Experimental and numerical analysis of a halved and tabled traditional timber scarf joint

Traditionally constructed heavy timber trusses, found in timber framed buildings and bridges, employ various traditional joints, among them the lower chord scarf joint. This paper examines the behavior of a halved and tabled scarf joint, which was studied as an isolated structural component using experimental tests and finite element analyses. Experimental tests identified two different limit states for these particular scarf joints: shear failure parallel to grain and tension failure perpendicular to grain. The possibility of failure due to tension perpendicular to grain results from variations in grain angle and means that the limit state of shear failure parallel to grain, typically assumed in analysis and design, is unconservative. For the purposes of design and rehabilitation, the authors propose that the scarf joint be treated as a member subject to combined bending and axial tension forces. The results of the finite element analysis, performed using solid continuum elements in ABAQUS, are in good agreement with the experimental test results. In addition to finite element models, the authors use analytical spring models to demonstrate that when developing a two-dimensional model of a truss with lower chord scarf joints, serviceability limit states be checked with a model that reduces the lower chord section properties in the vicinity of the scarf joints.     

钢板攻丝高强螺栓连接钢框架节点力学性能试验研究

对采用钢板攻丝高强螺栓连接的钢框架节点分别进行了高强螺栓拉伸及剪切试验、钢柱法兰连接节点静力及拟静力试验、梁柱半刚性连接静力试验.基于试验数据对节点连接的承载能力、失效模式以及刚度特征等关键问题进行了分析.研究结果表明:由自攻螺纹钢板及高强螺栓构成的连接形式具有良好的抗拉、抗剪性能,以螺杆断裂为最终破坏模式;钢柱法兰连...     

矩形钢管单层网壳预埋螺栓装配式节点及其受弯性能试验研究

提出了一种适用于矩形钢管单层网壳结构的新型装配式节点,该节点通过预埋螺栓的方式避免杆件开孔对截面的削弱,构造简单、传力路径清晰,且装配简单方便。通过16个节点的四点弯曲试验,研究了该类节点的受弯性能及失效模式。结果表明：该类节点具有良好的受弯性能,节点受弯能力随螺栓直径的增大、杆件端板厚度的增加以及杆件端板距节点体距离的减小而增强;在弯矩作用下,节点的失效模式主要包括杆件失效、螺栓失效及杆件端板失效;与杆件开孔节点相比,所提节点在受弯承载力及变形能力方面具均有优势,但初始抗弯刚度略低。与试验结果的比较表明,考虑接触效应的非线性有限元分析模型可以较好地模拟节点的受弯性能。     

High performance jointing systems for timber

In current timber design, member sizes are often determined by the need to have an adequate section size for jointing. The use of high performance jointing systems has the potential to achieve substantial reductions in the volume of timber used in conventional structures such as roof trusses. In this programme four different jointing systems which are suitable for large timber sections have been tested: Standard black bolts, Split ring/shear plates, resin bonded steel dowels and butt joints with uni-axial glass reinforcement. The results have shown that the shear plates and the glass-reinforced joints offered the best performance.     

腹杆形式对钢管混凝土桁梁受力性能影响的研究

进行了3榀钢管混凝土桁梁试件四分点对称加载静力试验,研究腹杆布置形式对整体受力性能的影响,并探讨了有限元法和节点承载力验算方法。试验研究结果表明,3榀桁梁试件的整体极限承载力和极限变形能力从大到小的腹杆布置形式为修正的Warren式、Pratt式和Warren式。不同腹杆布置形式的桁梁节点失效模式不同,修正的Warren桁梁和Pratt桁梁的节点失效模式为弦杆钢管扯裂失效,而Warren桁梁为受压腹杆接头局部屈曲。通过对比荷载-变形关系实测曲线与计算曲线,对有限元梁单元模型计算钢管混凝土桁梁整体受力性能的精度进行了分析。在不考虑节点处弦杆钢管与管内混凝土界面非线性的影响时,有限元刚接梁单元模型和铰接梁单元模型计算的整体极限承载力均大于实测值,而计算变形值均小于实测值。与铰接梁单元模型比较,刚接梁单元模型计算的弹塑性阶段整体抗弯刚度及整体极限承载力的精度更高。刚接梁单元模型计算的腹杆轴力与实测值吻合良好。当忽略腹杆弯矩影响时,桁梁节点承     

