喷射参数对二甲醚PPCCI发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响

在一台6缸增压电控共轨二甲醚发动机上进行试验,研究了预喷时刻、预喷燃料量、喷射压力、主喷时刻等喷射参数对二甲醚部分预混合充量压缩燃烧(PPCCI)发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响。试验结果表明:随预喷时刻提前,缸内压力峰值降低,二甲醚发动机缸内燃烧由两阶段放热转变为PPCCI三阶段放热,氮氧化物(NOx)排放显著降低,HC和CO排放升高;随预喷射燃料量增加,缸内压力峰值及预混合燃烧的冷焰反应和热焰反应速率明显增大,NOx排放逐渐降低,HC和CO排放显著升高;随喷射压力降低,预混合燃烧热焰反应速率增加,主喷扩散燃烧始点推迟,扩散燃烧放热率峰值和NOx排放明显降低,HC和CO排放升高;随主喷时刻推迟,预喷预混合燃烧几乎没有变化,主喷扩散燃烧延后,缸内压力峰值和放热率峰值降低,NOx排放显著降低,HC和CO排放升高。     

基于喷油策略和阿特金森循环的汽油压燃发动机高负荷性能优化研究

基于单缸机开展了多次喷射和阿特金森循环对汽油压燃(gasoline compression ignition,GCI)发动机性能影响的试验研究,试验分别研究了单次喷射、两次喷射及两次喷射结合阿特金森循环对GCI中高负荷性能的影响。结果表明,单次喷射中喷油压力、喷油时刻和喷油量对GCI燃烧有显著的影响,提高喷射压力可提高发动机的平均指示压力,降低循环波动,但喷油压力过高会导致燃烧对喷油时刻变化异常敏感,使燃烧难以正常进行;喷油量增加可提高发动机的平均指示压力,但过高的喷油量会导致不完全燃烧的燃油量增加,热效率下降。在两次喷射中,主喷时刻对燃烧起着决定性的影响。主喷时刻提前,发动机动力性有所提升,但压升率也随之增加;主喷时刻推迟,发动机动力性相应降低,同时循环波动增加。增加预喷量有利于发动机性能的提升,但预喷量过大会导致燃烧可控性降低。阿特金森循环能明显提升GCI热效率,其主要原因是减少了压缩行程的压缩负功,同时燃烧并未恶化,膨胀做功并未降低。     

进气组分耦合喷油定时对柴油机工作过程的影响机理

通过一台共轨柴油机,基于正庚烷/甲苯/正己烯混合物简化动力学机理耦合三维CFD数值模型,模拟不同进气组分(O_2、H_2和CO_2)耦合喷油时刻对发动机工作过程的影响机理.研究表明:不同进气组分下,随喷油时刻提前,缸内活性自由基(OH、O)质量分数及其分布区域增大,NO生成量增多.但随喷油时刻过度提前,燃烧始点反而推迟,燃烧放热速率、缸内燃烧压力与温度峰值降低,NO也相应减少;相比其他进气组分,进气掺O_2时缸内O自由基质量分数增大,碳烟(Soot)降低且喷油时刻对其影响较小;进气掺H_2时,缸内燃烧压力和温度峰值最高,OH自由基质量分数及分布区域最大,Soot随喷油定时提前大幅降低;进气掺CO_2时,缸内燃烧压力与温度峰值最低,OH和O活性自由基最少,当喷油时刻提前超过24°CA BTDC时,燃油逐渐喷射到压缩余隙容积形成局部过浓区,C_2H_2和多环芳香烃芘(A_4)生成量增多,Soot排放随喷油定时进一步提前明显升高.     

汽油/柴油混合燃料发动机小负荷工况的燃烧及排放特性仿真研究

针对汽油/柴油混合燃料发动机,在均质压燃(HCCI)模式,利用缸径100 mm单缸柴油机,控制喷油量在每循环9.4 mg,转速在2 000 r/min,进气压力在0.2 MPa时,选取不同汽油/柴油比例掺烧、在不同喷油时刻进行数值模拟研究,结果表明,汽油/柴油混合燃料随汽油比例增大,喷油时刻提前,缸内平均压力呈先增后减,燃料燃烧速度先减后增,缸内平均温度呈上升趋势,喷油时刻提前,可大幅度降低CO,NO,喷油时刻在止点后-30°曲轴转角(CA)到-40°CA之间时,增大汽油比例能有效降低碳烟(Soot);G50燃料会随喷油时刻提前,燃油混合气雾化效果变好,CO,NO会进一步降低,而Soot排放呈先减后增规律,整体排放降低的最优喷油时刻在上止点后-35°CA。     

