Use of recycled aggregates in molded concrete bricks and blocks

This study aimed to develop a technique for producing concrete bricks and paving blocks using recycled aggregates obtained from construction and demolition waste. Laboratory trials were conducted to investigate the possibility of using recycled aggregates from different sources in Hong Kong, as the replacement of both coarse and fine natural aggregates in molded bricks and blocks. A series of tests were carried out to determine the properties of the bricks and blocks prepared with and without recycled aggregates. The test results showed that the replacement of coarse and fine natural aggregates by recycled aggregates at the levels of 25 and 50% had little effect on the compressive strength of the brick and block specimens, but higher levels of replacement reduced the compressive strength. However, the transverse strength of the specimens increased as the percentage of replacement increased. Using recycled aggregates as the replacement of natural aggregates at the level of up to 100%, concrete paving blocks with a 28-day compressive strength of not less than 49 MPa can be produced without the incorporation of fly ash, while paving blocks for footway uses with a lower compressive strength of 30 MPa and masonry bricks can be produced with the incorporation of fly ash.     

The effect of high temperatures on the mechanical properties of concrete made with different types of aggregates

The main objective of this paper was to assess the benefits of using materials that were formed at high temperatures as an aggregate for concrete that was exposed to high temperature. The fire resistance of concrete made with some locally available, potential “fire-resistant” aggregates, such as diabase, steel slag, crushed bricks and crushed tiles, was investigated. The specimens of measurements 4×4×16 cm³ were kept in molds for 24 h and, after demolding, were kept in water at room temperature of about 20±2 °C until testing. At the age of 28 days, the specimens, with moisture content within the limits of 3-5%, were exposed to high temperatures in a previously heated test furnace. The residual mechanical properties (compressive and flexural strengths) of these concretes after natural cooling were compared with the residual mechanical properties of concrete made with commonly used river and dolomite aggregates. The replacement of natural concrete aggregates with brick and steel industry waste materials was justified, not only in terms of increased fire resistance, but also in terms of more responsible waste disposal.     

再生骨料高强高性能混凝土配制研究

通过对不同强度等级旧混凝土破碎而成的再生粗骨料与天然粗骨料性能的对比研究 ,表明再生粗骨料与天然粗骨料性能具有相似性 ,能够满足行业标准对碎石的性能要求 ,并尝试将再生粗骨料用于配制高强混凝土和自流平高性能混凝土 ,结果表明 ,采用原强度在 15～ 2 0MPa以上的旧混凝土破碎而成的再生骨料均可用于配制高强混凝土 ,但在配合比相近情况下 ,原混凝土强度等级越高 ,再生混凝土各龄期强度越高 ,其再生利用价值也越高。再生粗骨料亦可用于配制自流平高性能混凝土 ,水胶比为 0 4 0 ,净用水量为 2 0 5kg m3左右时 ,配制得到的新拌混凝土坍落度和坍落扩展度分别在 2 4 5、5 6 0mm以上 ,其 2 8、6 0d强度分别在 5 8 0、6 7 3MPa以上     

Effects of contaminants on the properties of concrete paving blocks prepared with recycled concrete aggregates

The use of recycled aggregates for preparing concrete products has been successfully implemented and gaining wider acceptance. However, the allowable level of contaminating materials (e.g., crushed clay bricks, crushed ceramic tiles, waste glass cullet, wood chips, etc.) in the recycled concrete aggregate, in the some of the current specifications, is low (<1%) due to stringent quality control standards that are usually taken from specifications for raw granular virgin materials. This paper presents a recent study on the properties of concrete paving blocks prepared with recycled concrete aggregates that are contaminated by materials (tiles, clay bricks, glass, wood) commonly found in the construction and demolition waste. The density, compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, water absorption value, abrasion resistance, skid resistance and some durability parameters were measured for laboratory prepared samples. The results show that it is feasible to allow a higher level of contamination in the recycled concrete aggregates for making the concrete products. Recommendations are made on how the specifications could be revised to facilitate a wider application of recycled aggregates that is contaminated by foreign materials.     