Experimental investigation of dry mechanical beam–column joints for precast concrete based frames

This paper proposes dry mechanical beam–column joints for fully restrained moment connections of concrete components. This novel joint can be used for reinforced concrete precast frames and steel–concrete composite precast frames. The new dry mechanical joint consists of extended steel plates with bolts designed to transfer tension and compression forces, providing fully restrained moment connections at the beam–column joint. The extended end plate with bolts introduced for column‐beam joint assembly was originally used in the steel moment frame, as introduced in AISC 358. This study developed similar but unique mechanical joint details for concrete frames in order to provide fully restrained moment connections for both steel–concrete composite precast frames and reinforced concrete precast frames. Experimental and analytical investigations were performed to verify the structural behavior of fully restrained moment connections for concrete components in order to identify the parameters that influence the structural behavior of dry mechanical moment concrete connections. These connections are expected to be used in modular offsite construction for buildings and heavy industrial plants. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

外伸式端板连接蜂窝钢梁-混凝土柱组合节点抗震性能试验研究

通过7个1∶2比例外伸式端板连接蜂窝钢梁-混凝土柱组合节点的低周反复加载试验,研究不同螺栓数目、直径及排列方式的外伸式端板连接蜂窝钢梁-混凝土柱组合节点在各受力阶段的抗震性能和合理的节点构造形式。基于试验数据,分析了节点在反复荷载作用下的破坏形态、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、刚度退化、延性和耗能性能等。试验结果表明：试件的破坏形态和变形与螺栓数目、直径及排列方式有关,外伸端板螺栓连接中螺栓数目多、直径大的节点连接形式的承载力高,抗震性能较好;8个端板螺栓4行2列的排列形式为最合理的抗震节点形式;外伸端板螺栓数量为8个时的延性和耗能性能都能满足抗震的要求。     

Numerical investigations on the thermo-mechanical behavior of steel-to-timber joints exposed to fire

A three-dimensional finite element model is developed to predict the thermo-mechanical behavior of steel-to-timber doweled joints in tension parallel to grain exposed to fire. To manage the plastic yielding of the materials, the mechanical model is based on the von Mises criterion for steel and the Hill criterion for timber. In fire, the material characteristics depend on the temperature. Two different meshes are used for the thermal and the thermo-mechanical models. The thermal model is continuous, to take account of the thermal continuity between the joint components. The thermo-mechanical model is discontinuous, to consider the contact evolution between the joint components. The thermal model is used to predict the evolution of the temperature field inside the joint which depend on the gas temperature. It is validated on the basis of measured temperatures during fire tests. The complex transformations in wood during fire are represented by apparent values of thermo-physical characteristics proposed in the bibliography and calibrated on the basis of the experimental measurements. The mechanical model is validated by comparison with the experimental results of joints in normal conditions. The thermo-mechanical model is validated by considering the experimental failure times of some joints. The numerical models showed a good capacity to simulate the behavior of the timber joints in cold and in fire situations. These developed and tested models can be used as a general tool to analyze the behavior of a large variety of joint configurations to constitute a data base that can be used in safe and economic practice of fire engineering of wood joints.     

古木结构中抬梁式和穿斗式木构架受力性能试验研究

为从木构架层次把握我国古建筑木结构的基本受力性能,根据相关文献和现场测绘设计并制作了抬梁式木构架和穿斗式木构架各1榀,进行了恒定轴压下的水平单调加载试验。通过试验研究获得了两类典型木构架的破坏模式、荷载-位移关系、榫卯节点的破坏形态、柱顶侧移-加载位移关系、榫卯节点的拔榫量-转角关系等。研究结果表明,在加载过程中,木构架中榫卯节点逐个破坏,半榫节点发生脱榫破坏,透榫发生变截面处顺纹撕裂破坏和榫头下侧受弯破坏,最终两榀木构架均发生整体倾覆破坏;抬梁式木构架和穿斗式木构架的极限位移角分别为1/6.6、1/4.0,均具有良好的变形能力,但抬梁式木构架的水平荷载承载效率明显低于穿斗式木构架;柱顶侧移随着加载位移的增加而近似线性增加;榫卯之间的初始缝隙在加载初期逐渐闭合,会引起部分榫卯节点拔榫量为负值,之后,主要榫卯节点的拔榫量随节点转角的增大而增大。     