喷油策略对汽油压燃燃烧及碳烟生成过程影响的数值模拟研究

基于三维计算流体动力学(CFD)软件CONVERGE,耦合甲苯掺比燃料(toluene reference fuel,TRF)简化动力学机理及多步现象学碳烟模型,建立汽油压燃(GCI)的数值模拟模型。通过改变气道喷射比例、主喷时刻和预主喷间隔研究了高负荷条件下气道喷射结合缸内直喷的喷油策略对GCI燃烧及碳烟生成过程的影响。研究结果表明,增加气道喷射比例、提前主喷时刻和增大预主喷间隔都能够缩短燃烧持续期,使放热更为集中,从而降低碳烟排放;改变气道喷射比例对碳烟成核及表面生长有较大的影响,主喷时刻提前能够提高氧化速率。当气道喷射比例为40%,主喷时刻为-8°,预主喷间隔为15°时,碳烟排放为0.015 1g/(kW·h),相比试验基准工况降低了33.8%,而最大压升率也控制在可接受的范围内。     

进气组分耦合预喷对柴油机燃烧过程影响模拟

通过高压共轨柴油机,基于正庚烷/甲苯/正己烯混合物简化动力学机理耦合三维CFD模型,模拟研究不同进气组分(O_2、H_2和CO_2)耦合策略对发动机燃烧过程的影响.研究表明:当预-主喷间隔为4°,CA时,相比单次喷射,预喷使主喷滞燃期明显缩短(尤其掺H_2时),瞬时放热率峰值与最大压力升高率(MPRR)均降低;但随预-主喷间隔增大,预喷对主喷燃烧影响减弱.进气掺O_2时,富氧氛围使燃油充分燃烧,预-主喷间隔对NO和碳烟(soot)影响均较小.进气掺H_2和CO_2时,预喷使乙炔(C2H,2)和多环芳香烃芘(A4)生成增多,导致soot排放较单次喷射显著升高(尤其掺CO_2).但随预-主喷间隔增大,soot因主喷滞燃期延长而逐渐降低;对于进气掺H_2,预喷油量为10%,时,随主喷定时推迟,MPRR降低,soot升高;当预喷量增至20%,时,预喷燃烧会引起大量H_2早燃放热,削弱主喷定时对主喷燃烧的影响,MPRR因燃烧重心前移仍较高.因而进气掺H_2,预喷比例不宜过高,且喷油定时应适当推迟.     

二次喷射比率及天然气替代率对柴油转子发动机燃烧过程的影响

针对直喷式柴油转子发动机缸内工作过程,基于Fluent软件以及耦合正庚烷简化机理建立了柴油转子发动机的动态仿真模型,并利用实验数据验证了模型的可靠性.在此基础上,对比分析了二次喷油比例及天然气替代率对燃烧过程的影响.研究结果表明:纯柴油工况下,预主喷射比例设置为6/4时缸内压力最高,同时获得了较少的CO和碳烟生成量.保持当量比为0.9,天然气替代率的增加使得缸内混合气的初期燃烧速度减缓而后期燃烧速度逐渐提高;采用6/4的预主喷射比例、掺混50%,天然气可以在保持动力性的同时,大大降低CO、碳烟的生成量,并较好地控制NO生成量.     

甲醇喷入时刻对缸内双喷柴油机燃烧与排放影响的数值模拟分析

文章以CY25TQ单缸柴油机为原型,利用AVL-FIRE软件建模,在压缩比为16.9、转速为1 800 r/min、甲醇质量分数为40%、引燃油喷油时刻为20°CA BTDC的工况下,分别在130,70,40,10°CA BTDC 4个时刻喷入甲醇,研究不同甲醇喷入时刻对缸内双喷柴油/甲醇发动机燃烧与排放的影响。研究结果表明:当甲醇喷入时刻为130,70,40°CA BTDC时,缸内以预混合燃烧为主,且甲醇喷入时刻为70°CA BTDC时,缸内预混合气的浓度梯度较合理,燃烧等容度更好,CO和SOOT的排放量降低,NOx的排放量增加,但增加幅度不大;甲醇喷入时刻为40°CA BTDC时,甲醇会在上止点前着火,在压缩冲程做负功,发动机的热效率降低;甲醇喷入时刻为10°CA BTDC时,缸内以扩散燃烧为主,缸内温度较低,甲醇燃烧不充分,排放较差。     