废弃黏土砖再生骨料对灌浆料性能的影响

基于废弃黏土砖的再生利用和水泥基灌浆料的基本性能要求,采用多种方式对废弃黏土砖再生骨料进行强化处理,并利用强化后的再生骨料替代灌浆料中的天然骨料,从废弃黏土砖再生骨料取代量方面开展对灌浆料工作性能和强度的影响研究。研究结果表明:采用水泥净浆包裹方法对废弃黏土砖再生骨料进行改性,当水泥净浆水灰比为0.45时,再生骨料吸水率最小为21.4%,压碎指标最小为30.9%;采用水玻璃浸泡方法对废弃黏土砖再生骨料进行改性,当水玻璃浓度为5%,浸泡时间为1 h时,再生骨料压碎指标最小为21.1%,对应的吸水率为23.0%;当水玻璃浸泡改性后的再生骨料取代天然骨料的量为10%~30%时,灌浆材料满足早期和后期强度高、工作性好、自密实、不离析等灌浆料的要求。     

Properties of concrete prepared with crushed fine stone,furnace bottom ash and fine recycled aggregate as fine aggregates

This paper presents the results of a study to compare the properties of concretes prepared with the use river sand, crushed fine stone (CFS), furnace bottom ash (FBA), and fine recycled aggregate (FRA) as fine aggregates. Two methods were used to design the concrete mixes: (i) fixed water–cement ratio (W/C) and (ii) fixed slump ranges. The investigation included testing of compressive strength, drying shrinkage and resistance to chloride-ion penetration of the concretes. The test results showed that, at fixed water–cement ratios, the compressive strength and the drying shrinkage decreased with the increase in the FBA content. FRA decreased the compressive strength and increased the drying shrinkage of the concrete. However, when designing the concrete mixes with a fixed slump value, at all the test ages, when FBA was used as the fine aggregates to replace natural aggregates, the concrete had higher compressive strength, lower drying shrinkage and higher resistance to the chloride-ion penetration. But the use of FRA led to a reduction in compressive strength but increase in shrinkage values. The results suggest that both FBA and FRA can be used as fine aggregates for concrete production.     

Mechanical properties modeling of recycled aggregate concrete

The variability observed in the composition of construction and demolition (C&D) waste is a problem that inhibits the use of recycled aggregates in concrete production. To contribute in this field, a research was carried out varying water/cement ratio and substitution percent of natural aggregates by recycled aggregates. The experimental program used samples of main Brazilian C&D waste sources, which are concrete, mortar and red ceramic bricks as well as tiles. Results of concrete compressive strength and elastic modulus were statistically analyzed and modeled. The study shows that for both concrete properties, recycled coarse aggregate was more influential than recycled fine aggregate. However, the use of fine recycled red ceramic increased concrete strength. Coarse recycled red ceramic aggregate and fine recycled concrete aggregate exercised the largest and the smallest influence, respectively, in concrete properties.     

高温下再生骨料钢管混凝土短柱的试验性能

介绍高温下再生骨料钢管混凝土(RACFST)短柱性能的试验研究结果。试验采用了40个试样(其中32个RACFST短柱,8个普通钢管混凝土(CFST)短柱),给出并分析了试样的失效模式、荷载-应变关系和极限强度。采用了5种类型的混凝土:1种天然骨料的标准混凝土;2种再生粗骨料,含量分别为50%和100%;2种再生细骨料,含量分别为50%和100%。试样分别置于300℃,600℃和800℃条件下长达3h。试验结果表明,由于再生骨料的存在,高温下RACFST短柱试样的抗火性低于CFST短柱试样;再生骨料含量相同的条件下,再生粗骨料(RCA)试样的性能优于再生细骨料(RFA)试样。     

The influence of coarse aggregate and reinforcement on the anchorage bond strength of laterized concrete

