Experimental and theoretical investigation of non-isothermal transfer in hygroscopic building materials

In this paper a modified two-dimensional Luikov model for evaluating the non-isothermal moisture migration in porous building materials was proposed. The coupled heat and moisture transfer problem was modeled. Vapor content and temperature were chosen as the principal driving potentials. The coupled equations were solved by a numerical method, which consists of a finite difference technique with a fully implicit scheme in time. Two validation experiments were developed in this study. The evolution of transient moisture distributions in both one-dimensional and two-dimensional cases was measured. A comparison between experimental results and those obtained by the numerical model proves that they are fully consistent with each other. The modified model can be integrated into a whole building heat, air and moisture transfer model.     

石膏纸板与纸面石膏板技术性能关系探讨

石膏纸板是生产纸面石膏板的主要原料之一。它的诸项性能对纸面石膏板的生产工艺及质量有着直接影响。介绍了石膏纸板的技术性能，生产工艺及纸板结构与原材料选用，分析了纸板强度，水分含量，单位面积质量对纸面石膏板生产工艺、产量、质量及成本的影响，深入研究石膏纸板并把它运用好是生产纸面石膏板的关键。     

纸面石膏板受潮挠度过大的原因分析及改善措施

运用热分析(TG-DSC)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等测试手段分析了生产纸面石膏板所用原料熟石膏粉的化学成分、物相组成以及杂质成分对建筑石膏水化性能和板芯与护面纸粘结的影响.结果表明,可以通过选择低Na含量、低黏土含量的原料来降低石膏板受潮变形,同时添加外加剂可以改善石膏晶体的形貌,也能降低受潮挠度;实验室研究结果在石膏板生产线上进行了应用并得到进一步验证.     

相变蓄能石膏板的性能研究及应用

选用微胶囊相变材料与石膏胶凝材料直接混合的方法,通过对现有的普通纸面石膏板生产工艺进行改进,实现相变蓄能纸面石膏板的规模化生产.对生产的相变蓄能纸面石膏板物理性能和热参数测试及使用效果的模拟测试表明,该产品作为建筑内墙材料时可将室内温度波动控制在较窄的范围内,能增加居住环境的热舒适性.     

Modelling of heat and moisture transfer in buildings: I. Model program

The overall objective of this work is to develop an accurate model for predicting heat and moisture transfer in buildings including building envelopes and indoor air. The model is based on the fundamental thermodynamic relations. Darcy’s law, Fick’s law and Fourier’s law are used in describing the transfer equations. The resultant nonlinear system of partial differential equations is discretised in space by the finite element method. The time marching scheme, Crank–Nicolson scheme, is used to advance the solution in time. The final numerical solution provides transient temperature and moisture distributions in building envelopes as well as temperature and moisture content for building’s indoor air subject to outdoor weather conditions described as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed. A series measurements were conducted in order to investigate the model performance. The simulated values were compared against the actual measured values. A good agreement was obtained.     

湿传递对建筑墙体传热性能的影响

建筑物的耗能与建筑围护结构的传热传湿密切相关,了解建筑墙体内部的热湿传递对建筑节能有重要影响。以相对湿度和温度梯度为驱动势建立墙体一维非稳态热、湿和空气耦合传递模型(HAM模型),并利用有限元法进行了数值求解,重点关注了湿传递对传热的影响。数值结果表明:考虑传湿时墙体内部温度波动小,墙体进行热湿传递会产生湿积累,降低墙体使用年限;考虑传湿时通过墙体总传热量比不考虑传湿时多7.5%;考虑传湿时内壁面最大平均数比不考虑传湿时大0.78。     

