Study on Amorphous Ni-Mo-Fe-Zn Coating Electrocatalyst forHydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Solution

Amorphous Ni-Mo-Fe-Zn quaternary alloy coatings are developed by means of electrodeposit,and after most of zinc is leached out their electrocatalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline media is studied using electrochemical polarization and a.c. impedance techniques. The results show these coatings have very high eIectrocatalytic activity and excellent stability. This might benefit from the increased active surface area, well-pronounced synergism as well as their amorphous structures. The HER proceeds through the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism with a rate-determination-step (RDS) of Volmer at high overpotentials and the HER is controlled by Heyrovsky in lower overpotential areas.     

柠檬酸体系电沉积Ni-Cr合金镀层工艺影响因素分析

为了提高铝材的耐蚀性和表面硬度,用柠檬酸体系在铝基体上制备了Ni-Cr合金镀层.研究了工艺参数对镀层组成、形貌和结构的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件.结果表明:最佳工艺条件获得的镀层光亮、平滑,显示出密集的球形细粒状形貌特征;镀层为面心立方(FCC)Ni-Cr固溶体纳米晶结构;适当降低温度,增大电流密度,提高镀液中CrCl3...     

Comparison of properties of Cr3C2-Ni-Cr coatings thermally sprayed from pre-alloyed and mechanically mixed powders

A process for producing powder whose individual particles contain both Cr₃C₂ and Ni-Cr is discussed. The process consists of forming agglomerates which are subsequently sintered, melted in a plasma flame and sized. This powder does not exhibit the segregation and inhomogeneity problems associated with conventional mechanical blends of Cr₃C₂ and Nichrome powders. Plasma-sprayed coatings made from the pre-alloyed powders have uniform microstructures and high hardnesses. At room temperature their wear characteristics are superior to those of plasma-sprayed coatings from conventional blends.     

含钪大电流密度氧化物阴极工作机理研究

通过试制含钪氧化物阴极得到了一些有意义的实验结果。基金属上支取电流区域与不支取电流区域的形貌及成分有很大差异 ,含钪氧化物阴极与普通氧化物阴极涂层蒸发物中Ba与Sr的比值差别很大 ,在加速寿命实验中 ,支取大电流密度情况下 ,含钪氧化物阴极表现出明显优势。本文在实验的基础上 ,讨论了含钪氧化物阴极可以提供大密度电流的工作机理 ,认为阴极涂层中较强的电场使涂层活性大大增强 ,导电率大大提高 ,阴极涂层Ba的蒸发率低也是这类阴极长寿命的原因之一。     

Cluster migration in the earliest growth stages of gold films on carbon

A process has been developed for forming dense, adherent aluminized layers on Ni-Cr-type alloys. This process development was based on a previous discovery that cobalt additions of 2–20% significantly affect the morphology of aluminized coatings. To enrich the surface region of the Ni-Cr in cobalt, a layer of cobalt about (2–8) × 10^-3 mm thick is applied by physical vapor deposition, sputtering or any other suitable process. The cobalt-coated substrate is heat treated using time-temperature conditions sufficient to cause the cobalt atoms to diffuse into the substrate to the required depth prior to the second step of aluminization. The desired cobalt concentration is greater than 2 wt.% in the substrate surface.Aluminization of the substrate after surface treatment with cobalt is achieved using conventional pack cementation or any other suitable process. It is shown that the oxidation resistance of Ni-20Cr is improved when this alloy is coated with a layer of cobalt of thickness 2.5 × 10^-3mm, then heat treated for 5 h at 1160°C and finally pack aluminized.It is also shown that a duplex-aluminized physically vapor-deposited (PVD) NiCoCr coating has a significantly different morphology from a similarly aluminized PVD Ni-Cr coating.     

THE THERMAL SHOCK ENDURANCE OF A PLASMA SPRAYED ZrO2 COATING ON STEEL

By addition of a Ni-Cr undercoating to a steel substrate, a ZrO₂; coating with high thermal shock endurance was produced. This coating resists to an initial quenching temperature gradient of 1000 K. The plasma spray coating material is 7wt%-CaO stabilized ZrO₂ powder. The chemical composition and the thermal expansion coefficient of the base steel, and also the Ni-Cr undercoating were evaluated for thermal shock endurance. The thermal shock endurance of the ZrO₂ coatings is enhanced by the (Cr+Co) contents in the steels and by applying a Ni-Cr undercoating. The thermal expansivities of the steels have little influence on the thermal shock endurance. The carbon in the steels deteriorates the bonding of the Ni-Cr undercoating, but does not influence the ZrO₂ coatings themselves.     

Q235钢表面Ni-Cr电镀层的组织及性能

为提高Q235钢的表面防护性能,对其进行表面电镀Ni-Cr处理,并采用正交试验对电镀Ni-Cr工艺进行优化。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和激光共聚焦显微镜(OM)分别对镀层进行物相表征和形貌观察,利用显微硬度计、磨粒磨损机和电化学工作站对镀层硬度和耐蚀性进行研究。结果表明:以镀层沉积速率为指标,正交试验所得电镀Ni-Cr优化工艺为柠檬酸钠含量30 g/L,镀液pH值3.0,电流密度20 A/dm~2,电镀温度35℃,镀层沉积速率可达40.17μm/h;Ni-Cr镀层相结构由γ-Ni和Cr_(1.22)Ni_(2.88)组成;镀层表面平整,表面形貌为密集球形颗粒;与基体相比,正交试验所得Ni-Cr镀层硬度提高了81.62~649.08 HV_(2N),磨损率减少了9.14~29.99mg/cm~2,自腐蚀电位提高了2.05~121.28 mV。     

