Instron measurement of sponge cake firmness: Effect of additives and storage conditions

Instron measurement and sensory analysis of sponge cake texture was performed under various conditions. The samples were compared on the basis of their storage in modified atmosphere (CO₂/N₂, 50:50 v) or not, at + 4°C or + 20°C, as whole cakes or slices of cake, and with or without additives (soya bean protein or sodium alginate). It was found that the best conditions for preservation of a soft texture in a whole cake are obtained in a modified atmosphere at +4°C when 10 g kg^?1 soya bean protein is included in the sponge cake formulation.     

Quality and antioxidant property of green tea sponge cake

Green tea powder was used to substitute 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of wheat flour to make sponge cakes, called the control, GT10, GT20, and GT30, respectively. The viscosity and specific gravity in cake batter, and hardness, gumminess, chewiness, crumb a value, protein, total dietary fibre, ash, and various catechin content of baked cakes increased with increasing green tea levels whereas the volume, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, springiness, resilience, crust L, a, b and crumb L, b values of samples showed a reverse trend. No differences were found in all hedonic sensory results for control, GT10, and GT20 whereas GT30 were rated lower in all sensory results. Green tea cake contained a greater variety of catechins, and had good antioxidant activity, reducing power, scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals and chelating ability on ferrous ions. Overall, green tea cake could be developed as a food with more effective antioxidant properties.     

海藻酸钠对海绵蛋糕品质的影响

主要研究了添加不同比例(0.1%、0.15%、0.2%、0.25%和0.3%)的海藻酸钠对蛋糕品质的影响。研究结果表明,海藻酸钠的引入能减小蛋糕面糊比重,增大蛋糕的比容;添加海藻酸钠后,蛋糕硬度变小,弹性和回复性增大,咀嚼性下降,对蛋糕品质有较好的改良效果。在长期放置过程中添加海藻酸钠后蛋糕的硬度增加速率显著降低,表明添加海藻酸钠有较好的抗老化效果,可延长蛋糕的货架期。     

变性淀粉对海绵蛋糕品质影响

研究预糊化乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯、预糊化玉米淀粉和预糊化羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯对蛋糕比容、水分活度和组织结构等方面影响。结果表明:添加0.20%预糊化乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯可增大蛋糕体积;添加0.40%~0.80%预糊化玉米淀粉对降低蛋糕水分活度效果明显;添加0.20%预糊化羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯对延缓蛋糕老化效果最为显著。     

亚麻籽饼粕粉对面团流变学特性以及饼干品质的影响

本文将亚麻籽饼粕粉以0%～40%的比例取代低筋小麦粉,研究亚麻籽饼粕-小麦混合粉的粉质特性、糊化特性以及面团的动态流变学特性、质构特性,同时研究亚麻籽饼粕粉添加量对饼干延展比、颜色、质构及感官品质的影响,结果表明,随着亚麻籽饼粕粉含量增加,面团的吸水率从56.8%增加到80%、形成时间从1.1 min增加到13.5 min、稳定时间增加约1倍,弱化度从89降低到5,粉质质量指数增加约4.2倍,硬度从297.9增加到1438.8,同时饼干的脆性略有下降,颜色变暗。亚麻籽饼粕粉含量超过30%后,可以抑制淀粉的短期回生。添加20%及以下含量亚麻籽饼粕粉的饼干总体可接受度高、风味好、质构佳。     

蛋糕中复合乳化剂的研制

确定了乳化海绵蛋糕生产的最佳工艺条件,用正交试验探讨由分子蒸馏单甘酯、蔗糖脂肪酸酯、司盘－60、山梨醇液复合的蛋糕乳化剂对打擦度、蛋糕体积得率、浆料比重与蛋糕品质的影响。     

紫马铃薯全粉对马芬蛋糕质构性能和感官品质的影响

研究了紫马铃薯全粉添加对马芬蛋糕烘焙损失率、色差、质构性能及感官的影响。结果表明,不同比例混合粉的水溶性及持水性有显著差异(p<0.05),马芬蛋糕的烘焙损失率在紫马铃薯全粉添加量小于70%时差异不显著(p>0.05),但是当紫马铃薯全粉添加量为90%时,烘焙损失率差异显著(p<0.05)。马芬蛋糕的亮度随着紫马铃薯全粉含量增加而显著降低(p<0.05)。马芬蛋糕的硬度随着紫马铃薯全粉添加量增加而显著增加(p<0.05),在紫马铃薯全粉含量在10%~30%时,其他质构指标变化差异不显著(p>0.05);紫马铃薯全粉添加量为10%和30%获得最高分。综上分析,适宜的紫马铃薯全粉添加量为30%。      

