Behavior and capacity of RC beams strengthened in shear with NSM FRP reinforcement

A recent and promising method for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) members is the use of near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement. In the NSM method, the reinforcement is embedded in grooves cut onto the surface of the member to be strengthened and filled with an appropriate binding agent such as epoxy paste or cement grout. Only a few studies have been conducted to date on the use of NSM FRP reinforcement for shear strengthening of RC beams. These studies identified some critical failure modes related to debonding between the NSM reinforcement and the concrete substrate. However, more tests need to be conducted to identify all possible failure modes of strengthened beams. Moreover, virtually no test results are available on the behavior of shear-strengthened beams containing steel shear reinforcement, and on the effect of variables such as the type of epoxy used as groove filler. This paper illustrates a research program on shear strengthening of RC beams with NSM reinforcement, aimed at gaining more test results to fill the gaps in knowledge mentioned above. A number of beams were tested to analyze the influence on the structural behavior and failure mode of selected test parameters, i.e. type of NSM reinforcement (round bars and strips), spacing and inclination of the NSM reinforcement, and mechanical properties of the groove-filling epoxy. One beam strengthened in shear with externally bonded FRP laminates was also tested for comparison purposes. All beams had a limited amount of internal steel shear reinforcement to simulate a real strengthening situation. Test results are presented and discussed in the paper.     

Flexural strengthening of reinforced lightweight polystyrene aggregate concrete beams with near-surface mounted GFRP bars

Application of near-surface mounted (NSM) fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is emerging as a promising technology for increasing flexural and shear strength of deficient reinforced concrete (RC) members. In order for this technique to perform effectively, the structural behaviour of RC elements strengthened with NSM FRP bars needs to be fully characterized. This paper focuses on the characterization of flexural behaviour of RC members strengthened with NSM glass-FRP bars. Totally, 10 beams were tested using symmetrical two-point loads test. The parameters examined under the beam tests were type of concretes (lightweight polystyrene aggregate concrete and normal concrete), type of reinforcing bars (GFRP and steel), and type of adhesives. Flexural performance of the tested beams including modes of failure, moment–deflection response and ultimate moment capacity are presented and discussed in this paper. Results of this investigation showed that beams with NSM GFRP bars showed a reduction in ultimate deflection and an improvement in flexural stiffness and bending capacity, depending on the PA content of the beams. In general, beams strengthened with NSM GFRP bars overall showed a significant increase in ultimate moment ranging from 23% to 53% over the corresponding beams without NSM GFRP bars. The influence of epoxy type was found conspicuously dominated the moment–deflection response up to the peak moment. Besides, the ultimate moment of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars could be predicted satisfactorily using the equation provided in ACI 318-95 Building Code.     

Numerical simulation of performance of near-surface mounted FRP-upgraded beam–column sub-assemblages under cyclic loading

This study deals with the performance of the upgrading schemes for the existing gravity load designed (GLD) reinforced concrete (RC) beam–column sub-assemblages using near-surface mounted (NSM) fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. In this study, exterior beam–column sub-assemblage of a general RC-framed structure has been considered. Numerical investigations of the sub-assemblages have been carried out under cyclic loading using nonlinear finite element analysis. Experimentally validated numerical models have been used for evaluating the performance of various upgrading schemes using NSM bars. Cyclic behaviour of reinforcement, concrete modelling based on fracture energy, bond–slip relations between concrete and steel reinforcement have been incorporated. The study also includes numerical investigation of crack and failure patterns, ultimate load-carrying capacity, strain comparisons and formation of plastic hinges, load–displacement hysteresis, energy dissipation and ductility. Seismic performance in terms of energy dissipation and development of strain in beam bar shows that some of the upgraded schemes are found to be comparable to the seismically designed ductile specimens. The findings of this study would be helpful to the practising and design engineers for developing detailing criteria for newly designed – or strengthening of deficient – reinforced concrete structure.     

Strengthening of RC beams in shear using GFRP inclined strips – An experimental study

Though there have been a number of studies on shear strengthening of RC beams using externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer sheets, the behaviour of FRP strengthened beams in shear is not fully understood. This is partly due to various reinforcement configurations of sheets that can be used for shear strengthening and partly due to different failure modes a strengthened beam undergoes at ultimate state. Furthermore, the experimental data bank for shear strengthening of concrete beams using FRP remains relatively sparse due to which the design algorithms for computing the shear contribution of FRP are not yet clear. The objective of this study is to clarify the role of glass fiber reinforced polymer inclined strips epoxy bonded to the beam web for shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. Included in the study are effectiveness in terms of width and spacing of inclined GFRP strips, spacing of internal steel stirrups, and longitudinal steel rebar section on shear capacity of the RC beam. The study also aims to understand the shear contribution of concrete, shear strength due to steel bars and steel stirrups and the additional shear capacity due to glass fiber reinforced polymer strips in a RC beam. And also to study the failure modes, shear strengthening effect on ultimate force and load deflection behaviour of RC beams bonded externally with GFRP inclined strips on the shear region of the beam.     

