多卫星遥感降水数据在塔里木河流域的适用性分析

资料缺乏地区由于其复杂的地形,站点布设困难,实测资料匮乏,遥感降水产品是实测资料的有益补充及替代。以塔里木河流域的子流域开都-孔雀河流域为研究区,采用国家基准气象站观测的降水量为基准数据,评估了TRMM 3B42RT、TRMM 3B42V7、CMORPH RAW、CMORPH CRT等四种遥感降水产品的精度。同时,在塔里木河的子流域玉龙喀什河流域,基于SRM模型,评估了以上几种遥感降水产品模拟径流的适用性。结果表明,TRMM 3B42V7的精度最高,TRMM 3B42RT的精度较低,CMORPH在山区的精度也较高,而CMORPH在平原地区高估了降水量;在四种遥感降水产品中,TRMM 3B42V7最适于模拟径流,可以基本表征日径流变化过程。     

基于雷达短时临近降雨预报的王家坝洪水预报研究

近年来突发性灾害天气引发的洪水过程频发,研究耦合雷达临近降雨预报的洪水预报对于洪水灾害防治具有重要意义。根据淮河王家坝以上流域的历史降雨流量资料,构建了一个基于土壤湿度指数分布的集总式水文模型PDM。以此为基础选取了2016年流域内两场典型洪水过程,耦合驻马店S波段双偏振多普勒雷达的降雨观测数据,并对雷达测雨数据进行评估;再利用临近降雨预报系统STEPS,分别对两场洪水过程的最大降雨做临近3 h、2 h、1 h和30 min的降雨预报;通过PDM模型模拟洪水过程来对比分析雷达降雨与雨量站实测的模拟精度,研究雷达临近降雨预报在洪水预报中的适用性。结果表明:利用雷达降雨资料对洪峰流量的模拟比直接用雨量站资料更加接近实测值,洪峰误差在±2.7%以内;但雨量站模拟的总体拟合效果要好于雷达,两场洪水过程的纳什效率系数都大于0.8。雷达3 h以内的临近降雨预报精度可用作洪水预报,洪峰流量和洪水过程模拟效果良好,可满足实时作业预报的要求。     

GPM 遥感降水产品在广东省的极端降水事件 适用性分析

在广东省研究新一代 GPM(Global?Precipitation?Measurement) 产品的精度及其探测极端降水事件的能力,探 讨其对地面站点观测数据的可替代性,可为 GPM 产品在中国南方湿润区的应用提供参考依据。以广东省的珠江 流域、韩江及粤东诸河流域、粤西沿海诸河流域为研究区,采用国家基准气象站观测的降水量为基准数据,使用 相关系数 R、平均绝对误差 EMA、均方根误差 ERMS、相对偏差 BIAS、探测率 POD、空报率 FAR和成功系数 CSI共 7 个 指标验证 GPM 遥感降水产品与?TRMM(Tropical?Rainfall?Measuring?Mission) 产品的精度;对 GPM 产品与 TRMM 产品在广东省的各个子流域的精度进行对比分析;使用 9 种广泛应用的极端降水指数来描述研究区域的极端降 水特征,对比分析 TRMM 产品与 GPM 产品探测极端降水事件的能力。研究结果表明：以地面实测降水为基准, GPM 与 TRMM 产品在广东省的平均 R 值分别为 0.57 与 0.49,BIAS值分别为 7.93% 与 9.13%,CSI值分别为 0.51 与 0.44,表明两种遥感降水产品均有一定的偏差;从整体上来看,相较 TRMM 而言,GPM 的精度更高;对比广东省的 不同子流域,GPM 产品与 TRMM 产品在珠江三角洲的 BIAS值分别仅为 2.28% 与 8.72%,表明两种遥感降水产品在 珠江三角洲流域的精度最高。在探测极端降水方面,GPM 产品对中雨、大雨和连续无雨日数都有更为准确的监 测。综合来看,GPM 新一代遥感降水产品精度较高、对极端降水探测能力强,更适用于广东省的洪水、旱情监测, 在广东省特别是珠江三角洲具有巨大的应用潜力。     

TRMM卫星降水数据在黄河源区的适用性研究

具有较高时空分辨率的卫星降水数据为研究缺乏地面实测站点流域的水文循环过程提供了有力的支撑.以黄河源区为研究对象,在对比分析2002—2015年TRMM 3B42卫星降水数据与站点实测降水数据的基础上,利用VIC分布式水文模型验证了TRMM降水数据在我国资料稀缺的高寒流域径流模拟的适用性.结果表明,TRMM卫星测雨数据与...     