电喷柴油机优化燃烧和排放的数值模拟

应用三维CFD模拟软件FIRE,对1台6106柴油机在不同预喷油量,主预喷定时和主预喷间隔的条件下的喷雾与燃烧过程进行了数值模拟。通过分析缸内压力和温度变化以及燃烧产物的质量分数,研究了预喷射参数对燃烧过程及NOx和碳烟的影响。结果表明:采用不同预喷射策略,可有效降低缸内燃烧压力,优化柴油机的排放。随着预喷油量的增加,NOx变化不大,烟度(Soot)逐渐增加;随着预喷定时的提前,Soot生成量变化不大,NOx排放逐渐增加。     

喷油时刻对汽油/乙醇发动机性能的影响

通过一台Yamaha YBR250发动机原机,进行乙醇直喷(EDI)与汽油进气道喷射(GPI)的改装,研究了EDI喷油时刻对发动机缸内混合气形成、燃烧和排放的影响,同时建立了EDI结合GPI发动机的三维计算模型,对试验工况进行了数值模拟.分别对喷雾模型和燃烧模型进行了试验标定,结果表明:通过改变EDI喷油时刻,进气涡流与喷雾带动气流的运动共同作用于缸内燃料的蒸发雾化,可以在火花塞附近形成不同程度的燃料浓区;延迟EDI喷油时刻至100°CA BTDC,能够有效地协同壁面传热以及乙醇蒸发作用,降低点火时刻缸内温度,从而降低最大爆发压力和缸内燃烧温度;相对于早喷工况,EDI喷油时刻为100°CA BTDC的工况能够有效降低缸内HC及NO排放.     

船用直喷式天然气发动机喷射策略的优化

利用CONVERGE软件基于L23/30DF型船用天然气发动机建立了双天然气喷嘴、双引燃柴油喷嘴的直喷天然气发动机的缸内燃烧过程的CFD计算模型,计算了不同的柴油和天然气喷射时刻和间隔下发动机缸内燃烧和排放过程.结果 表明:引燃柴油的喷射时刻及其与天然气喷射时刻的间隔,对直喷式天然气发动机燃烧和排放性能有重要影响.当喷...     

Influence of advanced injection timing on the performance and emissions of CI engine fueled with ethanol‐blended diesel fuel

Ethanol has been considered as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. On the other hand, injection timing is a major parameter that sensitively affects the engine performance and emissions. Therefore, in this study, the influence of advanced injection timing on the engine performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, four stroke, direct injection diesel engine has been experimentally investigated when using ethanol‐blended diesel fuel from 0 to 15% with an increment of 5%. The original injection timing of the engine is 27° crank angle (CA) before top dead center (BTDC). The tests were conducted at three different injection timings (27, 30 and 33° CA BTDC) for 30 Nm constant load at 1800 rpm. The experimental results showed that brake‐specific energy consumption (BSEC), brake‐specific fuel consumption (BSFC), NO_x and CO₂ emissions increased as brake‐thermal efficiency (BTE), smoke, CO and HC emissions decreased with increasing amount of ethanol in the fuel mixture. Comparing the results with those of original injection timing, NO_x emissions increased and smoke, HC and CO emissions decreased for all test fuels at the advanced injection timings. For BSEC, BSFC and BTE, advanced injection timings gave negative results for all test conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CFD analysis of hydrogen injection pressure and valve profile law effects on backfire and pre-ignition phenomena in hydrogen-diesel dual fuel engine

This paper focuses on optimizing the hydrogen TMI (timed manifold injection) system through valve lift law and hydrogen injection parameters (pressure, injection inclination and timing) in order to prevent backfire phenomena and improve the volumetric efficiency and mixture formation quality of a dual fuel diesel engine operating at high load and high hydrogen energy share. This was achieved through a numerical simulation using CFD code ANSYS Fluent, developed for a single cylinder hydrogen-diesel dual fuel engine, at constant engine speed of 1500 rpm, 90% of load and 42.5% hydrogen energy share. The developed tool was validated using experimental data. As a results, the operating conditions of maximum valve lift = 10.60 mm and inlet valve closing = 30 °CA ABDC (MVL10 IVC30) prevent the engine from backfire and pre-ignition, and ensure a high volumetric efficiency. Moreover, a hydrogen start of injection of 60 °CA ATDC (HSOI60) is appropriate to provide a pre-cooling effect and thus, reduce the pre-ignition sources and helps to quench any hot residual combustion products. While, the hydrogen injection pressure of 2.7 bar and an inclination of 60°, stimulate a better quality of hydrogen-air mixture. Afterwards, a comparison between combustion characteristics of the optimized hydrogen-diesel dual fuel mode and the baseline (diesel mode) was conducted. The result was, under dual fuel mode there is an increase in combustion characteristics and NOx emissions as well as a decrease in CO2 emissions. For further improvement of dual fuel mode, retarding diesel start of injection (DSOI) strategy was used.     