极端热湿地区围护结构热湿耦合传递模型

极端热湿地区常年高温多雨,为了准确预测围护结构内的温度和湿度分布,模拟高温、高湿和高太阳辐射对围护结构的影响,建立了适用于极端热湿地区的围护结构热湿耦合传递模型,在边界条件中加入太阳辐射和雨水负荷对传热传湿的影响,考虑了随材料含湿量不断变化的材料物性参数。为了求解模型,提出了基于计算机软件COMSOL的模型求解方法,利用MATLAB计算方程组不断变化的系数,并确定了软件容差和网格的设置条件:相对容差推荐设定在0.001,绝对容差设定为0.000 1,网格按极细化划分。通过对比HAMSTAD标准实例验证了模型的准确性。     

地埋管周围土壤冻结传热特性的实验研究

本文通过搭建沙箱实验平台模拟地埋管低温取热过程,采用控制变量法研究含水率和管内流体温度对地埋管周围土壤冻结传热的影响,并对实验结果进行分析和数值拟合。实验结果表明:随着含水率的增加或管内流体温度降低,土壤冻结区厚度增加,冻结区土壤温度降低,传热速率加快,而且管内流体温度降低对土壤冻结的影响更大,管内流体温度对冻结边界层和土壤温度的影响比含水率分别大32.57%和11.62%。     

Sensitivity analysis of CFD coupled non-isothermal heat and moisture modelling

CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is a useful tool to study air flow patterns in a room. Current CFD models are able to simulate air flow combined with temperature distributions and species distributions. In this paper a coupled CFD–HAM model is discussed. This model combines CFD with a HAM model (Heat, Air and Moisture) for hygroscopic materials. This coupled model is able to simulate air flow around a porous material and combines this with heat and moisture transport in the porous material. Validation with a small scale experiment in which gypsum board was used as a hygroscopic material showed good results. In this paper a further validation of the model is discussed based on a sensitivity analysis of some model parameters. Especially hygrothermal parameters like sorption isotherm and water vapour permeability proved to have a non negligible influence on the modelling outcome. Adding a hysteresis model showed improvement of the model during desorption. The model was also used to compare two modelling strategies. In one strategy the gypsum board was modelled as a uniform material, in a second approach the material was modelled as being layered. The difference between the two approaches showed to be negligible.     

保温材料热阻蜕变对墙体传热系数的影响

外保温结构中保温材料的有效热阻随温度、湿度和使用年限的增加而下降,造成墙体传热系数大于设计值。为此,本文以耦合传热传湿模型为基础,结合保温材料的有效导热系数模型,以分别采用发泡聚苯乙烯,挤塑聚苯乙烯和聚氨酯泡沫作为保温材料的外墙保温结构为例,数值预测了长期实际气候下外墙保温结构的传热系数。计算结果表明,采用上述三种保温材料的墙体传热系数在20年后因保温材料热阻蜕变有不同程度的增加,这意味着需要增加保温层设计厚度才能保证墙体热损失达到设计值。     

Investigation of recycled gypsum in conjunction with waste plastic trays for ground improvement

During the three stages of production, construction and demolition, approximately 15 million tons of gypsum waste plasterboard is generated annually in the world. It is considered a serious problem due to scarcity of land-filling space, increasing the cost of disposal and increasing environmental regulations. Investigations of using recycled gypsum “bassanite” which is derived from gypsum waste plasterboard and waste plastic trays for ground improvement were studied. Recycled gypsum was used as a stabilizing agent to improve the compressive strength while the waste plastic trays were used to improve the tensile strength. Recycled gypsum content, curing time and frost heave property throughout capillary rise test were investigated to determine the behavior of treated soil with recycled gypsum. In addition, size, content and aspect ratio of strips of waste plastic trays were investigated. Test results showed that increasing recycled gypsum content has a more significant effect on compressive strength compared to the tensile strength. The effect of curing time on the strength of treated soil samples with recycled gypsum is much pronounced in the early curing days compared to later ages. Adding strips of waste plastic trays to samples treated with recycled gypsum enhanced both splitting tensile and compressive strengths as well increased the value of secant modulus. Capillary rise rate was reduced with the increase of recycled gypsum content, which helps to reduce the formation of ice lenses; hence the susceptibility of treated soil against frost heave is increased. The size and content of strips of waste plastic trays have significant effect on the potential of capillary rise and the enhancement of strength and stiffness of tested soil.     

