuum damage mechanics approach is applied by means of numerical modelling.     

Ein einfacher Festigkeitsversuch für Scheiben aus spröden Werkstoffen

A simple strength test for brittle discs The Ball‐on‐three‐balls test (B3B) is a simple method for strength tests of brittle discs. A disc shaped sample is supported on three points at the top surface and centrally loaded from the opposite site. Both the support and the application of load is realised with spherical parts. This test assembly shows a threefold symmetry. In this work the B3B test assembly is used for tests on samples made of alumina. The size of the samples, the ratio of disc thickness to disc diameter and the support situation is varied systematically. It was possible to confirm the numerical results for the maximum stress in the disc with fracture experiments. Therefore the Weibull behaviour of the ceramic has to be taken into account. Advantages of the ball‐on‐three‐balls test are especially the great tolerance for small deviations of the real from an idealised geometry, the ability to test slightly bended discs, i.e. as sintered samples, the small influence of frictional effects and the great potential for testing very small samples. A disadvantage is the more complicated test evaluation compared to the common bending test.     

Bond behaviour of a textile‐reinforced mortar for AAC masonry

The bond behaviour of a textile reinforced mortar (TRM) applied to autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry has been evaluated experimentally. The TRM is composed of a glass‐fibre mesh combined with a cementitious mortar and is intended to strengthen AAC masonry walls subjected to out‐of‐plane bending during an earthquake. The main components have been characterized with preliminary tests. Then, pull‐off and shear bond tests have been performed to determine the bonding properties of the TRM applied to the AAC substrate. Three types of AAC blocks have been used, which differ in the bulk density and compressive strength, to evaluate possible variation in the bond strength. The results of the experimental campaign have shown a good performance of the strengthening system. In most cases, the bonding between TRM and masonry was maintained up to tensile failure of the dry textile. As expected, the masonry samples realized using AAC blocks with a higher bulk density showed better performances. The paper presents and discusses main test results, providing background data for future recommendations for the use of the analysed strengthening system in AAC masonry structures.     

Junction‐Free Electrospun Ag Fiber Electrodes for Flexible Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Fabrication of junction‐free Ag fiber electrodes for flexible organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) is demonstrated. The junction‐free Ag fiber electrodes are fabricated by electrospun polymer fibers used as an etch mask and wet etching of Ag thin film. This process facilitates surface roughness control, which is important in transparent electrodes based on metal wires to prevent electrical instability of the OLEDs. The transmittance and resistance of Ag fiber electrodes can be independently adjusted by controlling spinning time and Ag deposition thickness. The Ag fiber electrode shows a transmittance of 91.8% (at 550 nm) at a sheet resistance of 22.3 Ω □^?1, leading to the highest OLED efficiency. In addition, Ag fiber electrodes exhibit excellent mechanical durability, as shown by measuring the change in resistance under repeatable mechanical bending and various bending radii. The OLEDs with Ag fiber electrodes on a flexible substrate are successfully fabricated, and the OLEDs show an enhancement of EQE (≈19%) compared to commercial indium tin oxide electrodes.     

对位芳纶/尼龙66的加工工艺对其力学性能的影响研究

由不同的加工工艺来研究对位芳纶/尼龙66(PPTA/PA66)复合材料的力学性能,结果表明:①随着PPTA纤维含量的增多,使用黏度较大的PA66基体进行复合时,PPTA/PA66复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度都随之变大;对于冲击强度来说,PPTA纤维的加入,增加了其脆性,造成PPTA/PA66复合材料冲击强度不如原基体的冲击强度;②PPTA纤维含量在5%的情况下,当挤出机转速达到300r/min时材料的拉伸强度、冲击强度和弯曲强度出现极大值,此时的混合效果最理想;③较高的挤出温度有助于提高复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度,对于冲击强度来说,PPTA/PA66复合材料冲击强度同样不如原基体的冲击强度;④PPTA纤维的长径比集中在65左右,芳纶纤维起到了增强效果。     