Partially bonded near-surface-mounted CFRP bars for strengthened concrete T-beams

A partially bonded strengthening approach for reinforced concrete (RC) beams utilizing near-surface-mounted (NSM) carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars was investigated with the specific objective of improving deformability. A total of six RC T-beams strengthened with NSM CFRP bars of various unbonded lengths were tested. Test results showed a decrease of the stiffness at the post-yield stage of the load–deflection response in the partially bonded beams. This is caused by the delayed increase of the FRP strain within the unbonded length. As a result the beam deformability was increased as the unbonded length increased at the same applied load. Internal slip of the FRP bar and gradual concrete failure were observed near the ultimate state, which caused a complicate nonlinear behavior of the beams. An analytical model is proposed to address the complete beam behavior including the effect of slip of FRP reinforcement and gradual concrete crushing. This model was developed based on the compatibility of deformation of the partially bonded system and was able to represent the ultimate behavior of the beams well.     

嵌入式CFRP板条-混凝土界面粘结性能的试验研究

嵌入式(NSM)加固法是FRP材料加固混凝土结构的一种新的应用形式。通过CFRP板条嵌入混凝土试块的界面单剪试验,研究粘结长度对界面粘结性能的影响。根据实测应变分布,得到沿粘结长度界面粘结应力分布,并通过计算分析,对局部粘结滑移关系进行了初步探讨。     

盐腐蚀环境下内嵌FRP筋加固混凝土界面黏结性能试验研究

为了研究盐腐蚀环境下内嵌FRP筋加固混凝土界面的黏结性能,对27个内嵌FRP筋加固混凝土试件进行盐腐蚀后的单端拉拔试验,分析试件的受力过程和破坏模式,研究内嵌FRP筋黏结长度、腐蚀时间和FRP筋类型对界面黏结性能的影响。结果表明：盐腐蚀的试件破坏模式分为结构胶劈裂、FRP筋拉断和结构胶劈裂且FRP筋弯折等3种,且以结构胶劈裂破坏为主。盐腐蚀环境下内嵌FRP筋混凝土试件的黏结应力与黏结长度、破坏模式与腐蚀时间有关。盐腐蚀环境会影响混凝土、黏结材料及FRP筋的力学性能,加剧黏结界面失效破坏。腐蚀时间为30 d和90 d的内嵌BFRP筋加固混凝土试件的耐盐腐蚀能力高于内嵌GFRP筋加固混凝土试件的,腐蚀时间为60 d的内嵌GFRP筋加固混凝土试件的耐盐腐蚀能力优于内嵌BFRP筋试件的。根据试验数据拟合了盐腐蚀环境下内嵌FRP筋加固混凝土界面黏结-滑移本构关系,其拟合优度达到0.988 0。     

FRP材料加固混凝土结构应用的新领域--嵌入式(NSM)加固法

嵌入式 (NSM)加固法是FRP材料加固混凝土结构的一种新的应用形式 ,较外贴加固在某些方面具有明显优势。目前该技术在国内的研究应用尚属空白 ,对在该领域已有的国外文献从材料、试验研究、粘结性能和设计方法等几个方面进行了总结 ,可为国内今后开展相关的研究和应用提供借鉴和参考。     

Bond strengthening of lap spliced reinforcement using external FRP jackets: An effective technique for seismic retrofit of rectangular or circular RC columns

