Effects of withering on the main physical properties of withered tea leaves and the sensory quality of congou black tea

To explore the relationship between the moisture content of withered tea leaves and their physical properties (i.e., elasticity, plasticity, flexibility, and texture) during withering, texture analyzer was employed to test the elasticity and flexibility of withered tea leaves with different moisture contents. The texture was evaluated by computer vision technology. The withered tea leaves with different moisture contents were used to process congou black tea, which was then subjected to sensory evaluation. Results showed that good elasticity, optimal flexibility, and plasticity were achieved when the moisture content of the withered tea leaves of Fudingdabai comprising two leaves and one bud varied arranging from 65.51 to 61.48%. The sensory evaluation of congou black tea revealed that moderate withering was better than long-term withering and that both moderate and long-term withering were better than no withering during processing. The moisture content was significantly correlated with the flexibility and plasticity of the withered tea leaves. Fresh tea leaves undergoing moderate withering with moisture content of 65.51–61.48% to process congou black tea, good tea shape and liquor color were achieved. This study provided new evidence that the moisture content of withered tea leaves significantly affected the quality of black tea.     

萎凋叶含水量对四川中小叶群体种工夫红茶品质形成的影响

目的探索萎凋程度对重庆工夫红茶品质形成的影响。方法以四川中小叶群体种为研究对象,分析比较了3个萎凋含水量:处理A(69.59%)、处理B(65.17%)、处理C(59.20%)萎凋叶红茶加工过程中色泽、多酚氧化酶(polyphenylene oxide, PPO)活性变化及对后续揉捻效果、生化成分、工夫红茶成茶品质形成的影响。结果随着萎凋水分的降低,萎凋叶L*, b*值呈下降的趋势, a*值呈上升的趋势, 4～6 h时均出现了与总体趋势相反的波动;加工过程中,各处理L*,b*值均呈下降的趋势,a*值在发酵前呈增高的趋势,干燥后值减小。成茶色泽L*a*b*值则均表现为处理A处理C处理B。加工过程中PPO活性呈先升后降的趋势,随萎凋程度的加重,高峰往后延迟且活性越强,处理C在发酵环节中活性最高。揉捻环节随着萎凋叶含水量的降低成条率越高,扁条率越低,细胞破碎率越高,处理C效果最好。内含物质随着萎凋叶含水量的减少,茶多酚先增后减,氨基酸先减后增,咖啡碱呈先减后增再减式起伏变化;水浸出物、可溶性糖差异不明显;成茶中处理C综合感官品质表现最好。结论萎凋叶含水量在60%左右时,有利于发挥四川中小叶群体种品种优势,加工出的工夫红茶品质良好。     

萎凋工艺对福鼎白茶品质影响研究

为探讨影响福鼎白茶品质的关键因素,明晰不同萎凋工艺对其品质形成的影响,该试验以新采摘的成熟度、叶片色泽、形状大小基本一致的新鲜嫩叶为试材,研究萎凋工艺对福鼎白茶关键化学成分和感官品质的影响。结果表明自然萎凋和加温萎凋过程中水分含量均显著降低,其中自然萎凋失水速率要低于加温萎凋;茶多酚占总干物质的含量明显下降,加温萎凋过程茶多酚含量损失相比于自然萎凋要高;氨基酸占总干物质的含量随着萎凋时间延长有不同程度的升高。对萎凋叶和成品白茶进行感官评价,发现自然萎凋时间60 h、加温萎凋时间36 h时,萎凋叶具有最佳的外形,成品白茶也具有最佳的感官品质,且自然萎凋的品质要高于加温萎凋。     

Fate of imidacloprid and acetamiprid residues during black tea manufacture and transfer into tea infusion

The objective of this paper is to investigate the loss/stability of neonicotinoids (imidacloprid and acetamiprid) residues during the manufacture of black tea and to study the transfer of these pesticides from made tea to its infusion. For orthodox black tea, the manufacturing process involves leaf harvesting (plucking two leaves and a bud), withering, rolling, fermentation (oxidation), and drying. Initial withering and final drying resulted in the loss of pesticide residues, but no significant reduction in residue levels resulted from the rolling and fermentation steps. The drying process resulted in a residue transfer of 64–70% and 69–74% of the initial level, whereas the brewing process resulted in a residue transfer of 37–39% and 45–49% of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, respectively, from dried tea into the infusion. The decrease in acetamiprid levels during drying was also significant (8–13%), whereas the total loss during the manufacturing process ranged from 26 to 31%. Further, brewing for longer periods (an extended brewing time) resulted in higher transfer (up to 44% for imidacloprid and 53% for acetamiprid) of pesticides to tea infusion. Further, the extent of pesticide leaching depends on its water solubility, partition coefficient, and the brewing time.     