水灰比对PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料性能和显微结构的影响

对3种不同水灰比(0.2,0.4,0.65)形成的聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维增强水泥基材料,通过三点弯曲试验,结合表观裂缝形状和裂缝处PVA纤维形态,研究了水灰比对材料弯曲性能的影响;通过对断裂面处纤维表面、纤维嵌入端和纤维拉断或拔出端的SEM影像分析,从微观层面研究了水灰比对PVA纤维-基体界面显微结构的影响。弯曲试验结果表明:随着水灰比增加,跨中部位裂缝数量明显增加,裂缝处拔出的纤维数量增多而拉断的数量减少,材料的弯曲韧度和开裂强度到弯曲强度的增强幅度提高。界面显微结构表明:随着水灰比增加,基体结构由致密变疏松,界面粘结力减弱,桥接裂缝的PVA纤维状态由瞬间猝断转变为滑动拔出且表面有轻微刮削,纤维对材料增强增韧的效率显著提高。     

Ermüdungsverhalten und Dauerfestigkeit von Graphit und Aluminium – infiltriertem Graphit

Fatigue behaviour and endurance limit of graphite and of aluminium‐infiltrated graphite Fatigue properties of polycrystalline, isotropic graphite FU2590 and of FU2590 infiltrated with AlSi7Mg (FU2590/AlSi7Mg) were investigated in reversed bending tests at 25 Hz at numbers of cycles below 10⁷ and in tension‐compression tests at 20 kHz below 10⁹ cycles. The open porosity of Graphite (10‐11 Vol.‐%) was infiltrated with the aluminium alloy using the squeeze casting infiltration method, which led to an increase of the bending strength by 50 %, increase of tensile strength by 30 % and increase of stiffness by 15 %. Fully reversed tension‐compression loading of FU2590 delivers a mean endurance limit at 10⁹ cycles at the normalized maximum stresses (i.e. maximum tension stress of a cycle divided by the static strength) of 0,65±0,03. Mean numbers of cycles to failure of 10⁴ were found in fully reversed bending tests at the normalized maximum stress of 0,78. The infiltrated material shows approximately 30 % higher cyclic strength in reversed bending tests, and the mean endurance limit under tension compression loading increases by 15 %. The increased endurance limit of the infiltrated material is caused by the increased stiffness. The increased toughness of graphite due to the infiltration with aluminium is of additional beneficial influence at the higher cyclic stresses investigated in reversed bending tests and in static tests.     

Microstructure and elevated temperature mechanical properties of Al–8Fe–4RE alloy fabricated by spray forming

Al–8Fe–4Ce alloy is currently manufactured by consolidating the atomized powders. With the aim to reduce the cost, spray forming process was applied in manufacturing with misch metal as raw materials. Spray forming (SF) as well as casting were employed to prepare Al–8Fe–4RE alloy, followed by hot‐press to compact the samples. The mechanical properties of SFed and cast Al–8Fe–4RE alloys are characterized at a temperature of 350 °C. The results show that the Al₃Fe phases contained in SF alloy is comparatively refined, forming needle‐shaped phases embedded in the Al matrix, and the SF alloy also showed lower degree of preferred orientation in (111) plane. Although both factors might explain the superior performance of the SF sample, the fracture appearance after tensile test at 350 °C shows that the contribution from crystallographic feature might be predominant. Spray forming is proved to be a very promising technique for manufacture of Al–Fe–Ce alloys of high strength at an elevated temperature.     

Interface Engineering of Carbon‐Fiber Reinforced Mg–Al Alloys

Metal matrix composites of the system C‐fiber/Mg‐matrix enable the outstanding combination of the high strength and elastic modulus of carbon fibers and the low density of both the carbon fiber and the magnesium matrix in structural metallic materials. However, the efficiency of the fiber reinforcement depends mainly on the characteristics of the fiber/matrix interlayers. Optimized materials can be achieved only by an appropriate interface design. The interfacial bonding can be adjusted by modifications of both the matrix composition and the fiber surface. Two strategies are reviewed in this paper: Firstly, to control the fiber/matrix reactivity by appropriate chemical and structural properties of the partners. Secondly, to coat the carbon fibers with a suitable material prior to the composite fabrication.     