TRMM和GPM卫星遥感降水产品在广西地区的适用性评价

为准确评估TRMM和GPM卫星降水产品在广西地区的精度和适用性,利用广西2001年～2017年89个国家气象观测站资料分别对TRMM 3B43(V7)和最新版的GPM IMERG(V6)卫星遥感降水产品数据进行多尺度、长时间序列和空间一致性检验。结果表明,TRMM和GPM两产品整体上与实测值的相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.912、54.06和0.914、52.93,两者精度相差不大;两产品逐年检验精度指标走势相似,从季节尺度来看两种产品在春冬季的精度较夏秋季高,从月尺度角度来看12月和1月精度最高,5月和6月精度最差;TRMM和GPM降水产品在广西整体上存在高估,两者与实测值的相对偏差分别为6.18%、4.51%,尤其是在广西西南部高估较为严重。整体来看,GPM降水产品精度略优于TRMM。     

乌苏里江流域TRMM降水数据精度评价与修正

将地面站点观测的降水数据作为基准降水数据,评估汛期热带降雨观测计划(TRMM)降水产品3B42研究型数据(V7)与实时降水数据(RT)的日以及月尺度数据在黑龙江省乌苏里江流域的时空精度。结果表明:在时间尺度上,TRMM 3B42V7与3B42RT的日降水数据与站点降水数据相比,均系统性偏小,且相关性不是很好;相对而言,3B42RT与站点数据的偏差程度较小,相关性较好;月尺度数据与日尺度数据相比,月数据精度均有很大提高,且2种产品数据精度相差不大;在空间尺度上,TRMM 3B42V7和3B42RT都能较好地展现乌苏里江流域降水的空间分布特征。针对评估结果,使用加法和乘法模型对TRMM 3B42V7和3B42RT的月降水数据进行修正。修正后,2种TRMM卫星降水产品的月降水数据精度均有提高,并且加法模型修正效果更好。因此,可选取加法模型修正后的3B42RT月尺度降水数据用于汛期乌苏里江流域的相关水文研究。     

TRMM/ GPM卫星降水产品在淮河上游逐日和小时尺度的精度评估

基于淮河流域上游区(洪河口以上) 2014年4月-2015年12月的实测逐日和小时降水数据,采用综合评价指标评估了TRMM 3B42 v7和GPM IMERG卫星产品在逐日和小时尺度上的监测精度。结果表明:逐日尺度上,对于流域面平均降水和网格降水,GPM产品与实测降水的相关性略优于TRMM,相关系数为0. 87,误差略大于TRMM,但均控制在0. 8 mm/d以内;降水探测能力方面,GPM与实测降水的一致性较高,尤其表现在小雨和中雨降水事件上,可用于日尺度的水文模拟和水资源评价等研究。小时尺度上,TRMM对6场极端降水的监测能力比较稳定,略有低估(BIAS均值为-6%),GPM对不同的极端降水事件监测能力不一,可靠性相对较低,相对于TRMM卫星降水产品,GPM在对极端降水的监测能力方面还有待提高。     

三峡区间TMPA和IMERG卫星降水产品精度评估

为了验证卫星降水产品对地面站点降水观测数据的可替代性,研究利用地面站点观测数据,采用统计分析方法,对三峡区间流域TMPA 3B43V7、GPM IMERG卫星降水产品进行月尺度下的精度评估。结果表明:2种卫星降水产品表现出较好的一致性;在流域上游地势平坦区域纬度较低,卫星降水产品精度相对较差;在流域下游高山峡谷地形纬度较高,卫星降水产品精度较好;卫星降水产品具有替代地面站点降水观测数据的潜力,在三峡区间流域具有一定的适用性。研究成果可为应用卫星降水产品进行三峡区间流域水文模拟、降水趋势分析等奠定基础。     

TRMM降雨产品在无资料地区径流模拟中应用研究

文章主要是通过对TRMM卫星降水数据的精度评价及修正,以水文模型为工具,进一步分析卫星降雨产品在无资料地区的适用性.在相似流域确定的基础上,人为拟定一个流域作为无资料地区,进行卫星修正系数以及模型参数的移用,并对其径流模拟结果进行对比分析.结果表明:TRMM卫星降水数据的日模拟结果不理想,经过校正后的数据,对径流的模拟...     