采后茶青叶对振动力胁迫的生理响应

摇青是乌龙茶品质形成的关键工序之一，其通过机械胁迫引起各种生物学效应，影响植物体内一系列生理生化变化，被广泛应用于花香红茶、花香白茶、花香绿茶等茶类的加工中以改善品质。为探明青叶响应机械力胁迫的生理变化，以采摘的‘铁观音’品种中开面三、四叶嫩梢为材料，经适度萎凋后进行自然摊放和振动力胁迫处理，研究青叶水分含量、光系统Ⅱ(photosystem Ⅱ,PS Ⅱ)参数、抗氧化酶活力及亚细胞结构的变化规律。结果表明：振动力胁迫30 min内青叶水分含量与自然摊放叶、萎凋叶间无显著差异（P>0.05）,60 min时显著低于自然摊放叶和萎凋叶（P<0.05）。随着振动力胁迫时间延长，青叶青臭气增强，清香减弱；叶绿体和类囊体紧密而清晰的片层结构逐渐松散、变形、收缩、紊乱、瓦解，振动力胁迫处理5 min时淀粉粒数量明显增加，15 min时嗜锇颗粒数量明显增多，出现聚集。振动力胁迫青叶的PS Ⅱ实际光合效率Y(Ⅱ)和光化学猝灭系数qP随处理时间延长总体呈下降趋势，电子传递速率（electron transfer rate,ETR）随处理时间延长呈先降低后升高趋势，5 min和10 min时...     

不同萎凋和发酵处理对“汝城白毛茶”加工红茶品质的影响

近年来国内红茶,尤其是一些特色优质红茶备受青睐,汝城白毛茶作为湖南特色茶树资源,所加工的红茶特色鲜明。为充分发挥汝城白毛茶特色资源的特色,探明其红茶适宜性、个性化加工技术,该研究以春季一芽一叶为原料,从萎凋(A因子4水平)和发酵(B因子7水平),进行2因素不同水平的L₂₈(4¹×7¹)共28个处理,对在制品叶象指标、成品感官审评、各单项评分、品质成分等进行分析,重点探讨萎凋、发酵对汝城白毛茶红茶品质特征的影响及工艺优化。结果表明汝城白毛茶加工红茶采用中、偏重萎凋,萎凋至含水量56%～60%为佳,发酵时间以6～8 h为宜。通过该参数萎凋和发酵加工而成的红茶呈现出金毫满披,花蜜香浓郁,红浓明亮,滋味浓、强(醇)、厚、鲜、爽、甘等优质红茶特点,具湖南红茶"花蜜香、甘鲜味"核心品质特征。     

鲜叶萎凋前期低温处理对金萱白茶品质的影响

为探究萎凋前期低温处理对金萱白茶品质的影响,采用金萱茶树品种一芽二叶鲜叶为原料,在萎凋前期进行低温不同时长处理,再经室内自然萎凋和干燥制成白茶,并通过感官审评、气相色谱-质谱法（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）和电子舌对白茶香气和滋味进行了分析。结果表明,萎凋前期低温（5 ℃）处理加工的白茶与对照的品质有明显差异,低温处理提升了白茶香气的持久度及甜香、花香强度,增加了呈香挥发性物质的种类和含量,5 ℃低温处理40 h的白茶较对照样增加了21种呈香挥发性物质,5 ℃低温处理30 h的白茶香气呈香挥发性物质总量增加幅度最大,约为对照的5倍。同时,低温处理可以增加白茶滋味的醇厚度,降低苦涩味,5 ℃低温处理50 h的白茶滋味甜度最高,较对照增加了7.28%。综上,鲜叶萎凋前期低温处理有助于提升金萱白茶的品质,综合品质以5 ℃低温处理30 h的白茶为最佳。     