Direct injection of hydrogen main fuel and diesel pilot fuel in a retrofitted single-cylinder compression ignition engine

Up to 90% hydrogen energy fraction was achieved in a hydrogen diesel dual-fuel direct injection (H2DDI) light-duty single-cylinder compression ignition engine. An automotive-size inline single-cylinder diesel engine was modified to install an additional hydrogen direct injector. The engine was operated at a constant speed of 2000 revolutions per minute and fixed combustion phasing of ?10 crank angle degrees before top dead centre (°CA bTDC) while evaluating the power output, efficiency, combustion and engine-out emissions. A parametric study was conducted at an intermediate load with 20–90% hydrogen energy fraction and 180-0 °CA bTDC injection timing. High indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of up to 943 kPa and 57.2% indicated efficiency was achieved at 90% hydrogen energy fraction, at the expense of NO_x emissions. The hydrogen injection timing directly controls the mixture condition and combustion mode. Early hydrogen injection timings exhibited premixed combustion behaviour while late injection timings produced mixing-controlled combustion, with an intermediate point reached at 40 °CA bTDC hydrogen injection timing. At 90% hydrogen energy fraction, the earlier injection timing leads to higher IMEP/efficiency but the NO_x increase is inevitable due to enhanced premixed combustion. To keep the NO_x increase minimal and achieve the same combustion phasing of a diesel baseline, the 40 °CA bTDC hydrogen injection timing shows the best performance at which 85.9% CO₂ reduction and 13.3% IMEP/efficiency increase are achieved.     

Realizing low emissions on a hydrogen-fueled spark ignition engine at the cold start period under rich combustion through ignition timing control

This paper analyzed low emissions on a hydrogen-fueled spark ignition (SI) engine at the cold start period under rich combustion through ignition timing (IT) control. Cold start characteristics of hydrogen-fueled engine were investigated experimentally. The study was performed under different IT. The results demonstrated that when excess air ratio (λ) was 0.7 and IT varied from 25 °CA BTDC to 10 °CA ATDC, the peak cylinder pressure of the first cycle and the successful start time (SST) of hydrogen engine first increased and then decreased with the retard of IT. At 15 °CA BTDC, the hydrogen engine gained the shortest SST and the highest cylinder pressure in the first cycle. Flame development period (CA0-10) first shortened and then lengthened, and flame propagation period (CA10-90) prolonged when IT gradually retarded. The average NOx emissions efficiently reduced by 90.2%, HC and CO emissions caused by the evaporated lubricant oil reduced individually by 33.8% and 19.7% in the first 6 s during the cold start process with the retard of IT. Especially when IT delayed from 25 °CA BTDC to 15 °CA BTDC, the effect of IT on HC emissions was significant.     

Numerical investigation of mixture formation and combustion in a hydrogen direct injection plus natural gas port injection (HDI + NGPI) rotary engine

Hydrogen direct injection (HDI) in cylinder is considered as an effective method to improve natural gas engine performance. The present study aims to bridge the gap on the HDI in rotary engine, and to investigate the effect of hydrogen injection timing (IT) and hydrogen injection duration (ID) on mixture formation and combustion process of a hydrogen direct injection plus natural gas port injection (HDI + NGPI) rotary engine. Numerical approach was used in this study for obtaining some critical information, which was difficult to obtain through experiment, such as flow field, fuel distribution and some intermediate concentration fields in cylinder. The research results showed that for mixture formation, the distribution law of the hydrogen and the natural gas at the late stages of the compression stroke (100^°CA (BTDC)), was as follows: at a fixed ID of 24^°CA, with retarded hydrogen IT, the stratification phenomenon of hydrogen became obvious increasingly, and the hydrogen distribution area moved towards the back of the combustion chamber continuously. At a fixed IT of 210^°CA (BTDC), with the extension in ID, the accumulation area of hydrogen reduced significantly, and the hydrogen continued to gather in the middle of the combustion chamber. For combustion process, the overall combustion rate for the hydrogen injection strategy which had an IT of 210^°CA (BTDC) and ID of 40^°CA (case ID5), was the fastest. This was due to the fact that compared with the leading spark plug (LSP), the combustion condition around the trailing spark plug (TSP) has a great influence on the combustion process. For case ID5 at ignition timing, the hydrogen concentration near the TSP is high enough for the rapid formation of flame kernel. Compared with case IT1 which had an IT of 390^°CA (BTDC) and an ID of 24^°CA, the improved combustion rate of case ID5 had a 11.7% increase in peak pressure, and a 7% decrease in NO emissions.     