主管内填充混凝土矩形钢管桁架受力性能试验研究

为研究主管内填充混凝土对矩形截面钢管桁架受力性能的影响,并考虑节点偏心作用,进行了支主管宽度比β为0.8的空钢管桁架、受压主管内填充混凝土桁架和拉压主管内均填充混凝土桁架的对比试验。试验研究表明:结构破坏均发生在节点部位,主管内填充混凝土改变了节点失效模式,其中空钢管桁架为节点部位的受压主管表面塑性失效和侧壁鼓曲,受压主管内填充混凝土桁架为节点部位的受拉主管表面塑性失效和侧壁鼓曲,拉压主管内均填充混凝土桁架为节点部位的受拉主管表面冲剪失效。主管内填充混凝土不但能协助主管受力,而且能够提高节点强度和刚度,提高桁架的整体承载力。节点相对偏心较大时,由偏心造成的次应力比较明显,对支管的影响要比对主管的影响大。节点试验承载力比按相关规范的计算承载力要高出较多,计算结果偏于安全。     

Structural performance of composite joints using bent studs

A composite truss bridge is an efficient structural type where the merits of both the steel member and the prestressed concrete member are combined. The design of a connection for the truss bridge is of particular interest due to complex details resulting from concentrated forces at the composite joint. In this paper, experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the performance of the joint with bent studs welded on a gusset plate. Push-out tests for static and fatigue loadings on a group stud connection were conducted to evaluate the direct shear strength and fatigue endurance of the joint. Because the joints are subject to various loading conditions, flexure-shear tests were also performed to verify the design provisions for the joints under a combination of tension and shear. In order to enhance the structural behavior of the connection, a bent shaped stud was proposed to increase the pull-out strength of the concrete slab. Test results showed that it is adequate to use Eurocode-4 for the evaluation of a shear connection which satisfies the requirement of minimum stud spacing specified in Eurocode-4. Since the shear load is concentrated at the joint structure of composite truss bridges, additional confining reinforcements are needed to enhance the horizontal shear strength of the shear connection. The design provision on the interaction of tension and shear for the joint structure gave conservative results. When the pyramid failure surface was assumed, internal studs had little effect on the pull-out strength of the joint. Constructability of the joint can be enhanced by decreasing the number of connectors and by strengthening the concrete slab through simplified design checks assuming four failure modes and their interactions.     

方钢管柱可拆卸螺栓拼接节点轴向力学性能研究

为研究采用特殊三角盒装置固定螺母的单边拧紧高强度螺栓的闭口截面方钢管柱-柱拼接节点轴向力学性能,设计制作了5个节点,并对其进行轴向受拉和受压加载试验,得到节点变形、承载力等力学性能,并与按GB 50017—2017《钢结构设计标准》计算的承载力进行对比分析;对部分节点进行承载能力极限状态之后的可拆卸性能分析。在验证有限元模型准确性和有效性的基础上,采用ABAQUS有限元软件对节点的受力性能进行数值模拟分析,研究拼接区高强度螺栓拉力和板件接触面摩擦力的变化规律。结果表明：采用特殊三角盒装置固定螺母的单边拧紧高强度螺栓的闭口截面方钢管柱拼接节点构造简单、安装方便、易于拆卸,抗滑移承载能力和极限承载能力良好;受拉承载能力极限状态后高强度螺栓的拉力与板件间摩擦力损失相对较大;单边拧紧高强度螺栓的闭口截面方钢管柱-柱拼接节点承载力仍可按GB 50017—2017中的承载力计算式进行计算。     

Research on axial loading behaviour of deconstructable bolt spliced square steel tubular columns

