Experimental and numerical investigation of high-strength steel circular columns subjected to fire

This paper presents an experimental–numerical study on the behaviour of High Strength Steel (HSS) columns at elevated temperature, both on Circular Hollow Sections (CHS) and on a Concrete Filled Tube (CFT). The measured yield strength of the circular sections was in the order of 820 MPa. In detail, three HSS CHS and a HSS CFT were tested under the standard ISO fire with constant eccentric compression applied load. The evolution of temperature and deformation patterns were measured by means of a comprehensive instrumentation made of thermocouples and displacement transducers. Numerical analyses were performed and compared with experimental data by employing stress–strain relationships of carbon steel at elevated temperatures provided by the Eurocodes associated to two different sets of reduction factors: i) those provided by the Eurocodes valid up to S460 steel grades; and ii) those proposed in the literature and based on tests on HSS.     

不同受火方式下混凝土柱耐火性能的试验研究

通过5根高强混凝土柱和2根普通混凝土柱的足尺明火试验,考察了不同受火方式对混凝土柱破坏形态、轴向变形和耐火极限的影响。结果表明:(1)非四面受火柱的耐火极限较四面受火柱有很大提高,同时三面受火柱的耐火极限小于两面受火柱;(2)相同受火方式和相同轴压比下高强混凝土柱的耐火极限远低于普通混凝土柱;(3)相同受火方式下大轴压比普通混凝土柱的耐火极限可能小于中等轴压比的高强混凝土柱。在实际结构的抗火设计中,合理考虑受火方式、混凝土强度等级和轴压比的影响是十分必要的。     

Nonlinear analysis of SRC columns subjected to fire

Both experimental and numerical methods were employed to investigate the behavior of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) columns subjected to fire. Twelve specimens were tested at ambient and elevated temperatures. A procedure was developed to predict the temperature distribution and ultimate strength of the SRC columns subjected to fire by following certain assumptions. In the procedure, a combined method of finite element and finite-difference was adopted to analyze the temperature distribution, and the responses of the SRC columns under loads were predicted by the procedure both at ambient temperature and elevated temperatures. To illustrate the problem and verify the accuracy of the predictions, we present a few comparisons between the test data and calculated results. At the end of the paper, equations for the ultimate strength of the SRC columns subjected to fire were obtained by a regression analysis.     

Experimental study on concrete spalling in prestressed slabs subjected to fire

Experiments on the fire resistance of 15 prestressed concrete (PC) simply-supported slabs and 9 two-span unbonded PC continuous slabs were conducted. Preliminary conclusions drawn are that concrete spalls more easily or more seriously when the compressive stress is higher or the tensile stress is lower on the surface exposed to fire, and when the strength and water content of concrete at ambient temperature are higher. Based on the test results, an expression for the top envelope surface of the concrete spalling is presented by taking the average standard concrete cube strength at ambient temperature as the x-axis, the concrete water content at ambient temperature as the y-axis, and the normal stress level of concrete extreme fiber in the pre-compression zone of a slab at elevated temperature as the z-axis. To facilitate design and application, an expression for the top envelope surface of the concrete spalling is presented by keeping the x-axis and the y-axis the same, and the normal stress level of concrete extreme fiber in the pre-compression zone of a slab at ambient temperature as the z-axis.     

四面受火钢筋混凝土柱正截面承载力的简化计算

在已有四面受火钢筋混凝土柱正截面极限承载能力计算方法的基础上,结合我国现行的GB50010-2002<混凝土结构设计规范> ,提出了一种适合工程技术人员使用的自然冷却条件下的简化计算方法,同时给出了喷水冷却条件下的受火钢筋混凝土柱正截面极限承载力的简化计算方法,为工程实际应用提供了参考.     