Many factors are known to affect the anchorage bond stress of laterized concrete. Laterized concrete is concrete in which some, or all, of the fine aggregate is from lateritic soils. The effect of types of coarse aggregate and reinforcement on the anchorage bond stress of laterized concrete was investigated in this study.The punching test method was used to determine the anchorage bond stress characteristics of laterized concrete specimens cured for 28 days. The results have shown that for the crushed granite and the dug-up aggregates (“dug-up aggregate” refers to aggregates obtained from natural sources and have almost the same size range with the crushed granite), the values of anchorage bond stress obtained compare well with those of the ordinary concrete but higher than that of the lightweight concrete. The anchorage bond stress values obtained for specimens made of dug-up aggregates are higher than those obtained for crushed granite. Higher anchorage bond stress values were obtained for laterized concrete specimens containing deformed bar reinforcement than those containing plain bar reinforcement. Laterized concrete specimens having higher cement content produced higher anchorage bond stress.     

Feasible use of recycled concrete aggregates and crushed clay brick as unbound road sub-base

A study was recently conducted at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University to investigate the possibility of using recycled concrete aggregates and crushed clay brick as aggregates in unbound subbase materials. The results showed that the use of 100% recycled concrete aggregates increased the optimum moisture content and decreased the maximum dry density of the subbase materials compared to those of natural subbase materials. Moreover, the replacement of recycled concrete aggregates by crushed clay brick further increased the optimum moisture content and decreased the maximum dry density. This was mainly attributed to the lower particle density and higher water absorption of crushed clay brick compared to those of recycled concrete aggregates. The CBR values (unsoaked and soaked) of the subbase materials prepared with 100% recycled concrete aggregates were lower than those of natural subbase materials. The CBR values further decreased as the replacement level of recycled concrete aggregates by crushed clay brick increased. Nevertheless, the soaked CBR values for all recycled subbases were greater than 30%, which is a minimum strength requirement in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the recorded percentage swells for all subbases were less than 0.13% which can be considered negligible.     

Effect of partial replacement of sand with dry oyster shell on the long-term performance of concrete

To evaluate the practical application of crushed oyster shells (OS) as construction materials, an experimental study was performed based on equal materials proportion and the partial replacement of saturated-surface-dry (SSD) sand with dry oyster shell. More specifically, the long-term mechanical properties and durability of concrete with OS partially substituted for fine aggregate were investigated.Test results indicate that long-term strength of concrete with 10% OS replacement is almost identical to that of normal concrete. However, the long-term strength of concrete with 20% OS replacement is appreciably lower than that of normal concrete. Therefore, higher OS substitution has the possibility of negatively influencing the concrete long-term strength increment. Elastic modulus of concrete with OS replacement decreases as the substitution mixture ratio increases. Specifically, the modulus is reduced by approximately 10–15% when OS are used for 20% of the fine aggregate.The drying shrinkage strain increases as the substitution ratio (SR) of OS is increased. In addition, the existing model code for drying shrinkage and creep does not coincide with the test results of the present study. A prediction equation for drying shrinkage has been developed. The utilization of OS as a fine aggregate in concrete has a positive effect on freezing and thawing resistance and water permeability is also considerably improved. However, OS has no apparent effect on carbonation and chemical attack of concrete.Finally, it is noted that the strength, elastic modulus, drying shrinkage, freezing and thawing resistance, and permeability are significantly affected by increased OS substitution, particularly for long-term performance, while other properties such as creep and carbonation, as well as chemical attack test results, were not substantially affected.     