为研究采用特殊三角盒装置固定螺母的单边拧紧高强度螺栓的闭口截面方钢管柱-柱拼接节点轴向力学性能，设计制作了5个节点，并对其进行轴向受拉和受压加载试验，得到节点变形、承载力等力学性能，并与按GB 50017—2017《钢结构设计标准》计算的承载力进行对比分析；对部分节点进行承载能力极限状态之后的可拆卸性能分析。在验证有限元模型准确性和有效性的基础上，采用ABAQUS有限元软件对节点的受力性能进行数值模拟分析，研究拼接区高强度螺栓拉力和板件接触面摩擦力的变化规律。结果表明：采用特殊三角盒装置固定螺母的单边拧紧高强度螺栓的闭口截面方钢管柱拼接节点构造简单、安装方便、易于拆卸，抗滑移承载能力和极限承载能力良好；受拉承载能力极限状态后高强度螺栓的拉力与板件间摩擦力损失相对较大；单边拧紧高强度螺栓的闭口截面方钢管柱-柱拼接节点承载力仍可按GB 50017—2017中的承载力计算式进行计算。     

胶合木网壳半刚性节点受力性能试验研究

针对凯威特六型胶合木网壳节点,设计并制作了12个足尺节点试件。进行了在胶合木构件轴压力为0、100、200 kN和300 kN共4种工况下节点的受弯承载性能试验,对节点抗弯刚度和受力性能进行分析,研究节点的弯矩-转角关系、节点域破坏模式及其与构件轴压力的关系。结果表明：节点域破坏模式可分为胶合木构件受压破坏、受拉破坏和界限破坏。节点域胶合木构件受拉破坏的节点受弯承载力随木构件轴压力的增大而增加。随着胶合木构件轴压力的增加,节点的初始抗弯刚度增大。发生节点域胶合木构件受压破坏的节点,其刚度较木构件受拉破坏的节点有较大提高。试验测得了节点的荷载-位移曲线和弯矩 转角曲线,并拟合得到了弯矩-转角关系方程,结果表明适度的木构件轴压力有助于提高节点连接的延性。     

Experimental investigation of the ultimate bearing capacity of continuously jointed segmental tunnel linings

The serviceability of segmental tunnel linings is attracting more and more attention within the operation of urban rail traffic. Full-scale tests are herein conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of continuously jointed segmental tunnel linings, considering changes of surrounding environment. The design of tested linings and loading schemes are described. The most important results are the evolution of deformations, cracking and opening of joints and forces in bolts. The bearing capacity, role of joint bolts and failure mechanism of the tested linings are analysed. It is found that failure of these linings is caused by the failure of joints. Thus, in order to optimise structural design of tunnel linings, more attention needs to be paid to maximise the joint strength. It is also found that circumferential joint bolts could take action and offer the safety margin in connection with the response of segmental structures. What’s more, a comparison of different experimental loading conditions has shown that segmental lining structures are more vulnerable to lateral unloading than to overload conditions.     

地铁盾构隧道衬砌结构变形及破坏探讨

盾构隧道衬砌结构的变形与破坏模式受接头的力学性能控制,但目前国内地铁盾构隧道接头形式多样,不同形式的接头对整环结构受力性能的影响机理还不清晰。基于足尺试验,分别研究单环、多环的国内典型地铁直螺栓接头衬砌结构、弯螺栓接头衬砌结构、快速接头衬砌结构的受力性能,对比分析其正常运营状态的变形、周边扰动下的破坏模式与极限承载力。结果表明：①通缝拼装盾构隧道衬砌结构的性能由纵缝接头性能决定,提高纵缝接头延性可使结构破坏模式从接头处连接件脆性断裂转变为结构整体失稳;②错缝结构性能取决于环间相互作用强弱,随着环间相互作用的增强,结构首个塑性铰位置从纵缝接头向管片本体转移;③可通过环间、环内的协调设计,优化结构正常运营状态基本受力性能,提高结构极限承载力并使结构发生延性破坏。     

Strength of tubular welded joints of roof trusses in Shanghai Qizhong Tennis Center

