The relationship between autogenous shrinkage and pore structure of cement paste with mineral admixtures

In this paper, the combination of fly ash and silica fume, or fly ash and blast furnace slag were used as the composite mineral admixtures in cement paste. The autogenous shrinkage and the pore structure of the hardened cement paste with mineral admixtures were tested, and the relationship of the autogenous shrinkage and pore structure also was discussed. The results indicate that fly ash can reduce the autogenous shrinkage, and silica fume can increase the autogenous shrinkage, and the effect of blast furnace slag is between the two above; although both silica fume and blast furnace slag can weaken the porosity and the mean diameter of cement paste, and increase the volumetric percentage of pores whose diameter is between 5 and 50 nm and pore specific surface, silica fume is better than blast furnace slag in changing the pore structure. The relationship between the autogenous shrinkage and volumetric percentage of pores whose diameter is between 5 and 50 nm is obviously proportional.     

矿物掺和料对玄武岩纤维水泥砂浆强度发展的影响

研究了粉煤灰和硅灰对玄武岩纤维增强水泥基材料强度发展规律的影响,分析了粉煤灰和硅灰复掺对水泥砂浆中玄武岩纤维耐腐蚀性的影响.结果表明：玄武岩纤维对水泥基材料的早期抗折强度具有增强作用,后期增强效果下降,甚至会降低基体强度;粉煤灰和硅灰可显著延长玄武岩纤维对水泥砂浆抗折强度增强效果的时效.XRD图谱和显微结构分析表明,粉煤灰和硅灰复掺后降低了水泥基体中Ca(OH)2晶体的含量和玄武岩纤维的腐蚀程度,改善了玄武岩纤维和水泥基体之间的界面性质.     

Lime based steam autoclaved fly ash bricks

About 10 million tonnes of fly ash are produced yearly as waste from coal fired thermal power plants in Turkey. Only a small portion of this waste is utilized as a raw material in the production of cement and concrete. In this study, Seyitömer power plant fly ash was investigated in the production of light weight bricks. Fly ash, sand and hydrated lime mixtures were steam autoclaved under different test conditions to produce brick samples. An optimum raw material composition was found to be a mixture of 68% fly ash, 20% sand and 12% hydrated lime. The optimum brick forming pressure was 20 MPa. The optimum autoclaving time and autoclaving pressure were found 6 h and 1.5 MPa, respectively. The compressive strength, unit volume weight, water absorption and thermal conductivity of the fly ash–sand–lime bricks obtained under optimum test conditions are 10.25 MPa, 1.14 g/cm³, 40.5% and 0.34 W  m⁻¹ K⁻¹ respectively. The results of this study suggested that it was possible to produce good quality light weight bricks from the fly ash of Seyitömer power plant.     

Sulfate resistance of plain and blended cements exposed to magnesium sulfate solutions

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of plain and blended cements exposed to magnesium sulfate solutions with varying sulfate concentrations for up to 24 months. Four types of cements, namely Type I, Type V, Type I plus silica fume, and Type I plus fly ash, were exposed to five magnesium sulfate solutions with sulfate concentration of 1%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 4.0%. The sulfate-resistance was evaluated by visual examination, and measuring reduction in compressive strength. Maximum deterioration, due to sulfate attack, was noted in Type I cement. The performance of Type V, Type I plus silica fume and Type I plus fly ash cements was not significantly different from each other. The enhanced sulfate-resistance noted in the Type I cement blended with either silica fume or fly ash indicates the usefulness of these cements both in sulfate and sulfate plus chloride environments.     

Influence of fly ash on strength and sorption characteristics of cold-bonded fly ash aggregate concrete

Cold-bonded fly ash aggregate concrete with fly ash as part of binder or fine aggregate facilitates high volume utilization of fly ash in concrete with minimum energy consumption. This paper investigates the influence of fly ash on strength and sorption behaviour of cold-bonded fly ash aggregate concrete due to partial replacement of cement and also as replacement material for sand. While cement replacement must be restricted based on the compressive strength requirement at desired age, replacement of sand with fly ash appears to be advantageous from early days onwards with higher enhancement in strength and higher utilization of fly ash in mixes of lower cement content. Microstructure of concrete was examined under BSEI mode. Replacement of sand with fly ash is effective in reducing water absorption and sorptivity attributable to the densification of both matrix and matrix–aggregate interfacial bond. Cold-bonded fly ash aggregate concrete with a cement content of 250 kg/m³, results in compressive strength of about 45 MPa, with a total inclusion of around 0.6 m³ of fly ash in unit volume of concrete.     