Artgleiche und artverschiedene reibrührgeschweißte Verbindungen aus AA2124+25 % SiC und AA2024

Similar and dissimilar friction stir welded joints made from AA2124+25 % SiC and AA2024 An aluminium matrix composite (AMC) consisting of an AA2124 matrix reinforced by 25 vol.% SiC particles was used to produce similar AMC+AMC and dissimilar AMC+2024‐T3 joints by friction stir welding. When the particle reinforced composite was located on the retreating side, material mixing was less intense for dissimilar joints. Nevertheless, a higher strength has been determined for this arrangement due to a hook‐like interlocking of both materials. Tensile test and S‐N fatigue behaviour is shown to be compromised by alignment of the reinforcement particles perpendicular to loading direction already in the particle reinforced base material. Welding residual stresses were determined through the cut‐compliance method in terms of stress intensities acting at the crack tip. The underlying residual stress distribution in the un‐cracked structure was calculated by the weight function method. Longitudinal tensile residual stresses were found to be higher in the monolithic material as compared to the particle reinforced composite. This held true both for similar and within dissimilar joints. Growth behaviour of cracks crossing the joint line was described and correlated with residual stresses for similar joints.     

Distortion‐immune nine‐node displacement‐based quadrilateral thick plate finite elements that satisfy constant‐bending patch test

We employ the linked interpolation concept to develop two higher‐order nine‐node quadrilateral plate finite elements with curved sides that pass the constant bending patch test for arbitrary node positions. The linked interpolation for the plate displacements is expanded with three bubble parameters to get polynomial completeness necessary to satisfy the patch test. In contrast to some other techniques, the elements developed in this way retain a symmetric stiffness matrix at a marginal computational expense at the element level. The new elements generated using this concept are tested on several examples with curved sides or some other kind of geometric distortion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Corotational non‐linear analysis of thin plates and shells using a new shell element

A new three‐node triangular shell element is developed by combining the optimal membrane element and discrete Kirchhoff triangle (DKT) plate bending element, and is modified for laminated composite plates and shells so as to include the membrane‐bending coupling effect. Using appropriate shape functions for the bending and membrane modes of the element, the ‘inconsistent’ stress stiffness matrix is formulated and the tangent stiffness matrix is determined. Non‐linear analysis of thin‐walled structures with geometric non‐linearity is conducted using the corotational method. The new element is thoroughly tested by solving few popular benchmark problems. The results of the analysis are compared with those obtained using existing membrane elements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于生物矿化机理的自愈合混凝土制备与表征

研究旨在利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀机理,研制新型细菌自愈合混凝土.在高pH条件下培养,筛选出一组与枯草芽孢杆菌相关的产芽孢杆菌.将筛选得到的耐碱枯草芽孢杆菌M9进行生物矿化沉淀测试,X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM),结果表明沉淀矿物为呈方解石形态的碳酸钙.以枯草芽孢杆菌M9为修复剂,掺入聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维制备...     

WHIPOX®: Ein faserverstärkter oxidkeramischer Werkstoff für Hochtemperatur– Langzeitanwendungen

WHIPOX®: A fiber‐reinforced oxide‐ceramic matrix composite for long‐term high‐temperature applications In the last years the all oxide fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composite WHIPOX® ( W ound Hi ghly P orous Ox ide CMC) have been developed to fabricate mature components. Besides the applications in the field of aircraft and space technology, which are developed in interdisciplinary projects at DLR, the material was successfully tested for “spin‐off” applications. The specific and unique combination of physical and mechanical properties enables new and innovative solutions for problems with materials in industrial furnaces, metallurgical equipments, filter technologies, fire prevention, catalytic converters, soot filters, electro technology and medical applications. High speed burner injectors for industrial furnaces are produced in licence by an industrial ceramic manufacturer.     

