An expert system based on S-transform and neural network for automatic classification of power quality disturbances

In this paper, an S-transform-based neural network structure is presented for automatic classification of power quality disturbances. The S-transform (ST) technique is integrated with neural network (NN) model with multi-layer perceptron to construct the classifier. Firstly, the performance of ST is shown for detecting and localizing the disturbances by visual inspection. Then, ST technique is used to extract the significant features of distorted signal. In addition, an optimum combination of the most useful features is identified for increasing the accuracy of classification. Features extracted by using the S-transform are applied as input to NN for automatic classification of the power quality (PQ) disturbances that solves a relatively complex problem. Six single disturbances and two complex disturbances as well pure sine (normal) selected as reference are considered for the classification. Sensitivity of proposed expert system under different noise conditions is investigated. The analysis and results show that the classifier can effectively classify different PQ disturbances.     

Combined VMD-SVM based feature selection method for classification of power quality events

Power quality (PQ) issues have become more important than before due to increased use of sensitive electrical loads. In this paper, a new hybrid algorithm is presented for PQ disturbances detection in electrical power systems. The proposed method is constructed based on four main steps: simulation of PQ events, extraction of features, selection of dominant features, and classification of selected features. By using two powerful signal processing tools, i.e. variational mode decomposition (VMD) and S-transform (ST), some potential features are extracted from different PQ events. VMD as a new tool decomposes signals into different modes and ST also analyzes signals in both time and frequency domains. In order to avoid large dimension of feature vector and obtain a detection scheme with optimum structure, sequential forward selection (SFS) and sequential backward selection (SBS) as wrapper based methods and Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization (GSO) based feature selection method as filter based method are used for elimination of redundant features. In the next step, PQ events are discriminated by support vector machines (SVMs) as classifier core. Obtained results of the extensive tests prove the satisfactory performance of the proposed method in terms of speed and accuracy even in noisy conditions. Moreover, the start and end points of PQ events can be detected with high precision.     

Power quality disturbance detection and classification using wavelet and RBFNN

This paper introduces a novel approach to detect and classify power quality disturbance in the power system using radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). The proposed method requires less number of features as compared to conventional approach for the identification. The feature extracted through the wavelet is trained by a radial basis function neural network for the classification of events. After training the neural network, the weight obtained is used to classify the Power Quality (PQ) problems. For the classification, 20 types of disturbances are taken into account. The classification performance of RBFNN is compared with feed forward multilayer network (FFML), learning vector quantization (LVQ), probabilistic neural network (PNN) and generalized regressive neural network (GRNN). The classification accuracy of the RBFNN network is improved, just by rewriting the weights and updating the weights with the help of cognitive as well as the social behavior of particles along with fitness value. The simulation results possess significant improvement over existing methods in signal detection and classification.     

Evolutionary algorithm based optimization for power quality disturbances classification using support vector machines

Classification and detection of power signal disturbances are most essential to ensure the good power quality. The power disturbance signals are non-stationary in nature. Non-stationary signal classification is a complex problem and equally a difficult task. In this paper we present a new method for accurate classification of power quality signals using Support Vector Machines (SVM) with Optimized Time-Frequency Kernels by a stochastic genetic algorithm. The Cohen’s class of time-frequency-transformation has been chosen as the Kernel for the SVM. An Evolutionary Algorithm has been used to optimize the parameters of the Kernels. The proposed classification method with optimized parameters is promising for classification of such non-stationary signals. Comparative simulation results demonstrate a significant improvement in the classification accuracy in case of these optimized Kernels. The important contribution of the paper is the optimization of the Kernels for the power system signal classification problem.     

Classification of power system disturbances using support vector machines

This paper presents an effective method based on support vector machines (SVM) for identification of power system disturbances. Because of its advantages in signal processing applications, the wavelet transform (WT) is used to extract the distinctive features of the voltage signals. After the wavelet decomposition, the characteristic features of each disturbance waveforms are obtained. The wavelet energy criterion is also applied to wavelet detail coefficients to reduce the sizes of data set. After feature extraction stage SVM is used to classify the power system disturbance waveforms and the performance of SVM is compared with the artificial neural networks (ANN).     

Optimization techniques for improving power quality data mining using wavelet packet based support vector machine

This paper aims at automatic classification of power quality events using Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). The features of the disturbance signals are extracted using WPT and given to the SVM for effective classification. Recent literature dealing with power quality establishes that support vector machine methods generally outperform traditional statistical and neural methods in classification problems involving power disturbance signals. However, the two vital issues namely the determination of the most appropriate feature subset and the model selection, if suitably addressed, could pave way for further improvement of their performances in terms of classification accuracy and computation time. This paper addresses these issues through a classification system using two optimization techniques, the genetic algorithms and simulated annealing. This system detects the best discriminative features and estimates the best SVM kernel parameters in a fully automatic way. Effectiveness of the proposed detection method is shown in comparison with the conventional parameter optimization methods discussed in literature like grid search method, neural classifiers like Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN), fuzzy k-nearest neighbor classifier (FkNN) and hence proved that the proposed method is reliable as it produces consistently better results.     

POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCE CLASSIFICATION USING S-TRANSFORM AND RADIAL BASIS NETWORK

This article presents an artificial neural network (ANN)-based approach for power quality (PQ) disturbance classification. The input features of the ANN are extracted using S-transform. The features obtained from the S-transform are distinct, understandable, and immune to noise. These features after normalization are given to radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. The data required to develop the network are generated by simulating various faults in a test system. The proposed method requires a lesser number of features and less memory space without losing its original property. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and can classify the disturbance signals even under a noisy environment.     

基于小波变换和FRVM的电能质量扰动分类

针对相关向量机(RVM)计算复杂度大、训练时间长的问题,提出一种基于快速相关向量机(FRVM)的优化算法,其大大减少了相关向量机的训练时间,提高了分类的精度.将它应用于电能质量扰动分类中,首先对电能质量扰动信号进行基于小波变换的时频分析,提取小波变换各层信号的能量与标准信号的能量之差组成特征向量;然后用FRVM对特征量进行分类,进而实现基于小波变换和FRVM的电能质量扰动分类新方法.实验仿真验证了该方法能够对各类电能质量扰动信号进行分类,并且其分类效率和准确率均优于传统的相关向量机分类方法.     

基于组合特征和BTSVM的电能质量扰动识别

为了克服单一特征不能完全表征各种暂态扰动信号特征的不足,提出了一种基于组合特征和二叉树结构支持向量机相结合的电能质量多分类方案。利用小波包变换对扰动信号进行分解,提取特定频带下信号的能量,利用S变换获得扰动信号的模矩阵,从中提取出特征信息,然后将多频带信号的能量和对应的S变换特征信息组合得到组合特征。对依据聚类思想设计出的二叉树结构支持向量机分类器进行了训练和测试。仿真结果表明,该方法具有较好的准确性和识别速度,能够有效识别常见扰动信号,平均识别率提高了6%以上,测试总用时缩短0.06秒,训练时间减小1.8秒。     

Power quality time series data mining using S-transform and fuzzy expert system

This paper presents a new approach for power quality time series data mining using S-transform based fuzzy expert system (FES). Initially the power signal time series disturbance data are pre-processed through an advanced signal processing tool such as S-transform and various statistical features are extracted, which are used as inputs to the fuzzy expert system for power quality event detection. The proposed expert system uses a data mining approach for assigning a certainty factor for each classification rule, thereby providing robustness to the rule in the presence of noise. Further to provide a very high degree of accuracy in pattern classification, both the Gaussian and trapezoidal membership functions of the concerned fuzzy sets are optimized using a fuzzy logic based adaptive particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. The proposed hybrid PSO-fuzzy expert system (PSOFES) provides accurate classification rates even under noisy conditions compared to the existing techniques, which show the efficacy and robustness of the proposed algorithm for power quality time series data mining.     

A dual‐tree complex wavelet transform‐based approach for recognition of power system transients

The present paper proposes a dual‐tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) based approach for recognition of power system transients. Several researchers, all over the world, have so far attempted to solve the problems of recognition of power system transients, hybridizing transform‐based techniques with popular computational intelligence based tools, for example, using wavelet transform and S‐transform for feature extraction, followed by artificial neural networks (ANN) or fuzzy logic‐based classifiers. The proposed method of hybridizing DTCWT‐based feature extraction with ANN‐based classification could efficiently detect several commonly occurring power quality (PQ) disturbance events. The PQ disturbance events considered include four different transient conditions, namely transients due to capacitor switching, transformer inrush currents, transients due to motor switching and transients due to short circuit faults. A detailed performance comparison with several contemporary, competing methods existing in the literatures for similar problems aptly demonstrates the suitability of the proposed method.     

Classification of mental tasks using stockwell transform

In recent years, various physiological signal based rehabilitation systems have been developed for the physically disabled in which electroencephalographic (EEG) signal is one among them. The efficiency of such a system depends upon the signal processing and classification algorithms. In order to develop an EEG based rehabilitation or assistive system, it is necessary to develop an effective EEG signal processing algorithm. This paper proposes Stockwell transform (ST) based analysis of EEG dynamics during different mental tasks. EEG signals from Keirn and Aunon database were used in this study. Three classifiers were employed such as k-means nearest neighborhood (kNN), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) to test the strength of the proposed features. Ten-fold cross validation method was used to demonstrate the consistency of the classification results. Using the proposed method, an average accuracy ranging between 84.72% and 98.95% was achieved for multi-class problems (five mental tasks).     

Hardware and software architecture for power quality analysis

This paper presents a novel concept for power quality hardware and software architecture. Software tools related to detection, classification and characterization of power quality events can be integrated into a Distribution Control Center in which the interconnection between different subsystems is being carried out through the Internet allowing flexibility to the system. This system is implemented using wavelet analysis applied in all proposed algorithms. Different power quality events are taken as examples to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed method. The obtained results reveal that the proposed architecture is feasible to be implemented as an integral part of a control center system.The proposed system has the property of fast and accurate detection and classification of any power quality disturbance event and introduces a new PQ index determination that allows characterizing any type of disturbance including the non-periodic signals.     