Effect of high pressure processing on batters and cakes properties

High-pressure processing (HPP) is a novel non-thermal method that has shown great potential for reducing microbial loads, at temperatures below sterilization conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate microbial, physical and structural changes in highly pressured batters and their layer cakes as a function of pressure level (300–600 MPa) and holding time (3–6 min). Characteristics of the batter (microflora, density, microstructure, and rheological properties) and cakes (specific volume, weight loss, color, and texture) were analyzed. HPP decreased molds and yeast and aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts, especially at highest pressures, and increased the density, G′, and G″ of batters. Cakes from HP treated batters presented a lower volume, darker crust, and harder texture than cakes from untreated batters. Increased values for the specific volume were obtained when the pressure was raised. Further studies are required to minimize its negative effects on the quality of the cakes.Industrial relevanceIn view of the increasing interest in home-made baking products, food industry has developed new commercially prepared batter products, which also present the disadvantage of a short shelf life even in cool conditions. High pressure processing (HPP) reduced microbial populations of batters, at temperatures below sterilization conditions. In this study, changes in the internal structure and the physical properties of batters and their consequences in the characteristics of cakes were also studied. These results showed negative effects of HPP in some batters constituents, so further studies are required to investigate possible changes in formulation, which reduce these effects.     

Effects of polyols and nondigestible oligosaccharides on the quality of sugar-free sponge cakes

Interest in nutrition is driving consumer demands for less fat, sugar, and calories. In most foods, however, the removal or reduction of ingredients causes readily detectable losses in appearance, texture and mouthfeel. In this work seven bulking agents (maltitol, mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol, isomaltose, oligofructose and polydextrose) were used to totally replace sucrose in sponge cakes. The effect of this substitution on cake quality was determined by measuring texture, colour and volume after baking under controlled conditions. These parameters were established instrumentally and by sensory evaluation. Best results were obtained with xylitol and maltitol, leading to sponge cakes more similar to the control one – manufactured with sucrose – and with the highest acceptance level in sensory evaluations. Lower quality sponge cakes were those elaborated with mannitol.     

Effect of batter freezing conditions and resting time on cake quality

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of batter freezing and conditions and resting time before baking on quality of two kinds of cakes (layer and sponge cakes), including freezing temperature (−18 °C, −26 °C), storage time at sub-zero temperatures (30 and 100 days), and resting time (60 and 120 min). Characteristics of the batter (pH, density, viscosity, and microstructure) and cakes (density, texture, and colour) were analysed. Freezing process increases batter density and viscosity, and consequently decreases cake volume and height, but increases hardness. Cakes from frozen batters have a darker and more yellow crumb and lighter-coloured crust than cakes from non-frozen batters. Freezing process has a greater effect on batter and cake quality characteristics than storage/freezing conditions or resting time. In layer cakes, freezing mainly affected volume and colour, whilst in sponge cakes, there was a more marked effect on texture. Differences between the two kinds of cake could be related to a distinct internal structure. Resting time mainly affected batter characteristics, although there were no apparent differences in the quality of the cakes obtained.     

Effect of the particle size of pear pomace on the quality of enriched layer and sponge cakes

Pear pomace (PP) is a by-product of the fruit industry with a high content of fibre. Its potential as an ingredient at 15% or 30% level for sponge and layer cakes was investigated. Three PP powders with different particle sizes (fine, medium and coarse) were obtained. Batter microstructure, density and viscosity and cake specific volume, texture and colour were evaluated. When PP was added, less uniformity in bubble distribution was observed in batters, particularly at higher particle sizes. Cake specific volume significantly diminished with increasing amounts of PP. For sponge cakes, the decrease in specific volume was the highest for the finest particle size of PP. In general, increasing PP addition increased hardness and reduced elasticity, cohesiveness and resilience but the effect depended on the particle size. In general, better textural attributes were obtained with medium and coarse particle sizes. These results indicate that PP of an adequate particle size could be a promising fibre source for different cake formulations.     