Effect of palm oil fuel ash fineness on the microstructure of blended cement paste

This paper presents the effect of palm oil fuel ash fineness on the microstructure of blended cement paste. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) was ground to two different finenesses. Coarse and high fineness palm oil fuel ash, with median particle sizes of 15.6 and 2.1 μm, respectively, were used to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at 0%, 20% and 40% by binder weight. A water to binder (W/B) ratio of 0.35 was used for all blended cement pastes. The amorphous ground palm oil fuel ash was characterized by the Rietveld method. The compressive strength, thermogravimetric analysis and pore size distribution of the blended cement pastes were investigated. The test results indicate that the ground palm oil fuel ash was an amorphous silica material. The compressive strengths of the blended cement pastes containing coarse POFA were as high as that of OPC cement paste. Blended cement paste with high fineness POFA had a higher compressive strength than that with coarse POFA. The blended cement pastes containing 20% of POFA with high fineness had the lowest total porosity. The Ca(OH)₂ contents of blended cement paste containing POFA decreased with increasing replacement of POFA and were lower than those of the OPC cement paste. In addition, the POFA fineness had an effect on the reduction rate of Ca(OH)₂. Furthermore, the critical pore size and average pore size of blended cement paste containing POFA were lower than those of the OPC cement paste. The incorporation of high fineness POFA decreased the critical pore size and the average pore size of blended cement paste as compared to that with coarse POFA.     

Hydration heat kinetics of concrete with silica fume

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of silica fume on the hydration heat of concrete. Portland cement was replaced by silica fume in amounts from 10 % to 30 % by mass in concrete with w/(c+sf) ratios varying between 0.25 and 0.45. A superplasticizer was used to maintain a fluid consistency. The heat of hydration was monitored continuously by a semi-adiabatic calorimetric method for 10 days at 20 °C. The calorimetric study indicated that the hydration was modified by the presence of silica fume. In the early stages, the silica fume showed a high activity and accelerated the hydration rate as compared to that of the reference concrete. The fine silica fume particled provided nucleation sites for hydrates growth. Then the pozzolanic activity took over and increased both strength and the hydration heat. A substitution of Portland cement by 10% with silica fume produced greater strength and cumulative heat of hydration as compared to that of the reference concrete.     

Influence of pozzolan from various by-product materials on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete

This paper presents experimentally investigated the effects of pozzolan made from various by-product materials on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. Ground pulverized coal combustion fly ash (FA), ground fluidized bed combustion fly ash (FB), ground rice husk–bark ash (RHBA), and ground palm oil fuel ash (POFA) having median particle sizes less than 11 μm were used to partially replace Portland cement type I to cast high-strength concrete. The results suggest that concretes containing FA, FB, RHBA, and POFA can be used as pozzolanic materials in making high-strength concrete with 28-day compressive strengths higher than 80 MPa. After 7 days of curing, the concretes containing 10–40% FA or FB and 10–30% RHBA or POFA exhibited higher compressive strengths than that of the control concrete (CT). The use of FA, FB, RHBA, and POFA to partially replace Portland cement type I has no significant effect on the splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity as compared to control concrete or silica fume concretes. This results suggest that the by-products from industries can be used to substitute Portland cement to produce high-strength concrete without alteration the mechanical properties of concrete.     

河道疏浚底泥制备泡沫混凝土试验研究

利用河道疏浚底泥制备泡沫混凝土,研究了石灰、粉煤灰和微硅粉部分代替水泥,以及外掺偏硅酸钠、水玻璃和生物炭对所制备的底泥基泡沫混凝土抗压强度、导热系数和吸水耐水性能的影响。结果表明,微硅粉的加入优化了孔隙分布,可诱发火山灰反应,改善底泥基泡沫混凝土的综合性能;外掺2%的大麦草生物炭(500℃)可使底泥基泡沫混凝土的抗压强度提高14.2%,导热系数降低4.78%;添加石灰、粉煤灰和偏硅酸钠降低了泡沫混凝土的综合性能;水玻璃对泡沫混凝土的性能影响不大。     

Interfacial interactions in concretes with silica fume and SBR latex

This paper deals with the effect of silica fume and styrene-butadiene latex (SBR) on the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between Portland cement paste and aggregates (basalt). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDX) was used to determine the ITZ thickness. In the plain concrete a marked ITZ around the aggregate particles (55 μm) was observed, while in concretes with silica fume or latex SBR the ITZ was less pronounced (35–40 μm). However, better results were observed in concretes with silica fume and latex SBR (20–25 μm).     