Time sequence data mining using time–frequency analysis and soft computing techniques

This paper presents a new approach for time series data mining and knowledge discovery. The relevant features of non-stationary time series data from power network disturbances are extracted using a multiresolution S-transform which can be treated either as a phase corrected wavelet transform or a variable window short-time Fourier transform. After extracting the relevant features from the time series data, an integrated LVQ neural network and various feed-forward neural network architectures are used for pattern recognition of disturbance waveform data. The fuzzy MLP outperforms all the other different connectionist models and is used in the final stage for encoding knowledge in the connection weights that are used to generate rules for fuzzy inferencing of the disturbance patterns. Overall pattern classification accuracy of 99% is achieved for power signal time series data. The knowledge discovery from the data has then been presented for selected patterns using the new quantification procedures. The approach presented in this paper is a general one and can be applied to any time series data sequence for mining for similarities in the data.     

Associated evolution of a support vector machine-based classifier for pedestrian detection

Support vector machine (SVM) has become a dominant classification technique used in pedestrian detection systems. In such systems, classifiers are used to detect pedestrians in some input frames. The performance of a SVM classifier is mainly influenced by two factors: the selected features and the parameters of the kernel function. These two factors are highly related and therefore, it is desirable that the two factors can be analyzed simultaneously, which are usually not the case in the previous work.In this paper, we propose an evolutionary method to simultaneously optimize the feature set and the parameters for the SVM classifier. Specifically, adaptive genetic operators were designed to be suitable for the feature selection and parameter tuning. The proposed method is used to train a SVM classifier for pedestrian detection. Experiments in real city traffic scenes show that the proposed approach leads to higher detection accuracy and shorter detection time.     

采用S变换特征选择方法的心律失常分类

针对短时傅里叶变换与小波变换对心电图（Electrocardiogram,ECG）信号特征提取不足以及心律失常识别困难的问题,提出了一种基于S变换特征选择的心律失常分类算法。首先对ECG信号进行S变换,并从幅值和相位两个角度提取ECG信号的时频特征,与形态特征和RR间隔组成原始特征向量。然后将遗传算法与支持向量机（Support vector machine,SVM）结合组成Wrapper式特征选择方法,并在其中融入ReliefF算法,即采用ReliefF算法计算特征权重,并根据特征权重大小来指导遗传算法种群初始化,遗传算法以SVM的分类性能作为适应度函数来搜索特征子集。最后使用"一对多"（One against all,OAA）SVM对MIT-BIH心律失常数据库8种类型心拍进行分类。实验结果表明,该算法达到了较好的分类效果,灵敏度、特异性和准确率分别为96.14%,99.75%和99.81%。     

基于旋转向量法的电能质量扰动检测分割

电能质量扰动的检测与分割,是电能质量监测和数据记录的必要步骤;在分析3个相邻采样点三角特性的基础上,提出了旋转向量法的暂态电能质量扰动检测分割方法,并推导出的瞬时扰动量、瞬时幅值和瞬时相位的表达式,从而检测出扰动事件的起止时间和持续时间,并实现扰动的分割;仿真结果显示,该旋转向量法能对电压凹陷、电压凸起、暂态振荡和瞬时脉冲等多种暂态电能质量扰动实现有效检测分割;该方法误差小,且实时性好,是一种有效的电压扰动事件分割方法。     

Micro-genetic algorithms for detecting and classifying electric power disturbances

The power quality analysis represents an important aspect in the overall society welfare. The analysis of power disturbances in electrical systems is typically performed in two steps: disturbance detection and disturbance classification. Disturbance detection is usually made through space transform techniques, and their classification is usually performed through artificial intelligence methods. The problem with those approaches is the adequate selection of parameters for these techniques. Due to the advantages of a variant scheme known as the micro-genetic algorithms, in this investigation, a new methodology to directly detect and classify electrical disturbances in one step is developed. The proposed approach is validated through synthetic signals and experimental test on real data, and the obtained results are compared with the particle swarm optimization method in order to show the effectiveness of this methodology.

     

ECG beat classification using particle swarm optimization and support vector machine

In this paper, we propose a novel ECG arrhythmia classification method using power spectral-based features and support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The method extracts electrocardiogram’s spectral and three timing interval features. Non-parametric power spectral density (PSD) estimation methods are used to extract spectral features. The proposed approach optimizes the relevant parameters of SVM classifier through an intelligent algorithm using particle swarm optimization (PSO). These parameters are: Gaussian radial basis function (GRBF) kernel parameter σ and C penalty parameter of SVM classifier. ECG records from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database are selected as test data. It is observed that the proposed power spectral-based hybrid particle swarm optimization-support vector machine (SVMPSO) classification method offers significantly improved performance over the SVM which has constant and manually extracted parameter.