Confinement of concrete at the critical hinging regions is one of the most effective means for improving the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) members. Confinement reduces the bond degradation of the steel reinforcement and limits the concrete damage within the confined zone leading to increased energy absorption and dissipation capacity of the structure. Recent experimental and analytical studies undertaken on the use of FRP composites for seismic upgrading of RC members [FRPRCS08 Proceedings. In: Triantafillou TC, editor. 8th International symposium on fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement for concrete structures. Patrace, Greece: University of Patrace; July 2007. p. 16–8] have clearly identified the advantages of this technology when compared to conventional strengthening methods. However, unfortunately, no guidelines have yet been developed by code committees for seismic retrofit using FRP composites. This paper provides a synthesis of the results of a series of experimental and analytical studies undertaken in the main part by the writer and in part by other investigators on the use of external FRP jackets for bond strengthening of developed/spliced steel bars in tension and its implications on the static and seismic response of concrete members. Results of the experimental programs are briefly discussed, and design expressions for evaluating the minimum thickness of FRP jacket required for seismic bond strengthening are presented and compared. The accuracy of the design expressions was verified against experimental data. In addition, a generalized model of the local bond stress–slip response of steel bars embedded in FRP confined concrete corresponding to splitting mode of bond failure is described. The model is composed of a monotonic envelope curve and bond degrading curve and can be used for evaluating the seismic behavior of the hinging zones in reinforced concrete members when confined externally with FRP jackets in comparison with the response of unconfined concrete.     

嵌筋法加固混凝土楼板技术及工程应用

纤维增强材料（FRP）嵌入式加固法可以有效解决混凝土楼板负弯矩区因表面凸凹不平导致难于加固的问题,减小楼板支座处混凝土受拉开裂情况。嵌入的FRP筋位于混凝土板表层内部,通过环氧树脂与原结构有着良好的粘结性能,充分发挥其高强度的特点。嵌筋加固技术原理清晰,施工简便快捷,同其它加固方法配合使用,可以更好的满足混凝土楼板加固要求。     

Assessing the effectiveness of embedding CFRP laminates in the near surface for structural strengthening

Near surface mounted (NSM) is a recent strengthening technique based on bonding carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars (rods or laminate strips) into pre-cut grooves on the concrete cover of the elements to strength. To assess the effectiveness of the NSM technique, an experimental program is carried out involving reinforced concrete (RC) columns, RC beams and masonry panels. In columns failing in bending the present work shows that the failure strain of the (CFRP) laminates can be attained using the NSM technique. Beams failing in bending are also strengthened with CFRP laminates in order to double their load carrying capacity. This goal was attained and maximum strain levels of about 90% of the CFRP failure strain were recorded in this composite material, revealing that the NSM technique is also very effective to increase the flexural resistance of RC beams.The effectiveness of externally bonded reinforcing (EBR) and NSM techniques to increase the flexural resistance of masonry panels is also assessed. In the EBR technique the CFRP laminates are externally bonded to the concrete joints of the panel, while in the NSM technique the CFRP laminates are fixed into precut slits on the panel concrete joints. The NSM technique provided a higher increase on the panel load carrying capacity as well as a larger deflection at the failure of the panel.The performance of EBR and NSM techniques for the strengthening of RC beams failing in shear is also analyzed. The NSM technique was much more effective in terms of increasing the beam load carrying capacity as well as the beam deformability at its failure. The NSM technique was easier and faster to apply than the EBR technique.     

Modeling of debonding failure for RC beams strengthened in shear with NSM FRP reinforcement

The shear capacity of reinforced concrete members can be successfully increased using near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement. Tests conducted thus far have shown that failure is often controlled by diagonal tension associated to debonding between the NSM reinforcement and the concrete substrate. In absence of steel stirrups and/or when the spacing of the NSM reinforcement is large, debonding involves separately each of the bars crossed by the critical shear crack. In order for shear strengthening of beams with NSM reinforcement to be safely designed, an analytical model able to encompass the failure mode mentioned above must be developed. This paper presents two possible approaches, a simplified and a more sophisticated one, to predict the FRP contribution to the shear capacity. In the first approach, suitable for immediate design use, an ideally plastic bond–slip behavior of the NSM reinforcement is assumed, which implies a complete redistribution of the bond stresses along the reinforcement at ultimate. The second approach, implemented numerically, accounts for detailed bond–slip modeling of the NSM reinforcement, considering different types of local bond–slip laws calibrated during previous experimental investigations. It also takes advantage of an approach developed by previous researchers to evaluate the interaction between the contributions of steel stirrups and FRP reinforcement to the shear capacity. The paper illustrates the two models and compares their predictions, with the ultimate goal to evaluate whether the first simple model can be used expecting the same safety in predictions of the second model.     

Three dimensional mechanical model for simulating the NSM FRP strips shear strength contribution to RC beams

Shear strengthening of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams by means of Near Surface Mounted (NSM) Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) strips is an emerging technique for structural rehabilitation that is gaining increasing interest in the FRP community, mainly because of some advantages it provides with respect to the better consolidated technique of the Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR). Those advantages mainly encompass a better exploitation of material and a higher protection against vandalism, along with a relative faster applicability. Yet, the behavior of such NSM FRP strips is extremely complex, as can be gathered by experimental evidence, due to the complex geometry, the nonlinear mechanical properties of bond, and the scatter affecting the concrete tensile properties, along with their nonlinearity. In an attempt to provide valuable contribution to a better understanding of their behavior, a three dimensional mechanical model for simulating the shear strength contribution provided by a system of NSM FRPs to a RC beam throughout the loading process is herein presented along with the main findings. It correctly interprets the experimental evidence, taking into account complex phenomena such as the interaction between bond transferred force and concrete fracture, along with the interaction between adjacent strips.     