高强度Q460钢柱抗火性能研究

采用恒温加载方式和振动法分别对Q460钢材高温下的强度和弹性模量进行试验研究,得到了Q460钢材的力学性能随温度的变化曲线。考虑高强钢Q460高温下力学性能和柱的初始缺陷,对常温下计算钢柱极限承载力的三种方法,即临界应力法、逆算单元长度法(ICSL法)和压杆挠曲线法(CDC法)进行延伸并得到Q460轴心受压柱高温下极限承载力。通过算例对三种方法的计算结果进行比较,并采用有限元分析对极限承载力计算结果进行验证。计算不同荷载比下高强度Q460钢柱的临界温度,将高强Q460钢柱与《建筑钢结构防火设计规范》CECS200:2006中给出的普通钢柱的高温极限承载力和临界温度进行对比。研究表明:高强度Q460钢高温下力学性能与普通钢差别较大,强度和弹性模量随温度升高降低较慢;三种方法计算高温下Q460钢柱极限承载力的结果基本一致并与有限元分析结果吻合较好;普通结构钢柱的稳定系数和临界温度与高强度Q460钢柱有较大差别,《建筑钢结构防火设计规范》CECS200:2006中给出的普通结构钢柱抗火设计结果不适用于高强度Q460钢柱。     

火灾高温下高性能混凝土的裂纹扩展与爆裂的关系

本文通过试验研究火灾高温作用下高性能混凝土的裂纹扩展与爆裂的关系,发现受火后其裂纹扩展阻力曲线已有很大改变,趋于变平。快速升温与缓慢升温引起的试件内部裂纹扩展是明显不同的。在高温下,湿含量是引起混凝土开裂的主要因素,爆裂正是这种开裂的极限形式。     

应用回弹超声方法评定火灾高温静置混凝土抗压强度的试验研究

火灾高温作用后，混凝土的抗压强度将发生变化。通过大量试验，研究了应用回弹和超声法评定火灾高温后考虑静置时间影响的混凝土抗压强度的方法，给出了高温后混凝土抗压强度与回弹值和超声波速的拟合回归公式。试验数据可作为编制《火灾后建筑结构可靠性鉴定标准》的依据。     

内置高强角钢的方钢管再生块体混凝土柱轴压及耐火性能试验研究

为了在不增加用钢量的前提下,明显改善钢管混凝土柱的耐火性能,同时确保其常温轴压性能基本不降低,针对内置高强角钢的方钢管再生块体混凝土柱,开展了6根短柱(边长300 mm、高度900 mm)的轴压试验以及3根足尺柱(截面边长320 mm、高度3 770 mm)的耐火试验,研究了废旧混凝土块体取代率(0、30%)、角钢强度等级(Q345、Q690)、角钢至钢管净距(10、20、30 mm)等因素对柱轴压性能的影响,分析了内置高强角钢、角钢至钢管净距(10、30 mm)等因素对柱耐火性能的影响。研究表明:在总用钢量基本不变的情况下,通过适当减薄钢管并在管内设置高强角钢且二者之间预留一定净距,可使方钢管再生块体混凝土柱的耐火极限提高了200%以上;同时,其轴压承载力和延性指标都有所提高,初始刚度基本不变或有所提高;在用钢量完全相同的情况下,适当增加高强角钢至钢管内壁的净距可使柱的耐火极限进一步提高,而轴压承载力变化不大;针对该类柱改进的轴压承载力实用计算方法,计算结果与试验结果之间的偏差较小。     

Spalling of concrete cover of cyclically loaded columns and fire behaviour of columns with concrete spalling

Fire following an earthquake is a threat to seismically damaged structural members with spalling of concrete cover. To evaluate the fire behaviour of the damaged members, it is important to determine the spalling length and thickness reasonably. In this paper, 16 columns were cyclically loaded to check their concrete cover spalling features. Based on the test results and PEER’s database, formulas are proposed for flexure-critical rectangular columns to approximately evaluate the spalling length and thickness of the columns’ concrete cover. Then, thermal and mechanical performance of the damaged columns in fire is numerically studied. It is found that: (a) the maximum spalling length generally increases with the increasing column’s drift ratio and axial load ratio, but it does not exhibit monotonic trend with the change in the shear span ratio and volumetric transverse reinforcement ratio; (b) the ratio of the equivalent spalling length to the maximum spalling length generally increases with the increasing column’s drift ratio and axial load ratio; and (c) fire endurance of the damaged column calculated using the equivalent model is 7–18% higher than that using the realistic model, and a discounted factor of .8 is recommended for the former.     