天然气/柴油双燃料转子发动机燃烧过程的数值模拟

针对天然气/柴油双燃料转子发动机的缸内工作过程,基于FLUENT软件建立了耦合正庚烷简化机理的二维计算模型,并利用文献数据进行了验证。在此基础上,研究了纯柴油工况下喷射持续期对燃烧过程的影响,获得了较好的喷射持续期;并在该持续期下对天然气替代率对转子发动机燃烧过程的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明:保持当量比不变,喷射持续期的变化会对燃油浓度分布产生影响,从而影响燃烧过程;采用45℃A喷油持续期可以在保持较高缸内压力的同时减少污染物的生成。天然气替代率的提高会导致初期燃烧速度的减缓和后期燃烧速度的增大;随着天然气替代率的增大,燃烧初期同一偏心轴转角下的缸内压力和温度逐渐降低,燃烧后期则呈相反的趋势。采用50%天然气替代率可以在保持较高缸内压力的同时大大降低CO和Soot生成量,而NO生成量略有升高。     

Numerical study on effects of hydrogen direct injection on hydrogen mixture distribution,combustion and emissions of a gasoline/hydrogen SI engine under lean burn condition

A numerical study on effects of hydrogen direct injection on hydrogen mixture distribution, combustion and emissions was presented for a gasoline/hydrogen SI engine. Under lean burn conditions, five different direct hydrogen injection timings were applied at low speeds and low loads on SI engines with direct hydrogen injection (HDI) and gasoline port injection. The results were showed as following: firstly, with the increase of hydrogen direct injection timing, the hydrogen concentration near the sparking plug first increases and then decreases, reaching the highest when hydrogen direct injection timing is 120°CA BTDC: Secondly, hydrogen can speed up the combustion rate. The main factor affecting the combustion rate and efficiency is the hydrogen concentration near the sparking plug: Thirdly, in comparing with gasoline, the NO_X emissions with hydrogen addition increase by an average of 115%. For different hydrogen direct injection timings, the NO_X emissions of 120°CA BTDC is the highest, which is 29.9% higher than the 75°CA BTDC. The hydrogen addition make the NO_X emissions increase in two ways. On the one hand, the average temperature with hydrogen addition is higher. On the other hand, the temperature with hydrogen addition is not homogeneous, which makes the peak of temperature much higher. In a word, the main factor of NO_X emissions is the size of high temperature zone in the cylinder: Finally, because the combustion is more complete, in comparing with gasoline, hydrogen addition can reduce the CO and HC emissions by 32.2% and 80.4% respectively. Since a more homogeneous hydrogen mixture distribution can influence a lager zone in the cylinder and reduce the wall quenching distance, these emissions decrease with the increase of hydrogen direct injection timing. The CO and HC emissions of 135°CA BTDC decrease by 41.5% and 71.4%, respectively, compared to 75°CA BTDC.     

Numerical simulation of the mixture distribution and its influence on the performance of a hydrogen direct injection engine under an ultra-lean mixture condition

In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model of a hydrogen direct-injection engine was established, and the combustion model was verified by experimental data. The influence of the injection timing and nozzle diameter on ultra-lean combustion was evaluated. The results suggest that, with the delay in the injection timing, the mixture concentration near the spark plug and combustion speed gradually increase. The maximum thermal efficiency increased from 47.44% to 49.87%. The combustion duration and ignition lag are shortened from 19.15°CA to 11.15°CA to 16.13°CA and 5.92°CA, respectively. As the nozzle diameter increased, the injection duration was shortened, and the mixture distribution area became more concentrated. Furthermore, under ultra-lean combustion, the combustion rate is more sensitive to the distribution of the mixture. Appropriately increasing the equivalence ratio near the spark plug can significantly shorten the ignition lag and combustion duration and obtain a higher thermal efficiency.