Analysis of durability of high performance concrete using artificial neural networks

This study aims to determine the influence of the content of water and cement, water–binder ratio, and the replacement of fly ash and silica fume on the durability of high performance concrete (HPC) by using artificial neural networks (ANNs). To achieve this, an ANNs model is developed to predict the durability of high performance concrete which is expressed in terms of chloride ions permeability in accordance with ASTM C1202-97 or AASHTO T277. The model is developed, trained and tested by using 86 data sets from experiments as well as previous researches. To verify the model, regression equations are carried out and compared with the trained neural network. The results indicate that the developed model is reliable and accurate. Based on the simulating durability model built using trained neural networks, the optimum cement content for designing HPC in terms of durability is in the range of 450–500 kg/m³. The results also revealed that the durability of concrete expressed in terms of total charge passed over a 6-h period can be significantly improved by using at least 20% fly ash to replace cement. Furthermore, it can be concluded that increasing silica fume results in reducing the chloride ions penetrability to a higher degree than fly ash. This study also illustrates how ANNs can be used to beneficially predict durability in terms of chloride ions permeability across a wide range of mix proportion parameters of HPC.     

Influence of class F fly ash on the abrasion–erosion resistance of high-strength concrete

This study investigates the abrasion–erosion resistance of high-strength concrete (HSC) mixtures in which cement was partially replaced by four kinds of replacements (15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) of class F fly ash. The mixtures containing ordinary Portland cement were designed to have 28 days compressive strength of approximately 40–80 MPa. Specimens were subjected to abrasion–erosion testing in accordance with ASTM C1138. Experimental results show that the abrasion–erosion resistances of fly ash concrete mixtures were improved by increasing compressive strength and decreasing the ratio of water-to-cementitious materials. The abrasion–erosion resistance of concrete with cement replacement up to 15% was comparable to that of control concrete without fly ash. Beyond 15% cement replacement, fly ash concrete showed lower resistance to abrasion–erosion compared to non-fly ash concrete. Equations were established based on effective compressive strengths and effective water-to-cementitious materials ratios, which were modified by cement replacement and developed to predict the 28- and 91-day abrasion–erosion resistance of concretes with compressive strengths ranging from approximately 30–100 MPa. The calculation results are compared favorably with the experimental results.     

矿物掺合料对硫铝酸盐水泥-普通硅酸盐水泥复合体系性能的影响

研究了矿粉、硅灰和粉煤灰3种矿物掺合料对硫铝酸盐水泥-普通硅酸盐水泥复合体系的标准稠度用水量、凝结时间、水化放热、胶砂抗折及抗压强度、砂浆干缩率、抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能和水化产物的影响。结果表明:随矿物掺合料掺量的增加,复合体系的标准稠度用水量增大,凝结时间延长;掺加矿物掺合料后水化放热峰出现时间延后,总水化放热量减少,其中掺加矿粉和硅灰的试件初期水化速率减慢程度较掺加粉煤灰试件更明显;3种矿物掺合料对复合体系强度的影响差别较大,掺加3%硅灰的试件3 d抗压强度增长较快;硅灰的掺加会使砂浆干缩率增大,矿粉、粉煤灰的掺加可以减小砂浆试件的干缩;矿物掺合料的掺加会提高胶砂试件抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,掺粉煤灰的试件抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能最好。     

硅粉、粉煤灰作掺合料的C80高性能混凝土研究

研究了硅粉、粉煤灰掺量对混凝土强度与流动性的影响和硅粉、粉煤灰混凝土28d强度规律及混凝土的后期强度增长规律。采用P.O.42.5级普通硅酸盐水泥、中砂、5~25mm碎石及适量NF2-6缓凝高效减水剂,水胶比0.28,硅粉掺量5%,粉煤灰掺量5%~15%或硅粉掺量10%~15%,粉煤灰掺量5%~20%及水胶比0.31,硅粉掺量15%,粉煤灰掺量5%~10%时,可配制出C80高性能混凝土并且给出混凝土配合比参考公式。     

A study on the hydration rate of natural zeolite blended cement pastes

Natural zeolite is a type of mineralogical material containing large quantities of reactive SiO₂ and Al₂O_3. It is widely used in the cement industry in China as a cement blending material. Like other pozzolanic materials such as silica fume and fly ash, zeolite contributes to concrete strength mainly through the pozzolanic reaction with Ca(OH)₂, Thus, the pozzolanic reactivity of this type of material in comparison with other pozzolans is of much interest. This paper presents experimental results on the compressive strength, degree of pozzolanic reaction, and porosity of zeolite modified cement pastes. These results are compared with those obtained from similar blended cement pastes prepared with silica fume and fly ash replacements. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that natural zeolite is a pozzolanic material, with a reactivity between that of silica fume and fly ash. Generally, in blended cement pastes with a lower water-to-cementitious materials ratio, the natural zeolite contributes more to the strength of the pastes. But in the pastes with a higher water to cementitious ratio and a lower cement replacement level it undergoes a higher degree of reaction.     