围护结构热湿耦合传递模型及简便求解方法

为了预测围护结构内的温度和湿度分布,以连续变量,相对湿度和温度为驱动势,考虑热传递与湿传递之间的耦合作用,建立了围护结构热湿耦合传递非稳态模型,并提出了基于多物理场耦合仿真模拟软件COMSOL的热湿耦合传递模型简便求解方法。通过对比新建模型模拟结果与HAMSTAD标准验证实例,验证了模型及求解方法的准确性。     

Thermal Performance of Composite Panels Under Fire Conditions Using Numerical Studies: Plasterboards, Rockwool, Glass Fibre and Cellulose Insulations

In recent times, light gauge steel frame (LSF) wall systems are increasingly used in the building industry. They are usually made of cold-formed and thin-walled steel studs that are fire-protected by two layers of plasterboard on both sides. A composite LSF wall panel system was developed recently, where an insulation layer was used externally between the two plasterboards to improve the fire performance of LSF wall panels. In this research, finite element thermal models of the new composite panels were developed using a finite element program, SAFIR, to simulate their thermal performance under both standard and Eurocode design fire curves. Suitable apparent thermal properties of both the gypsum plasterboard and insulation materials were proposed and used in the numerical models. The developed models were then validated by comparing their results with available standard fire test results of composite panels. This paper presents the details of the finite element models of composite panels, the thermal analysis results in the form of time–temperature profiles under standard and Eurocode design fire curves and their comparisons with fire test results. Effects of using rockwool, glass fibre and cellulose fibre insulations with varying thickness and density were also investigated, and the results are presented in this paper. The results show that the use of composite panels in LSF wall systems will improve their fire rating, and that Eurocode design fires are likely to cause severe damage to LSF walls than standard fires.     

Full-scale fire experiments on load-bearing cold-formed steel walls lined with different panels

Cold-formed steel (CFS) wall systems were increasingly used as primary load-bearing structural components in residential and industrial buildings. Previous studies were mainly to investigate the fire performance of non-load bearing CFS wall systems lined with gypsum plasterboards. In order to improve the fire performance of load-bearing CFS wall systems more efficiently, this paper presented a detailed experimental investigation on five full-scale CFS walls lined with double layers of three different fire resistant panels on both sides, including fire-resistant gypsum plasterboard, bolivian magnesium board and calcium silicate board. The results showed a noticeable disadvantage of the calcium silicate board due to explosive spalling at high temperatures, and this might cause severe safety issues in an actual fire situation. For CFS walls lined with gypsum plasterboard as the face layer and bolivian magnesium board as the base layer on both sides, different load ratios may result in different failure modes, and the fire resistance time would be more than 90 min when the load ratio was less than 0.65. It was also demonstrated that the fire performance of bolivian magnesium board was superior to that of the fire resistant gypsum plasterboard, therefore the former may be recommended to be used in CFS structures to replace gypsum plasterboards as the base layer.     

交替边界条件下多孔床传热传质特性数值模拟

针对回热式新风系统中多孔介质回热器在交替边界条件下的传热传质特性进行了研究。采用数值方法针对表面温、湿度交替变化的对流边界条件,对多孔床与空气的非稳态传热传质过程进行了模拟计算,获得了多孔床内温度场和含湿量场。在此基础上,分析了该类多孔床的传热传质特性,并比较了关键因素对多孔床内温度和含湿量变化的影响。计算结果表明,多孔床与空气之间的热质交换主要发生在交界面附近较浅的薄层,往底层的传递十分缓慢。多孔床与空气的热、质交换效果受气流流速影响较为明显。     

Transient analysis of the thermal and moisture physical behaviour of building constructions