A comparative study of concrete properties using coconut shell and palm kernel shell as coarse aggregates

The high cost of conventional building materials is a major factor affecting housing delivery in Nigeria. This has necessitated research into alternative materials of construction. This paper presents the results of an investigation carried out on the comparative cost analysis and strength characteristics of concrete produced using crushed, granular coconut and palm kernel shells as substitutes for conventional coarse aggregate in gradation of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Two mix ratios (1:1:2 and 1:2:4) were used. A total of 320 cubes of size 100×100×100 mm were cast, tested and their physical and mechanical properties determined. The results of the tests showed that the compressive strength of the concrete decreased as the percentage of the shells increased in the two mix ratios. However, concrete obtained from coconut shells exhibited a higher compressive strength than palm kernel shell concrete in the two mix proportions. The results also indicated cost reduction of 30% and 42% for concrete produced from coconut shells and palm kernel shells, respectively. Considering the strength/economy ratio, it was concluded that coconut shells were more suitable than palm kernel shells when used as substitute for conventional aggregates in concrete production.     

锰合金渣粗集料对路面混凝土性能的影响

将块状锰合金渣破碎成颗粒后制备为连续级配的锰合金渣粗集料,并以25%、50%、75%和100%的取代率取代天然粗集料以研究其对路面混凝工作性能、力学性能和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:锰合金渣粗集料的针片状颗粒含量和吸水率大于天然粗集料,但按照适当比例级配后适用于各类路面混凝土;路面混凝土的坍落度随着锰合金渣粗集料取代率的增大而有较大幅度的减小;锰合金渣粗集料取代率小于50%时对路面混凝土的力学性能和耐磨性能影响不大,取代率超过50%以后路面混凝土的力学性能和耐磨性能相对于基准组分别提高了约10%和30%,利用锰合金渣粗集料可制备性能优良的路面混凝土。     

Recycled glass replacement as fine aggregate in self-compacting concrete

With increasing environmental pressure to reduce solid waste and to recycle as much as possible, the concrete industry has adopted a number of methods to achieve this goal by replacement of waste glass with concrete composition materials. Due to differences in mixture design, placement and consolidation techniques, the strength and durability of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) may be different than those of conventional concrete. Therefore, replacement of waste glass with fine aggregate in SCC should deeply be investigated compared to conventional concretes. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of glass replacement with fine aggregate on the SCC properties. In present study, fine aggregate has been replaced with waste glass in six different weight ratios ranging from 0% to 50%. Fresh results indicate that the flow-ability characteristics have been increased as the waste glass incorporated to paste volume. Nevertheless, compressive, flexural and splitting strengths of concrete containing waste glass have been shown to decrease when the content of waste glass is increased. The strength reduction of concrete in different glass replacement ratios is not remarkable, thus it can be produced SCC with waste glass as fine aggregate in a standard manner.     

再生混凝土抗折强度的影响因素及其计算方法

为研究掺入再生粗骨料对混凝土抗折强度的影响，进行了抗折强度试验研究，考虑的参数包括再生粗骨料取代率、基体混凝土水灰比、基体混凝土龄期、再生粗骨料级配、再生混凝土水灰比以及再生混凝土配制方法等，确定了再生混凝土抗折强度的关键影响因素。在总结了现有的再生混凝土抗折强度计算公式基础上，采用本文及已有文献的试验数据对各公式预测精度进行了分析。以此为基础，提出了考虑关键参数影响的再生混凝土抗折强度计算公式。研究结果表明：再生粗骨料取代率与粗骨料级配是再生混凝土抗折强度的主要影响因素，取代率为100%的再生混凝土抗折强度比普通混凝土低3.9%~26.8%，采用不同粗骨料级配的再生混凝土抗折强度相差可达15.5%；再生混凝土抗折强度降低幅度随混凝土水灰比的增大而增大，不同水灰比的再生混凝土抗折强度降低幅度相差可达14.7%，而且再生粗骨料对混凝土抗折强度的影响低于其对抗压强度的影响，导致现有的计算公式不能有效预测再生混凝土抗折强度；基于普通混凝土抗折强度计算公式形式，并考虑混凝土水灰比及再生粗骨料取代率综合影响的再生混凝土抗折强度计算公式具有较高的预测精度，公式预测结果与试验结果比值的均值为0.991，判定系数为0.772。     