约束高强钢柱受火后轴压剩余承载力影响参数研究

利用经试验验证的ABAQUS有限元模型,对轴心压力作用下的轴向约束高强钢柱受火后的剩余承载性能进行了参数分析,考虑了过火温度、荷载比、轴向约束刚度比、长细比以及高强钢材强度等级等参数的影响。参数分析结果表明:当过火温度小于屈曲临界温度时,受火过程对轴向约束钢柱的轴压承载力没有影响;当过火温度大于屈曲临界温度时,钢柱的轴压剩余承载力会明显减小,且随着过火温度的升高,剩余承载力逐渐降低;轴向约束刚度比和长细比对约束钢柱的过火温度为屈曲临界温度时对应的轴压剩余承载力影响显著;荷载比对约束钢柱的过火温度为破坏临界温度时对应的轴压剩余承载力影响明显;高强钢材强度等级对约束钢柱受火后轴压承载力影响较小。根据参数分析所得数据及规律,提出了超500 MPa高强钢轴向约束柱受火后轴压剩余承载力的简化计算方法,将计算结果与有限元分析结果对比,验证了该简化计算方法的可靠性。     

高强度Q690钢柱耐火性能试验研究

为了获得高强度Q690钢柱的耐火性能，使用电炉对无防护足尺焊接H形Q690钢柱进行模拟ISO 834升温条件下耐火试验。测量得到不同荷载比下Q690钢柱温度、轴向位移、侧向位移与受火时间的关系，基于试验数据得到钢柱的临界温度和耐火极限。采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立钢柱耐火性能分析模型，考虑钢材高温蠕变和焊接残余应力的影响，模拟得到了钢柱的受火响应，其与试验结果吻合良好。利用验证的有限元模型分析了荷载比、长细比和升温速率对钢柱受力性能的影响。研究表明，无防护的Q690钢柱在受火20min左右发生破坏，破坏模式为整体失稳破坏；荷载比对临界温度影响较大，长细比和升温速率影响较小；Q690钢柱的临界温度比GB 51249—2017《建筑钢结构防火技术规范》和欧洲规范EN 1993-1-2的计算结果低60℃左右。最后提出了高强Q690钢柱抗火设计的简化方法。     

约束高强钢柱受火后轴压剩余承载力试验研究

设计了3根截面尺寸、长度均相同的Q550高强度钢柱,其中两根受到轴向约束,并对其进行了恒载作用下升温、降温的受火全过程试验,以及自然降温至室温后的轴压剩余承载力试验,对未受火的钢柱进行了常温下的极限承载力试验。研究了高温试验中钢柱的轴向位移-温度和中点侧向挠度-温度关系、极限承载力试验中钢柱的轴力-轴向位移和轴力-柱中点侧向挠度关系,并进行了有限元模拟。试验以及有限元模拟分析显示,若约束钢柱在高温过程中发生屈曲,则降温后钢柱会有明显的残余弯曲变形,并且柱中截面会产生比初始残余应力更为显著的残余应力,从而显著降低钢柱的剩余承载力和轴向刚度。试验结果与有限元分析结果吻合较好,验证了有限元分析模型的有效性。     

超高强混凝土型钢组合柱抗火性能试验研究

为研究型钢保护层厚度、柱截面尺寸、荷载比、长细比和箍筋间距对超高强混凝土型钢组合柱高温承载力的影响,开展了14根纤维增强120 MPa混凝土型钢组合柱在ISO 834标准升温曲线下的承载力试验.组合柱高温破坏现象和竖向位移历程表明:体积掺量0.15％的聚丙烯纤维能够有效防止超高强混凝土的高温爆裂;随着长细比的增加,组合...     

Cold-formed steel columns made with open cross-sections subjected to fire

An experimental study on the fire behaviour of cold-formed steel lipped channel (C) and built-up I (2C) slender columns with restrained thermal elongation is presented. The studied parameters were the stiffness of the surrounding structure, type of cross-section, end support conditions and initial applied load level on the columns. The results showed that increasing the stiffness of the surrounding structure and initial applied load level for the semi-rigid support conditions and both cross-sections, lead to a significant reduction of the critical temperature whereas for the pin-ended support conditions the reduction is supposed to be smaller.     