烘焙提香时间对工夫红茶品质的影响

为提高工夫红茶的甜香度,本文以山东夏季鲜叶加工的工夫红茶初制品为原料,在70℃的烘温下进行不同时间的烘焙提香处理,并通过感官审评、生化成分和香气分析方法研究其对工夫红茶品质的影响,结果表明:烘焙时间的长短不仅影响工夫红茶的香型和高低,而且也影响汤色和滋味,在本试验条件下,烘焙时间以1.0~1.5h的感官品质较好;此外,烘焙时间对工夫红茶各生化成分的影响不同,但对品质有利的生化成分以烘焙1.0h的茶样含量最高;随着烘焙时间的延长,工夫红茶香气的种类、含量以及组分比值发生显著变化,从而可以解释不同烘焙时间工夫红茶香型存在差异的原因。     

红茶加工过程中纤维素酶和主要品质成分的动态变化

为探究红茶在日光萎凋、揉捻、发酵等加工工序中纤维素酶和主要品质成分的变化规律,本研究以凫早2号(C.sinensis cv.Fuzao2)为原料,测定红茶加工过程中β-葡萄糖苷酶、内切葡聚糖酶及外切葡聚糖酶的活性,同时分析了可溶性糖、儿茶素、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸等主要品质成分含量的动态变化。结果表明,β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、儿茶素总量、氨基酸总量在日光萎凋阶段结束后达到最高值,分别是0.091 U(10 min)-1·mL-1、97.6 mg/g、38.9315 mg/g,揉捻阶段迅速下降后趋于稳定;内切葡聚糖酶活性在日光萎凋开始至发酵结束呈持续上升趋势,从0.19 U(10 min)-1·mL-1增加至0.51 U(10 min)-1·mL-1;可溶性糖含量在揉捻、发酵期间下降迅速,而外切葡聚糖酶活性和咖啡碱含量在红茶加工过程中变化不显著。     

‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶加工工艺研究及品质评价

为了探究‘巴山早’紫色芽叶的红茶加工工艺及其制茶品质特点。本研究选用‘巴山早’紫色芽叶为原料,在万源红茶加工工艺基础上进行工艺优化,对红茶关键加工技术（萎凋、发酵和干燥）进行单因素实验和正交试验,以感官评分、茶黄素和茶红素之和与茶褐素的比值TFRB为评价指标,确定紫色芽叶红茶的最优工艺参数,探究关键加工技术不同参数对红茶品质的影响;以‘福鼎大白’绿色芽叶为对照,采一芽一叶新梢,按照优化后的加工工艺加工成红茶,所制茶样与‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶通过感官审评、内含品质成分测定分析和香气组分检测分析。结果表明,‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶的最优加工工艺为萎凋时间21 h,发酵时间4.5 h,干燥温度90±2℃,此时感官评分最高为92.83±0.19,‘巴山早’紫色芽叶红茶的感官品质优于对照,其茶多酚、氨基酸、可溶性糖、水浸出物、咖啡碱、茶黄素和茶红素含量分别为12.58%、3.62%、2.89%、37.89%、4.61%、0.38%和3.57%,均高于对照,TFRB为1.07是其滋味鲜醇,汤色红亮的物质基础;氨基酸组分总量、呈鲜爽味氨基酸组分和呈甜味氨基酸组分含量分别为32.35、22.68和3.4...     

不同干燥成形方式的白叶红茶品质分析

目的 研究不同干燥成形方式对白叶红茶品质的影响。方法 以白叶1号鲜叶为原料, 采用相同的萎凋、揉捻、初烘程序, 用不同的干燥做形方式制成不同形态的红茶,以感官审评结合理化分析的方法对不同形态的红茶进行了品质分析。结果 通过不同干燥成形方式获得了卷曲形、毛峰型、针形、扁形4种形态的红茶。4种红茶茶黄素、茶红素及氨基酸含量稍有差别,针形红茶茶黄素、类黄酮与氨基酸总量略高, 有利于提高其饮用价值,但4种红茶色、香、味感官品质总体接近。二次干燥(足火)-成形过程促使不同形态白叶红茶香气组成发生一定变化, 进而对红茶香型产生了细微影响,4种红茶以甜香为基本香型,卷曲型红茶香气特征偏于花香,扁形红茶略带果香。结论 毛火过程对白叶红茶品质的形成和固定具有关键意义, 干燥成形方式不改变总的香气特征, 但可使白叶红茶的具体香型发生细微分化。     