型钢再生混凝土黏结滑移推出试验及黏结强度分析

为研究型钢与再生混凝土界面之间的黏结滑移性能,以再生粗骨料取代率、型钢与再生混凝土的黏结部位、型钢保护层厚度、横向配箍率、再生骨料母料强度和再生骨料粒径等为变化参数,设计了22个型钢再生混凝土试件,采用位移控制的加载方法进行推出试验。通过观察试件的受力破坏过程,分析型钢与再生混凝土界面黏结失效机理,获取其裂缝发展形态、应力分布情况、加载端和自由端滑移分布规律;分析不同参数对型钢再生混凝土黏结滑移性能的影响规律。研究结果表明：型钢不同黏结部位与混凝土的黏结应力不同,翼缘内侧黏结应力最高,翼缘外侧次之,腹板黏结应力最小;黏结应力沿型钢埋置长度方向呈指数分布;再生骨料的母料混凝土使用时间越长,用其生产的骨料配置的同条件的混凝土强度越低;再生混凝土骨料粒径越小,再生混凝土与型钢的极限黏结强度越小。     

Comparison of properties of steel slag and crushed limestone aggregate concretes

Steel slag is produced as a by-product during the oxidation of steel pellets in an electric arc furnace. This by-product that mainly consists of calcium carbonate is broken down to smaller sizes to be used as aggregates in asphalt and concrete. They are particularly useful in areas where good-quality aggregate is scarce. This research study was conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties and durability characteristics of steel slag aggregate concrete in comparison with the crushed limestone stone aggregate concrete. The durability performance of both steel slag and crushed limestone aggregate concretes was evaluated by assessing water permeability, pulse velocity, dimensional stability and reinforcement corrosion. The results indicated that the durability characteristics of steel slag cement concretes were better than those of crushed limestone aggregate concrete. Similarly, some of the physical properties of steel slag aggregate concrete were better than those of crushed limestone aggregate concrete, though the unit weight of the former was more than that of the latter.     

不同取代率再生粗骨料混凝土的力学性能

系统研究了坍落度相同的情况下再生粗骨料取代率对混凝土基本性能的影响.试验中再生粗骨料的掺入量分别为0,30%,50%,70%和100%,通过调节用水量使各组混凝土达到相同的坍落度.主要研究了达到相同坍落度时混凝土的用水量以及再生粗骨料取代率对混凝土坍落度、立方体抗压强度、棱柱体抗压强度、峰值应变和泊松比、弹性模量、劈裂抗拉强度以及抗折强度的影响.试验结果表明,再生粗骨料取代率对上述各性能指标均有一定影响,但程度不同.同时发现,除劈裂抗拉强度和抗折强度外,普通混凝土各基本力学性能指标间的关系不适用各种再生骨料取代率的混凝土.     

Scrap-tyre-rubber replacement for aggregate and filler in concrete

In this research the performance of concrete mixtures incorporating 5%, 7.5% and 10% of discarded tyre rubber as aggregate and cement replacements was investigated. Numerous projects have been conducted on replacement of aggregates by crumb rubbers but scarce data are found on cementitious filler addition in the literature. Hence to examine characteristics of tyre crumb-containing concrete, two sets of concrete specimens were made. In the first set, different percentages by weight of chipped rubber were replaced for coarse aggregates and in the second set scrap-tyre powder was replaced for cement. Selected standard durability and mechanical test were performed and the results were analysed. The mechanical tests included compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. The durability tests included permeability and water absorption. The results showed that with up to 5% replacement, in each set, no major changes on concrete characteristics would occur, however, with further increase in replacement ratios considerable changes were observed.     

粗骨料对高性能混凝土抗压强度的影响

抗压强度为３０ＭＰａ的砼中，砼受压破坏时粗骨料是完整的没受到破坏。而高性能砼则由于砼强度比较高，砼破坏时粗骨料几乎完全断裂破坏。本文对不同品种的粗骨料在砼中的体积含量、最大粒径对砼强度的影响进行了试验，并根据试验结果得到了数学模型，用以评价不同品种粗骨料的性能