Mechanical properties of normal and high strength concretes subjected to high temperatures and using image analysis to detect bond deteriorations

The effect of high temperatures, up to 250 °C, on mechanical properties of normal and high strength concretes with and without silica fume was investigated, and image analysis was performed on split concrete surfaces to see the change in bond strength between aggregate and mortar. Specimens were heated up to elevated temperatures (50, 100, 150, 200, 250 °C) without loading and then the residual compressive and splitting tensile strength, as well as the static modulus of elasticity of the specimens were determined. For normal strength concrete residual mechanical properties started to decrease at 100 °C, while using silica fume reduced the losses at high temperatures. In terms of percent residual properties, high strength concrete specimens performed better than normal strength concrete specimens for all heating cycles. Image analysis studies on the split surfaces have been utilized to investigate the effect of high temperatures on the bond strength between aggregate and mortar. Image analysis results showed that reduced water–cement ratio and the use of silica fume improved the bond strength at room temperature, and created more stable bonding at elevated temperatures up to 250 °C.     

Characteristics of lightweight concrete containing mineral admixtures

This research investigates the properties of fresh and hardened concretes containing locally available natural lightweight aggregates, and mineral admixtures. Test results indicated that replacing cement in the structural lightweight concrete developed, with 5–15% silica fume on weight basis, caused up to 57% and 14% increase in compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, respectively, compared to mixes without silica fume. But, adding up to 10% fly ash, as partial cement replacement by weight, to the same mixes, caused about 18% decrease in compressive strength, with no change in modulus of elasticity, compared to mixes without fly ash. Adding 10% or more of silica fume, and 5% or more fly ash to lightweight concrete mixes perform better, in terms of strength and stiffness, compared to individual mixes prepared using same contents of either silica fume or fly ash.     

Durability of cementing binders based on fly ash and other wastes

The paper deals with the cementitious binders produced by blending 60–70% fly ash with fluorogypsum, hydrated lime sludge, with and without Portland cement and chemical activator in different proportions. Data show that strength development of cementitious binders takes place through formation of ettringite, C–S–H and wollastonite compounds. The durability of these binder has been studied by its performance in water and by accelerated aging i.e. alternate wetting and drying as well as by heating and cooling cycles at temperatures in the range 27–50 °C. The results indicate Lawrence of strength of binder with the increasing cyclic studies at different temperatures. The maximum fall in compressive strength was noticed at 50 °C.     

Effect of superplasticizer on plastic shrinkage of plain and silica fume cement concretes

Four types of superplasticizers were used in conjunction with three types of silica fume to prepare cement concrete slab specimens that were utilized to measure plastic shrinkage strain and time to attain maximum strain. The concrete slab specimens were cast and placed in an exposure chamber in which the relative humidity, temperature, and wind velocity were kept at 35 ± 5%, 45 ± 2 °C, and 15 ± 2 km/h, respectively. Results of this investigation indicate that the plastic shrinkage strain varied with the type of superplasticizer and the type of silica fume. Maximum plastic shrinkage strain was measured in the undensified silica fume cement concrete with all superplasticizers. Incompatibility was noted between polycarboxylic ether superplasticizer and plain and two types of silica fume cement concretes.     

纳米SiO2超高强高流态混凝土及改性机理

通过正交试验提出纳米超高强高流态混凝土的胶凝材料配合比设计参数,并研究了纳米SiO_2的掺入对传统掺硅灰、粉煤灰超高强水泥基胶凝材料强度及工作性能的影响。在保证水胶比不变的条件下,开展了混凝土配合比试验,并研究了纳米SiO_2对混凝土抗压强度的影响及其微观机理。结果表明:超高强高流态混凝土中胶凝材料最优比例为:纳米SiO_2:硅灰:粉煤灰:水泥=1:8:20:71;在胶凝材料用量为600～1 000kg/m~3范围内,随着其掺量的增加,混凝土流动度不断增加,抗压强度先增大后减小,当其掺量为800kg/m~3时,抗压强度最大。分析认为,纳米SiO_2、硅灰与粉煤灰形成的三元多尺度堆积体系能优化粉体材料在混凝土中的微集料密实填充效应,纳米SiO_2的二次水化反应也有效改善了硬化水泥石的微观结构,并优化其形态分布,进一步增大其强度。