The influence of the weak axis on the behavior of high strength RC slender columns subjected to biaxial bending

This paper focuses on the behavior of high strength reinforced concrete columns subjected to biaxial bending. Experimental research with 56 high strength columns was carried out to achieve this purpose. The analyzed parameters were: the slenderness, the eccentricity, and the skew angle of the applied load.The coupling of the second order effects in each main direction of bending was analyzed. It has been observed that the behavior of the column was strongly influenced by the flexibility of the weak axis. However, the proposed simplified approaches in ACI-318(05) and EC-2 (2004) do not take it into account.The experimental results have been compared with a numerical simulation and with simplified approaches based on moment magnification factors such as that proposed by ACI-318(05) and by EC-2 (2004). Numerical simulation provided good agreement with displacement-load results and failure loads from the tests. In general, the simplified approaches are conservative in the case of the smaller eccentricities and result unsafe in the case of larger eccentricities.     

Shear strength of RC beams subjected to cyclic thermal loading

The experiments were performed for assessing the influence of cyclic thermal loading on the shear strength of reinforced concrete (RC) beam specimens. One hundred eleven RC beams of 100 × 150 × 1200 mm size reinforced in tension zone with two bars of 8, 10 and 12 mm diameters were tested under four point loading. The beams were subjected to a number of thermal cycles varying from 7 to 28 cycles with peak temperature taken as 100, 200 and 300 °C. The effects of thermal cycles on the crack pattern, failure mechanism, first crack load and the shear strength of beams have been discussed. The shear strength of the beams has been found to increase by up to 10% at lower temperature cycles of 100 and 200 °C but reduces by up to 14% at higher temperature (300 °C) depending on the severity of thermal loading. The results of study emphasize the need for developing appropriate guidelines for the design of RC structural elements used in comparatively high temperature environment with cyclic thermal loading conditions.     

SRC和RC柱耐火性能和抗火设计的若干问题探讨

扼要介绍了影响型钢混凝土SRC和RC钢筋混凝土柱耐火极限的可能因素主要有截面尺寸、构件长细比、火灾荷载比、截面配筋率、截面含钢率、荷载偏心率、截面高宽比、钢材和混凝土强度等的几何参数、物理参数和荷载参数等对SRC和RC构件.构件耐火极限的影响规律,探讨了SRC和RC柱耐火性能和抗火设计中的若干问题。     

考虑受火全过程的高温作用后型钢混凝土柱力学性能研究及有限元分析

进行了高温作用后型钢混凝土柱力学性能试验,在试验的基础上建立了高温作用后型钢混凝土柱力学性能的数值模拟方法。通过在ABAQUS平台上开发子程序建立了升降温作用下型钢混凝土柱温度场的计算模型,通过选择合适的材料本构关系以及在ABAQUS平台上开发自定义场变量子程序,在考虑升温、降温以及高温作用后不同阶段材料本构关系的基础上,提出了高温作用后型钢混凝土柱力学性能分析的计算模型,实现了高温作用后型钢混凝土柱力学性能的计算模拟。计算结果与试验结果的对比表明,二者吻合较好,提出的方法合理可行。     

Performance of RC columns with debonded bars subjected to cyclic lateral loading

Concrete columns with light confinement reinforcement subjected to cyclic lateral load exhibit brittle shear failure along with flexural yielding of longitudinal steel reinforcement bars. The present study investigates the effect of debonding of longitudinal bars on the performance of columns under lateral loading. Column specimens were tested under quasi‐static reverse cyclic lateral loading. A comparative study has been carried out on the performance of columns with and without debonding using circular steel tubes of varying lengths. Steel tubes were provided to the longitudinal reinforcement in the potential plastic hinge zone. It is observed that the specimens with debonded reinforcement have significant enhancement in deformation capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity than the specimens without it. The congestion of reinforcement at the joints can also be eliminated by reducing the confining reinforcement for these debonded specimens. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.