TRMM卫星降水产品在南流江流域的精度评估

为了评估TRMM 3B42-V7的两套卫星降水反演数据产品的精度,选取南流江流域的常乐水文站以上集水区域为研究区域,以雨量站点的观测资料为参考,采用相关系数、探测率等指标,以及绘制空间降雨量分布图,建立评价模型。结果表明,两套卫星降雨产品都存在高估降雨量的现象,日尺度降雨量相对偏差在5%左右,且流域内有区域性差别;整体上TRMM3B42V7降雨产品的精度优于TRMM3B42RTV7,前者TRMM3B42V7降雨产品存在一定误差,但在缺乏地面降雨资料的地区仍具有应用价值。     

TRMM卫星降水数据在老哈河流域的精度评估

采用地面雨量站点观测降水作为基准数据,评估热带降雨观测计划(TRMM)最新一代降水产品3B42V7在高纬度半干旱的老哈河流域的精度。结果显示:TRMM 3B42V7在老哈河流域较基准降水系统偏大,平均偏差为17.46%,相关系数为0.73,平均意义上日卫星降水精度相对较高;但TRMM 3B42V7绝对值偏差达到81.26%,在绝对值意义上日卫星降水精度较低;经过GPCC地面月降水量偏差校准,TRMM 3B42V7精度在月尺度上有较大提高,绝对偏差为21.95%,相关系数达到0.98;TRMM 3B42V7精度同纬度和高程存在明显的相关关系;TRMM3B42V7能较好反映老哈河流域日降水事件并展现降水的空间分布特征。因此,TRMM 3B42V7可用于老哈河流域月尺度的水文过程模拟、水资源评价与规划等相关研究。     

卫星与地面观测融合降雨产品精度与径流模拟评估

虽然近年来卫星反演降雨产品逐渐成熟,但精度仍较差,不能满足现代水文气象业务和科研的需求,因此需要地面观测资料对其进行订正。文中采用的卫星与地面站融合数据是基于中国3万多个自动站降雨观测数据和CMORPH卫星反演降雨资料,采用PDF(probability density function)和OI(optimal interpolation)两步融合方法生成的中国区域高时空分辨率(0.1°/1h)的降雨量融合产品。通过在汉江丹江口水库以上流域建立分布式水文模型,对2008～2012年的融合降雨数据进行水文模拟适用性分析。结果表明:在日尺度上,CMORPH卫星降雨与地面站点融合数据具有较好的相关性,但存在一定的系统偏差;该降雨产品能较好地捕捉到强度小于25 mm的中小降雨,其模拟的径流与流域下部高峰流量的观测结果有较好的一致性,但总水量比实测值低15.7%,NSE达0.723。研究成果为基于高时空分辨率的卫星雨量计融合降雨产品在分布式水文模型的水文适用性提供了新的见解和经验,并为该数据在流域洪水模拟的水文预报应用提供参考与借鉴。     

TRMM卫星降雨数据在湖南省的精度和可靠性评定

卫星降雨数据的高时空分辨率使其在洪涝灾害监测、流域水文模型模拟等方面得以广泛应用,而对卫星降雨数据的精度评定和可靠性分析仍然是当前重要的研究课题。采用中低纬度旱涝灾害频发的湖南省23个国家基准气象站的降雨数据作为地面验证数据,对最新一代TRMM卫星降雨产品(3B42V7)的精度和误差特征进行了全面评估。从日、月、年和季节的不同时间尺度以及空间分布和高程等不同的空间要素方面对比分析了1999-2012年该卫星降雨产品在湖南地区的适应情况。研究表明:TRMM卫星反演降雨数据在日尺度上与地面气象站数据的匹配情况较差,相关系数仅为0.31;而在月尺度上有显著提高,相关系数为0.88。在干旱季节(11、12、1、2月)的表现要优于湿润季节(5、6、7、8月)。3B42卫星反演降雨数据存在比较明显的空间变异性,空间要素如高程、位置分布等对卫星降雨数据可靠性的影响强于降雨量的影响。     

Evaluation of latest TMPA and CMORPH satellite precipitation products over Yellow River Basin

The main objective of this study was to evaluate four latest global high-resolution satellite precipitation products(TMPA 3B42 RT, CMORPH,TMPA 3B42V7, and CMORPH_adj) against gauge observations of the Yellow River Basin from March 2000 to December 2012. The assessment was conducted with several commonly used statistical indices at daily and monthly scales. Results indicate that 3B42V7 and CMORPH_adj perform better than the near real-time products(3B42RT and CMORPH), particularly the 3B42V7 product. The adjustment by gauge data significantly reduces the systematic biases in the research products. Regarding the near real-time datasets, 3B42 RT overestimates rainfall over the whole basin, while CMORPH presents a mixed pattern with negative and positive values of relative bias in low- and high-latitude regions,respectively, and CMORPH performs better than 3B42 RT on the whole. According to the spatial distribution of statistical indices, these values are optimized in the southeast and decrease toward the northwest, and the trend is similar for the spatial distribution of the mean annual precipitation during the period from 2000 to 2012. This study also reveals that all the four products can effectively detect rainfall events. This study provides useful information about four mainstream satellite products in the Yellow River Basin, and the findings can facilitate the use of global precipitation measurement(GPM) data in the future.     