Optimization of a sponge cake formulation with inulin as fat replacer: structure, physicochemical, and sensory properties

The effects of several fat replacement levels (0%, 35%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) by inulin in sponge cake microstructure and physicochemical properties were studied. Oil substitution for inulin decreased significantly (P < 0.05) batter viscosity, giving heterogeneous bubbles size distributions as it was observed by light microscopy. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy the fat was observed to be located at the bubbles' interface, enabling an optimum crumb cake structure development during baking. Cryo-SEM micrographs of cake crumbs showed a continuous matrix with embedded starch granules and coated with oil; when fat replacement levels increased, starch granules appeared as detached structures. Cakes with fat replacement up to 70% had a high crumb air cell values; they were softer and rated as acceptable by an untrained sensory panel (n = 51). So, the reformulation of a standard sponge cake recipe to obtain a new product with additional health benefits and accepted by consumers is achieved. Practical Application: In this study, fat is replaced by inulin in cakes, which is a fiber mainly obtained from chicory roots. Sponge cake formulations with reductions in fat content up to 70% are achieved. These high-quality products can be labeled as "reduced in fat" according to U.S. FDA (2009) and EU regulations (European-Union 2006).     

Effect of wheat flour characteristics on sponge cake quality

BACKGROUND: To select the flour parameters that relate strongly to cake‐making performance, in this study the relationship between sponge cake quality, solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile and flour physicochemical characteristics was investigated using 38 soft wheat samples of different origins. Particle size average, protein, damaged starch, water‐soluble pentosans, total pentosans, SRC and pasting properties were analysed. Sponge cake volume and crumb texture were measured to evaluate cake quality. Cluster analysis was applied to assess differences in flour quality parameters among wheat lines based on the SRC profile. RESULTS: Cluster 1 showed significantly higher sponge cake volume and crumb softness, finer particle size and lower SRC sucrose, SRC carbonate, SRC water, damaged starch and protein content. Particle size, damaged starch, protein, thickening capacity and SRC parameters correlated negatively with sponge cake volume, while total pentosans and pasting temperature showed the opposite effect. CONCLUSION: The negative correlations between cake volume and SRC parameters along with the cluster analysis results indicated that flours with smaller particle size, lower absorption capacity and higher pasting temperature had better cake‐making performance. Some simple analyses, such as SRC, particle size distribution and pasting properties, may help to choose flours suitable for cake making. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of protein from different sources on the characteristics of sponge cakes,rice cakes (apam), doughnuts and frying batters

Sponge cakes containing total substitution of whole egg with egg yolk had the largest volume, best texture, highest moisture, colour and flavour compared with all other cakes. Cakes made with total substitution of other proteins had smaller volumes than the control, while those made with egg white had the lowest moisture. Cakes made with whey powder had the tenderest texture. Doughnuts made with protein other than gluten had reduced oil absorption compared with the control. Doughnuts containing whey or skimmed milk had the most desirable flavour; this may be attributed to the presence of lactose. Gluten doughnuts were most disliked because of their hard texture and pale colour. Doughnuts made with total substitution of whole egg with egg white had good texture and low oil absorption. Skimmed milk powder was best for the expansion and texture of chemically leavened rice cakes (apam), while egg white produced the best expansion for yeast-leavened rice cakes, compared with the other proteins studied. The protein that produced the most desirable textures in yeast-leavened rice cakes in order of merit were skimmed milk powder, egg white and egg yolk. Whey, skimmed milk powder and gluten helped improve the crispiness of frying batters. Ovalbumin did not affect the crispiness but significantly reduced the oil absorption of the frying batters. Addition of proteins other than whey and ovalbumin, increased the oil absorption of frying batters.     

Effect of virgin coconut oil cake on physical,textural, microbial and sensory attributes of muffins

A study was carried out to develop muffins by substituting refined wheat flour (RWF) with virgin coconut oil (VCO) cake (0–50 g/100 g flour blend). Progressive replacement of RWF with VCO cake resulted in significant (P < 0.05) decrease in peak viscosity of flour blends (from 2527.75 cP in the control to 389.5 cP in 50 g VCO cake/100 g flour blend) and the muffins height (from 34.26 mm in the control to 26.88 mm in 50 g VCO cake/100 g flour blend). Significant colour change was observed in the crust and crumb regions. Free fatty acid and microbial analysis revealed that the quality of muffin samples was unaffected by the addition of VCO cake during 16‐day storage at both refrigerated (4 ± 2 °C) and ambient temperature (35 ± 2 °C). Incorporation of 40 g VCO cake/100 g flour blend significantly (P < 0.05) increased the overall acceptability of the muffins (with a maximum score of 8.5). Muffins with 40 g VCO cake/100 g flour blend were enriched with protein (8.49 g/100 g), fat (18.46 g/100 g), crude fibre (1.14 g/100 g) and minerals (1.15 g/100 g).     