Static strength of multi-planar welded joints with seven brace members and one chord member made of circular hollow sections is investigated in the paper, based on the engineering practice of moveable roof trusses of Shanghai Qizhong Tennis Center. Firstly, comparative experiments were carried out on two model joints with a scale of 1:3. One joint was not reinforced, whereas the other was reinforced with ring stiffeners inside the chord member. Failure mode, stress distribution, plastic-zone development and ultimate load capacity of the joints were investigated, and effects of the ring stiffeners on the joint behavior were observed through the experiments. Secondly, finite element analysis of both the tested model joints was performed. The calculation results are in a good agreement with the experimental results, which indicated that the numerical analysis was quite effective. Finally, the strategy for enhancing strength of the complicated joint is discussed. Parameters study on the constructional details of ring stiffeners was carried out using FE method. The present research shows the multi-planar circular hollow section joint with high ratio of diameter to thickness of the chord and multiple braces is liable to chord plasticity under axial tension and compression on the braces. For the design of the joint, it is suggested that the ring stiffeners are installed insider the chord to meet needs of enough stiffness and strength. Both position and number of the stiffeners should be carefully determined based on the axial forces on the braces and their diameters. The stiffener thickness should not be less than the chord thickness, and the diameter of the hole at the center of the stiffener should not be greater than half of the chord diameter.     

Development and structural testing of a composite-reinforced timber highway guardrail

Various government agencies install timber guardrails on scenic highways and roads in lieu of conventional steel guardrails for aesthetic reasons. Most acceptable timber guardrails rely on a continuous steel backing member to carry the large tensile forces caused by vehicle impact and transfer load to the posts. However, these guardrails are relatively expensive and heavy due to their use of large, solid-sawn timber sections. This study focuses on the development and structural testing of a novel timber guardrail that consists of a hardwood glued-laminated member strengthened with a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). The FRP acts in place of steel to carry the impact-induced tension and the guardrail is significantly shallower and lighter than conventional timber guardrails. This paper details the analysis of the guardrail response under vehicle impact, the development and testing of a unique and easily installed rail-to-rail field splice connection capable of carrying the tensile forces caused by vehicle impact, and the evaluation of guardrail durability in exterior conditions. In addition, the structural performance of the guardrail was assessed using experiments that produced the simultaneous tension and flexure forces expected during vehicle impact using a single hydraulic actuator and a three-point bending test apparatus. Based on the development and testing documented in this paper, the FRP-reinforced timber guardrail is expected to be capable of passing required vehicle crash tests.     

上海旗忠网球中心屋盖支座圆管节点强度研究

以上海旗忠网球中心可开闭屋盖支座节点为工程背景,探讨了由7根支管和1根主管焊接而成的复杂空间多支管节点静力强度。首先进行了两个1∶3的缩尺模型节点静力对比试验,一个节点的主管中不设置加劲板,另一个节点在主管内设置了环向加劲板。试验研究了节点的破坏模式、应力分布、塑性发展、承载能力,观察了加劲板对节点性能的影响。其次,应用有限元方法对两个所试验的模型节点受力性能进行了数值分析,将计算结果与试验结果作了比较,表明有限元数值分析有效可靠。最后,讨论了增强复杂管节点强度的措施,进行了环向加劲板构造参数的有限元分析。研究表明主管径大壁薄、多支管的空间圆管节点在支管有拉有压的情况下很容易发生主管屈服破坏,设计时建议在主管内布置环向加劲板来保证节点刚度和强度,须根据支管轴力大小、拉压性质、支管与主管相交位置等因素来精心设计加劲板的位置和数量。加劲板的厚度不宜小于主管的壁厚,加劲板中心开孔的直径不宜大于0.5倍的主管直径。     

铝合金板式节点平面外受弯滞回性能试验研究

为研究节点板厚度、节点板材质、是否设置抗剪键以及加载模式对铝合金板式节点滞回性能的影响,完成了4组共计8个试件平面外受弯的拟静力试验,对其变形特征、破坏模式、承载能力、延性以及耗能能力等进行了分析。结果表明：板式节点在平面外往复弯矩作用下的受力过程可以分为5个阶段,即弹性阶段、螺栓滑移阶段、孔壁承压阶段、承载力退化阶段和破坏阶段;通过破坏后试件的形态特征可归纳出节点的两种破坏模式分别为杆件破坏和节点板块状拉剪破坏,且破坏模式与节点板厚度和杆件翼缘厚度密切相关;由于螺栓滑移的影响,节点的滞回曲线不够饱满;综合对比试件的骨架曲线、位移延性系数和能量耗散系数,节点板较厚的铝合金板式节点具有更好的承载能力、变形能力和耗能能力。