Evaluation of high-resolution satellite precipitation products with surface rain gauge observations from Laohahe Basin in northern China

Three high-resolution satellite precipitation products, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) standard precipitation products 3B42V6 and 3B42RT and the Climate Precipitation Center's (CPC) morphing technique precipitation product (CMORPH), were evaluated against surface rain gauge observations from the Laohahe Basin in northern China. Widely used statistical validation indices and categorical statistics were adopted. The evaluations were performed at multiple time scales, ranging from daily to yearly, for the years from 2003 to 2008. The results show that all three satellite precipitation products perform very well in detecting the occurrence of precipitation events, but there are some different biases in the amount of precipitation. 3B42V6, which has a bias of 21%, fits best with the surface rain gauge observations at both daily and monthly scales, while the biases of 3B42RT and CMORPH, with values of 81% and 67%, respectively, are much higher than a normal receivable threshold. The quality of the satellite precipitation products also shows monthly and yearly variation: 3B42RT has a large positive bias in the cold season from September to April, while CMORPH has a large positive bias in the warm season from May to August, and they all attained their best values in 2006 (with 10%, 50%, and -5% biases for 3B42V6, 3B42RT, and CMORPH, respectively). Our evaluation shows that, for the Laohahe Basin, 3B42V6 has the best correspondence with the surface observations, and CMORPH performs much better than 3B42RT. The large errors of 3B42RT and CMORPH remind us of the need for new improvements to satellite precipitation retrieval algorithms or feasible bias adjusting methods.     

Improvement of Multi-Satellite Real-Time Precipitation Products for Ensemble Streamflow Simulation in a Middle Latitude Basin in South China

The real-time availability of several satellite-based precipitation products has recently provided hydrologists with an unprecedented opportunity to improve current hydrologic prediction capability for vast river basins, particularly for ungauged regions. However, the accuracy of real-time satellite precipitation data remains uncertain. This study aims to use three widely used real-time satellite precipitation products, namely, TRMM Multi satellite Precipitation Analysis real-time precipitation product 3B42 (TMPA 3B42RT), Precipitation Estimation from Remote Sensing Information using Artificial Neural Network (PERSIAN), and NOAA/Climate Precipitation Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH), for ensemble stream flow simulation with the gridded xinanjiang (XAJ) model and shuffled complex evolution metropolis (SCEM-UA) algorithm in the middle-latitude Mishui basin in South China. To account the bias of the satellite precipitation data and consider the input uncertainty, two different methods, i.e. a precipitation error multiplier and a precipitation error model were introduced. For each precipitation input model, the posterior probability distribution of the parameters and their associated uncertainty were calibrated using the SCEM-UA algorithm, and 15,000 ensemble stream flow simulations were conducted. The simulations of the satellite precipitation data were then optimally merged using the Bayseian model averaging (BMA) method. The result shows that in Mishui basin, the three sets of real-time satellite precipitation data largely underestimated rainfall. Streamflow simulation performed poorly when the raw satellite precipitation data were taken as input and the model parameters were calibrated with gauged data. By implementing the precipitation error multiplier and the precipitation error model and then recalibrating the model, the behavior of the simulated stream flow and calculated uncertainty boundary were significantly improved. Furthermore, the BMA combination of the simulations from the three datasets resulted in a significantly better prediction with a remarkably reliable uncertainty boundary and was comparable with the simulation using the post-real-time bias-corrected research quality TMPA 3B42V7. The proposed methodology of bias adjustment, uncertainty analysis, and BMA combination collectively facilitates the application of the current three real-time satellite data to hydrological prediction and water resource management over many under-gauged basins. This research is also an investigation on the hydrological utility of multi-satellite precipitation data ensembles, which can potentially integrate additional more satellite products when the Global Precipitation Measuring mission with 9-satellite constellation is anticipated in 2014.     

Hydrological assessment of TRMM rainfall data over Yangtze River Basin

High-quality rainfall information is critical for accurate simulation of runoff and water cycle processes on the land surface. In situ monitoring of rainfall has a very limited utility at the regional and global scale because of the high temporal and spatial variability of rainfall. As a step toward overcoming this problem, microwave remote sensing observations can be used to retrieve the temporal and spatial rainfall coverage because of their global availability and frequency of measurement. This paper addresses the question of whether remote sensing rainfall estimates over a catchment can be used for water balance computations in the distributed hydrological model. The TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product was introduced into the hydrological cycle simulation of the Yangtze River Basin in South China. A tool was developed to interpolate the rain gauge observations at the same temporal and spatial resolution as the TRMM data and then evaluate the precision of TRMM 3B42V6 data from 1998 to 2006. It shows that the TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product was reliable and had good precision in application to the Yangtze River Basin. The TRMM 3B42V6 data slightly overestimated rainfall during the wet season and underestimated rainfall during the dry season in the Yangtze River Basin. Results suggest that the TRMM 3B42V6 rainfall product can be used as an alternative data source for large-scale distributed hydrological models.