Effect of maltodextrin and emulsifiers on the viscosity of cake batter and on the quality of cakes

The effect of fat replacement by maltodextrin on cake batter viscosity and the quality of the resultant cakes was studied. The viscosity of batter was reduced significantly when fat was replaced with equal quantities of maltodextrin. Cakes prepared from this batter had low volume and firmer texture. Relatively better cakes were obtained when lower quantities of maltodextrin were used in the formulation. Viscosity of the above cake batter was relatively higher. A relationship between batter viscosity and cake volume was observed. Further improvement in cake volume could be achieved using emulsifiers. In the presence of glycerol monostearate little improvement in cake batter was observed, but the resultant cake volume was improved. However, sodium steroyl lactylate, which improved the batter viscosity, did not improve the cake volume or texture. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Rheological properties of angel food cake made with pH unfolded and refolded egg albumen

Angel food cake was made using egg albumen subjected to the pH-induced unfolded and refolded treatment. The effect of treatment on the rheological properties of angel food cake was investigated. Egg albumen solutions were prepared and pH was adjusted to 1.5, 4.5, 8.5 or 12.5 and then held 60 min to unfold the proteins. After holding, the solutions were readjusted to pH 4.5 or 8.5, and held for 45 min to partially refold the proteins. Egg white foam with sucrose was whipped and flour and the rest of sucrose were folded into the foam. The foam batter was heated in a TA Instrument AR 2000 controlled stress rheometer equipped in a parallel geometry. Samples were heated from 21 °C to 150 °C at a rate of 8.5 °C per min and then cooled down to 21 °C to bake the angel food cake. At 21 °C, oscillatory stress sweep was performed. There was no relationship between the G′ value of angel cake batter and its G′ value at 150 °C. Changes in rheological properties of batters and angel food cakes using different combinations of ingredients were studied. The pH unfolding and refolding procedure led to more rigid final products compared to the controls with egg albumen samples not subjected to pH treatment. Adding sucrose to the flour increased the starch gelation temperature up to 82 °C. Higher protein concentrations resulted in better foams in the cake batter, but the batter made with an intermediate protein concentration produced the most rigid angel food cake. Adding egg albumin did not change gelation temperature of the starch. It appears that incorporation of flour with the egg white foam, leads to about a ten times decrease in the strength of the foam, and a decrease in the gelatinization process of starch after adding sugar, are crucial in forming of an angel food cake texture.     

含丙二醇酯低脂蛋糕的流变学、气泡微结构和烘焙特性研究

文章探究了新型丙二醇酯对低脂蛋糕的面糊密度、黏度、流变、微观结构以及蛋糕烘焙特性的影响。结果表明:丙二醇酯能增加油脂的表面张力,通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究表明丙二醇酯促进其转化为α晶型,有助于保护面糊小气泡不受到油脂消泡的影响,最优组气泡数增加了1.87倍。丙二醇酯能显著提高低脂蛋糕比容、降低硬度,从而改善了低脂蛋糕的品质特性。     

Effect of drumstick leaves powder on the rheological,micro-structural and physico-functional properties of sponge cake and batter

Drumstick leaves powder (DLP) sponge cakes were prepared by replacing 0, 2, 5 and 10% of wheat flour with DLP to evaluate its effect on rheological, micro-structural and physico-functional properties of sponge cake. Batter viscosity and specific gravity increased with increase in DLP. Depending upon the replacement level, water absorption, dough development time and mixing tolerance index increased whereas, dough stability decreased. No significant difference was observed in moisture, fat and carbohydrate content, sponge weight and water activity of the sponge cake, but, significant decrease was observed in volume with increasing DLP. Also, there was significant increase in protein, crude fiber, ash, calcium, iron and β-carotene content with increase in replacement level. The hardness of sponge cake increased with increasing the replacement level. DLP incorporation significantly affected color of crust and crumb. SEM image analysis revealed that uniformity in structure was disrupted with increase in replacement level. DLP sponge cake with 2% replacement level had highest overall acceptability.