花香型工夫红茶的开发研究

为开发花香型工夫红茶,对品种选择和加工工艺进行初步研究。试验从9个湖南地方资源及部分外省品种中筛选出4个适制花香型工夫红茶的茶树品种和单株。在加工过程中,萎凋时用红外灯光照射,制得的工夫红茶带有花香,但花香持久性欠佳;原料选用具有一定成熟度的1芽2叶,有利于产品品质和香气的形成。     

茶鲜叶在不同季节及绿茶加工贮藏过程中糖苷类香气前体含量变化研究

选择了槠叶种鲜叶为茶叶原料 ,研究了茶叶糖苷类香气前体在不同季节和绿茶加工过程中的消长规律。研究结果表明 ,槠叶种鲜叶中存在以顺 3 己烯醇、芳樟醇及其氧化物、水杨酸甲酯、香叶醇、苯乙醇、苯甲醇等为苷元的糖苷类香气前体。不同季节 ,茶叶糖苷类香气前体在组成和含量上差别较大。单萜烯醇糖苷特别是香叶醇糖苷在春茶中的含量很高 ;秋茶中以芳香族醇、酯、脂肪族醇为苷元的糖苷含量显著增加 ,而单萜烯醇糖苷含量降低 ;夏茶中水杨酸甲酯、苯甲醇糖苷含量处于低水平 ,但苯乙醇糖苷含量较高。从春季到秋季 ,顺 3 己烯醇和水杨酸甲酯糖苷的含量逐渐提高 ,而芳樟醇和香叶醇糖苷的含量却逐步减少。茶鲜叶摊放 2h后 ,糖苷类香气前体的总量提高 ,并在绿茶加工的后续阶段逐步降低 ,特别是在干燥阶段。在成品绿茶中仍保留约 77%的糖苷类香气前体 ,这为绿茶香气品质的进一步改善留下了广阔的空间。     

How manufacturing processes affect the level of pesticide residues in tea

Tea (both green and black) is consumed throughout the world, both for pleasure and therapeutic purposes. Most people will be unaware of their involuntary exposure to residues of pesticides lingering in processed tea and so possibly transferring into infusions of tea. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of green tea and orthodox black tea manufacturing processes on the fate of pesticides sprayed onto tea bushes (Camellia sinensis). The fates of residues of dimethoate, quinalphos, dicofol and deltamethrin in these two different types of tea manufacturing processes were compared. For black tea, the manufacturing process involves leaf harvesting, withering, rolling, fermentation and drying; and for green tea, leaf harvesting, microwave heating, rolling and drying. The two processes resulted in the same concentration factor of plant material into the dried commodity, while the decreases in residue levels were different for different pesticides. Initial microwave heating and dehydration in the green tea manufacturing process resulted in greater loss of pesticide residues than did withering and dehydration in black tea; no significant reduction in residue level resulted from the rolling and fermentation steps in black tea. Residue levels in both green and black teas were reduced during final drying. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Extraction Using Moderate Electric Fields

ABSTRACT: During moderate electric field (MEF) processing, a voltage applied across a food material may affect the permeability of cell membranes. It is known that high electric fields can cause either reversible or irreversible rupture of cell membranes. In this research, the effect of MEF processing on permeability was studied. Effects of frequency and electric field strength were investigated. Cellular structure was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fermented black tea leaves and fresh or dry mint leaves were placed in tea bags or cut in 1 cm² squares, depending on the experiment, and immersed in an aqueous fluid medium. Control samples were heated on a hot plate. MEF treatments were conducted by applying a voltage across electrodes immersed in opposite sides of the beaker. Control and MEF‐treated fresh mint leaf samples heated to 50°C were analyzed by TEM. MEF processing significantly increased the extraction yield for fresh mint leaves because of additional electric field effects during heating. Dried mint leaves and fermented black tea leaves were not affected by the treatment type. Low frequency resulted in higher extraction rates for fresh mint leaves. The electric field strength study showed that electrical breakdown is achieved even at low electric field strengths. MEF treatment shows potential to be used as an alternative to conventional heating for extraction from cellular materials.     