For the transient analysis of the thermal and moisture conditions in multilayer constructions a numerical algorithm and a computer program based on the Crank-Nicholson method and quasi-linearization are are formulated. Constitutive equations for simultaneous heat and mass transfer in porous material are derived from the integrated mass, momentum and energy balance equations using the volume averaging technique. The temperature and moisture content are used as transport potentials due to general practice. In energy balance equations the conduction, convection and accumulation of heat and heat sources due to interstitial phase changes are considered. In moisture balance equations the accumulation of moisture, the diffusion flow of water vapour, the capillary and surface diffusion flow of liquid water and the viscous flow of humid air and water are considered. The boundary layer and interfacial balance equations are derived, too. The accuracy of the numerical algorithm is compared with an analytical solution for thermally semi-infinite body. The validity of the simulation method is verified by two experiments.     

Heat transfer in concrete-filled carbon and stainless steel tubes exposed to fire

Nowadays, performance-based design methods are increasingly used for fire resistance assessment of structures. To implement these methods, it is paramount to determine the temperature development within a structural member exposed to fire as accurately and efficiently as possible. Numerical models are developed in this paper to simulate the temperature development in concrete-filled carbon and stainless steel tubes. It was found that the influence of the moisture content in concrete and the thermal contact conductance at the steel–concrete interface is significant. New models for thermal conductivity of concrete and thermal contact conductance at the interface are proposed in this paper. Comparisons of temperature development are made between numerical simulations and extensive experimental results. Improved agreement with test results is achieved when the proposed models are used in the heat transfer analysis.     

冻土层中水平埋管换热器换热特性的数值分析

寒冷地区冻土层对地源热泵水平埋管换热器(GHE)的换热特性产生重要影响。根据冻土层换热特点建立了一种简化传热模型,对水平埋管周围土壤瞬态温度分布进行了模拟计算,分析了冻土层冻结和土壤含水率对GHE热损失的影响。计算结果表明,土壤冻结情况GHE的传热损失相对于非冻土情况下增大。进液管热损失随着土壤中含水量的增加先减小后增加,回液管热损失逐渐减小,GHE总热损失减小。计算结果与国家标准"地源热泵系统技术规"(GB 503662-2005)中对水平埋管的埋深规定相吻合。     

The influence of soil moisture content variations on heat losses from earth-contact structures: an initial assessment

An initial investigation of the influence of varying ground moisture content beneath buildings on the heat losses through ground floor slabs is presented. A range of finite element analyses have been performed that indicate that soil moisture content changes can have a significant effect on soil thermal conductivity and hence on ground heat transfer. The work is undertaken for conditions of static moisture content distributions. For the particular problems considered, the results obtained show that total heat flux to the ground can increase significantly with decreasing ground water table depth. Steady-state heat conduction analyses were performed for three test problems; a one-dimensional problem, a two-dimensional shallow earth-contact structure and a two-dimensional “deep” earth-sheltered structure. Each problem was analysed for water table depths ranging from 10 m to zero (i.e. the ground surface). The resulting increase in soil moisture content was found to cause a 60% increase in heat flux in the one-dimensional problem, a 20% increase for the two-dimensional shallow structure and 40% for the deep structure. The variation between types of analysis is due to the heat flow path geometry available in each case. The work is viewed as a further step towards a more complete understanding of the influence of ground moisture content on heat transfer problems. The conclusions drawn should be viewed as a first indication of the significance of this aspect of the problem and need to be considered separately from other work on the influence of ground water flow beneath the water table. The results also suggest that transient effects and coupling of heat and moisture transfer processes merit further attention.     

叉流除湿器中溶液与空气热质交换模型

建立了简化数学模型 ,空气出口温度和含湿量、溶液出口温度和质量分数的数值计算结果与实验结果的偏差在± 1 0 %以内 ,全热效率和除湿效率的偏差在± 2 0 %以内。通过分析除湿器内部温度场和浓度场得出 :在叉流除湿器中 ,不能忽略空气温湿度沿溶液流动方向和溶液温度沿空气流动方向的变化 ;传质驱动势要采用积分平均湿差的方法计算 ,而不能简单地采用对数平均湿差来表示