A stochastic second‐order and two‐scale thermo‐mechanical model for strength prediction of concrete materials

A stochastic thermo‐mechanical model for strength prediction of concrete is developed, based on the two‐scale asymptotic expressions, which involves both the macroscale and the mesoscale of concrete materials. The mesoscale of concrete is characterized by a periodic layout of unit cells of matrix‐aggregate composite materials, consisting of randomly distributed aggregate grains and cement matrix. The stochastic second‐order and two‐scale computational formulae are proposed in detail, and the maximum normal stress is assumed as the strength criterion for the aggregates, and the cement paste, in view of their brittle characteristics. Numerical results for the strength of concrete obtained from the proposed model are compared with those from known experiments. The comparison shows that the proposed method is validated for strength prediction of concrete. The proposed thermo‐mechanical model is also employed to investigate the influence of different volume fraction of the aggregates on the strength of concrete. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Super‐Strong,Super‐Stiff Macrofibers with Aligned,Long Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers

With their impressive properties such as remarkable unit tensile strength, modulus, and resistance to heat, flame, and chemical agents that normally degrade conventional macrofibers, high‐performance macrofibers are now widely used in various fields including aerospace, biomedical, civil engineering, construction, protective apparel, geotextile, and electronic areas. Those macrofibers with a diameter of tens to hundreds of micrometers are typically derived from polymers, gel spun fibers, modified carbon fibers, carbon‐nanotube fibers, ceramic fibers, and synthetic vitreous fibers. Cellulose nanofibers are promising building blocks for future high‐performance biomaterials and textiles due to their high ultimate strength and stiffness resulting from a highly ordered orientation along the fiber axis. For the first time, an effective fabrication method is successfully applied for high‐performance macrofibers involving a wet‐drawing and wet‐twisting process of ultralong bacterial cellulose nanofibers. The resulting bacterial cellulose macrofibers yield record high tensile strength (826 MPa) and Young's modulus (65.7 GPa) owing to the large length and the alignment of nanofibers along fiber axis. When normalized by weight, the specific tensile strength of the macrofiber is as high as 598 MPa g^?1 cm³, which is even substantially stronger than the novel lightweight steel (227 MPa g^?1 cm³).     

Investigation the effect of crystal orientation of nickel‐based single crystal superalloys on bending creep tests

The relationship between the three points bending creep test and the uni‐axial creep test on the single crystal superalloy was investigated by using crystal plasticity slip theory with a three‐dimensional (3D) finite element model. The purpose of the present work is to build the relationship between bending creep and conventional uni‐axial tensile creep in determining crystallographic creep parameters for face centered cubic (FCC) nickel‐based single crystal superalloys. To this aim, the bending creep performed on [001]‐, [011]‐, and [111]‐oriented nickel‐based single crystal superalloys were respectively investigated, and the data was compared with those obtained with uni‐axial tensile creep counterparts. It shows that the determination of crystallographic creep stress exponent is independent of crystallographic orientations, and the results agree reasonably well between bending creep test and uni‐axial tensile creep test. The findings may shed some light on understanding of the crystal structures and its time‐dependent deformation mechanisms with the bending creep method.     

Kerbspannungen sind Biegespannungen – was sind gute und böse Kerben?

Notch stresses are bending stresses – what are good and bad notches? The origin of a stress concentration in an engineering component can be explained by the imagination of superimposed bending stress. The curved surface of a notch can also be seen as the concave side of a heavily curved beam under bending. The nonlinear stress distribution of the beam under bending superimposes with the nominal stress and causes the stress concentration. In order to avoid such stress concentrations the increase of stress along the notch contour has to compensate with the decrease of the nominal stress. A multi‐linearized model demonstrates the interaction between the flow of stresses and the increase of the cross‐section of the component.