Influence of withering, including leaf handling, on the manufacturing and quality of black teas - a review

Literature on the influence of withering on maceration, fermentation and drying and on black tea quality is reviewed. The importance of including the handling of the leaf in the field and during transportation as an integral part of withering is stressed. The influence of physical and chemical changes in the green leaf, during withering, on the quality of black teas is discussed. Withering practices vary with climate, producing region, the type of manufacturing process and demands by the markets. Mechanised withering may improve quality by reduced handling of the leaf. The influence of plucking standards on withering and the effect of withering on the storage of tea are discussed.     

光质萎凋对不同茶树品种红茶品质的影响

本文以室内自然萎凋为对照,比较红光、黄光、蓝光的不同光强（1000、1500、2000 lx）对不同品种红茶感官品质和主要成分的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,光质萎凋能保持或提升福鼎大白茶、蜀永1号萎凋叶游离氨基酸含量,保持或提高了四川中小叶种红茶茶黄素含量;蓝光可提升蜀永1号、四川中小叶种红茶可溶性糖含量,还可降低福鼎大白茶、蜀永1号红茶茶褐素含量。黄光光强与福鼎大白茶红茶可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关,与四川中小叶种茶褐素含量存在极显著正相关,与蜀永1号萎凋叶和红茶茶多酚含量呈较大负相关,但不显著,而蓝光光强与四川中小叶种红茶可溶性糖含量呈较大正相关,但不显著。综合感官品质,福鼎大白茶红茶最佳的萎凋光质为1500 lx黄光、2000 lx黄光,茶红素含量较高,分别为2.211%、2.049%,而茶褐素含量较低,分别为3.081%、3.025%;蜀永1号红茶最佳的萎凋光质为1500 lx黄光,游离氨基酸含量最高,为2.8%;四川中小叶种红茶最佳的萎凋光质为1500 lx黄光、1500 lx蓝光,前者游离氨基酸含量较高,为3.4%,后者茶黄素含量较高,为0.280%,茶褐素含量较低,为2.937%。所以1500 lx黄光有利于提升所选品种红茶品质。     

茶叶加工过程对咖啡叶化学成分和抗氧化活性的影响

本研究采用茶叶加工方法对咖啡叶进行加工,探索茶叶加工步骤(包括萎凋、揉捻、发酵、干燥)对不同叶龄咖啡叶的基础成分、植物化学成分和抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明,加工步骤和叶龄对基础成分、植物化学成分和抗氧化活性有不同程度的影响.咖啡叶中水浸出物的含量在整个加工步骤中总体呈下降趋势;可溶性糖的含量在前三个步骤中呈下降趋势,但...     

萎凋时间对丹霞8号主要生化成分和挥发性成分的影响

以丹霞8号为试验材料,比较不同萎凋时间茶叶中生化成分和挥发性成分,探明其变化规律。结果表明:茶多酚含量在0～23h显著增加,23～32h显著降低。0～16h游离氨基酸含量显著增加,茶氨酸则显著降低;16～50h游离氨基酸和茶氨酸均显著降低。0～50h咖啡碱含量显著增加;可可碱显著降低;叶绿素a差异不显著。叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量在5～28h显著降低;28～50h显著增加。萜烯是5～32h萎凋叶主体挥发性成分,萜醇是0h和50h萎凋叶主体挥发性成分。主成分分析表明,0～50h萎凋叶的生化成分特征和香气轮廓呈规律变化,生化特征可分为0～16,23～28,32～50h3个阶段;香气轮廓分为0～9,16～23,26～32,50h4个阶段。16h和23h是茶叶萎凋过程中生化成分特征和香气轮廓变化的共有时间点。     

The Impact of Withering Temperature on Black Tea Quality

High leaf temperatures during the withering process of black tea manufacture decrease the theaflavins, brightness, flavour index and sensory evaluation scores of black tea. Black teas manufactured with withering temperature above 30°C have high thearubigins and total colour levels but lack briskness. Results suggest a need to control temperatures below 30°C during withering.