表面内嵌玻璃纤维增强材料筋加固混凝土梁抗弯性能试验

为了探究表面内嵌玻璃纤维增强材料（GFRP）加固混凝土的抗弯性能,通过对表面内嵌GFRP筋加固混凝土梁试件的抗弯试验,探究了加固梁受力过程和破坏形式;通过对加固试件与未加固试件的荷载-位移关系曲线和荷载-应变关系曲线的对比分析;探讨典型试件裂缝的开展和分布规律,进一步研究原梁内纵向钢筋配筋率和GFRP筋加固量对梁抗弯性...     

分布式光纤混凝土梁应变测试研究

分布式光纤由于其长距离、分布式、实时在线监测,适用于大坝、水闸等土木工程结构的健康监测。文中在梁纵向钢筋、混凝土梁外表面分别布置分布式光纤传感器,判定混凝土梁开裂荷载及裂缝分布。研究结果表明:分布式光纤传感器能够对RC梁结构应变、裂缝进行准确的监测;分布式光纤传感器进行结构健康监测是可行的。     

混凝土结构加固技术在某加层改造工程中的应用

近几年,随着建筑结构加固和改建工程的增多,一些高强度的建筑用胶的引进、研究以及在工程实践中的应用,使植筋技术在结构加固和改造工程中的应用有较大的价值。某单位综合楼加层改造工程施工中,由于柱筋密集,采用植筋遇到困难,通过在梁上植筋并结合粘贴碳纤维布较好地解决了加层改造问题,可供加固改造中类似情况设计时参考。     

混杂FRP复合材料性能及其加固腐蚀RC梁弯曲性能研究

在混杂FRP(Fiber Reinforced Polymer)复合材料单轴拉伸性能研究的基础上,通过对四根腐蚀混凝土梁的弯曲试验,研究了碳/芳纶/玻璃三种纤维层间混杂布对腐蚀混凝土梁弯曲性能的影响。结果表明:(1)混杂FRP复合材料均表现出良好的混杂效应,但碳/芳纶/玻璃三种纤维的混杂效应最优,其混杂效应系数达到0.453。(2)碳/芳纶/玻璃层间混杂纤维布加固腐蚀梁的开裂、屈服、峰值、极限荷载相比未加固腐蚀梁分别提高了14%、60%、98%和91%,而位移延性系数仅降低11%,表明混杂纤维布可显著改善腐蚀混凝土梁的弯曲性能,这将为混杂FRP复合材料加固腐蚀混凝土结构性能评估与加固设计提供参考。     

Effective methods of using CFRP bars in shear strengthening of concrete girders

This paper presents the results of an experimental study that investigated the shear strength contribution of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars attached with concrete beams using a near surface mounted (NSM) technique. In this research, four concrete beams were cast with regular steel reinforcement in flexure. The control beam had typical shear steel and the other three beams were strengthened in shear with CFRP bars. Strain gauges were attached with the shear reinforcement of all four beams at various shear critical locations. Strains during loading to failure of the beams were recorded using a data acquisition system. The performance of the NSM technique was found to be very effective with no occurrence of delamination, debonding or fracture of FRP. Effective strains in the NSM CFRP bars were determined through analyzing the collected strain data. A new formula to calculate the nominal shear strength provided by NSM CFRP bars has also been proposed.     

纤维筋与玄武岩纤维混凝土粘结性能

为了对比BFRP和GFRP筋与玄武岩纤维混凝土的粘结强度,选用直径14的FRP筋埋入玄武岩纤维混凝土的立方体试块中进行拉拔试验,通过改变FRP筋锚固长度以及纤维掺量,研究玄武岩纤维混凝土与FRP筋的粘结性能.     

纤维筋与高强纤维混凝土的粘结性能

为了对比BFRP和GFRP筋与高强玄武岩纤维混凝土的粘结强度,选用直径14的FRP筋埋入玄武岩纤维混凝土的立方体试块中进行拉拔试验,通过改变FRP筋锚固长度以及纤维掺量,研究高强玄武岩纤维混凝土与FRP筋的粘结性能.