Axisymmetric fretting analysis in coated cylinder

Fretting is essentially a contact fatigue phenomenon, although bulk stresses and material properties contribute to final failure. The near surface state of stress developed under oscillatory contact between machine elements plays a major role in deciding the severity of fretting. It is possible to enhance tribological properties by coating the surface. There is rather scanty literature available on fretting analysis of coated components. Presence of such coatings has a large influence on the near surface state of stress. The effect of coatings on the severity of fretting is the focus of this paper. Results obtained for both hard and soft coatings are compared with the results obtained for the homogeneous case. The component geometry and loading are chosen to be cylindrical to enable 3D elastic axisymmetric fretting analysis. The results are compared with 2D models (strip and half-plane) to examine their utility and validity for understanding axisymmetric fretting. Contact pressure and frictional shear loading cases are solved separately and superposed appropriately depending on the coefficient of friction considered. Results for different values of coefficient of friction and elastic mismatch are illustrated through contour plots of stresses and strains. These results are expected to be helpful for identifying fretting failure zones and fracture mechanisms in coated components. Analytical results presented here could serve as useful benchmarks for calibrating numerical codes and experimental techniques.     

Cr颗粒含量对Ni-Cr纳米复合镀层组织结构的影响

使用Ni与纳米Cr颗粒共沉积方法制备Ni-Cr纳米复合镀层,研究了镀液中Cr颗粒浓度、搅拌强度和阴极电流密度等工艺参数对镀层中沉积Cr量的影响.结果表明:镀层中纳米Cr颗粒的复合改变了电沉积Ni的生长方向,Ni晶粒由原来沿(200)晶面取向生长,转变为沿(200)、(111)和(220)晶面均匀生长.镀层中Cr复合量越多,Ni晶粒的形核位置越多,Ni晶粒越细化.也探讨了Ni-Cr纳米复合镀的沉积机理.     

碳纤维增强聚酰亚胺复合材料表面梯度涂层制备与组织性能研究

在碳纤维增强聚酰亚胺基体上设计了Ni-Ni/Cr-WC/Co和PI-Ni/Cr-WC/Co两种表面梯度涂层,并对其进行微观组织分析和抗热震性能测试,结果表明,采用化学镀镍和超音速火焰喷涂复合工艺得到的Ni-Ni/Cr-WC/Co梯度涂层结构较为致密,与基体结合较好,涂层经300次热震后无明显变化;采用超音速火焰喷涂得到的PI-Ni/Cr-WC/Co梯度涂层结构疏松,与基体结合力差,涂层经273次热震后完全脱落.镀镍层与基体能够通过机械力和原子力结合,也可以与镍铬合金层通过冶金结合、机械嵌合结合,同时在缓解涂层应力等方面起到重要作用,从而有效提高了梯度涂层的结合强度.     

Biomimetic mineral coatings in dental and orthopaedic implantology

Biomimetic techniques are used to deposit coatings of calcium phosphate upon medical devices. The procedure is conducted under near-physiological, or “biomimetic”, conditions of temperature and pH primarily to improve their biocompatibility and biodegradability of the materials. The inorganic layers generated by biomimetic methods resemble bone mineral, and can be degraded within a biological milieu. The biomimetic coating technique involves the nucleation and growth of bone-like crystals upon a pretreated substrate by immersing this in a supersaturated solution of calcium phosphate under physiological conditions of temperature (37°C) and pH (7.4). The method, originally developed by Kokubo in 1990, has since undergone improvement and refinement by several groups of investigators. Biomimetic coatings are valuable in that they can serve as a vehicle for the slow and sustained release of osteogenic agents at the site of implantation. This attribute is rendered possible by the near-physiological conditions under which these coatings are prepared, which permits an incorporation of bioactive agents into the inorganic crystal latticework rather than their mere superficial adsorption onto preformed layers. In addition, the biomimetic coating technique can be applied to implants of an organic as well as of an inorganic nature and to those with irregular surface geometries, which is not possible using conventional methodologies.     

Effect of surface nanomorphology and interfacial galvanic coupling of PEDOT-titanium counter electrodes on the stability of dye-sensitized solar cell

The present study demonstrates a novel approach by which titanium foils coated with electropolymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in combination with sputtered platinum can be processed into a high-surface area cathodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A detailed study has been performed to elucidate how surface nanomorphology and I(-)/I(3-) redox reaction behaviors underlying these photocathodes impact the DSSC performances. From the analysis of the relevant electrochemical parameters, an intrinsic correlation between the photovoltaic performances and the cathode surface area has been deduced for such a system and explained on the basis of relative contributions of the galvanic coupling properties of the nanomorphology PEDOT film and platinum. Depending on the type of photocathodes incorporated, it was observed that these PEDOT coated cathodes can exhibit higher stability over a given time range and photo-conversion efficiencies 12-40%, higher than that achievable in absence of the intermediate PEDOT coatings. It has been shown that DSSCs based on such metal-polymer hybrid photo-cathodes allow significant room for improvement in the catalytic performance at the electrode/electrolyte interface.     

镍铬合金薄膜的研究进展

镍铬合金薄膜是重要的精密电阻和应变电阻薄膜材料.简述了镍铬合金薄膜的3种制备方法:真空蒸发沉积、磁控溅射沉积和离子束沉积;讨论了基底、工作气压、沉积时间等薄膜制备工艺参数以及退火工艺对薄膜性能的影响.重点叙述了镍铬合金薄膜、改良型镍铬合金膜、含氮镍铬合金膜、镍铬合金多层膜和纳米镍铬合金薄膜等膜系的特征.阐明了制备具有高电阻率、低电阻温度系数、高应变灵敏系数、良好的热稳定性等优异综合性能的镍铬合金薄膜的新工艺发展趋势.     

Preparation and characterization of CuO nanostructures on copper substrate as selective solar absorbers

Selective solar absorber coatings of copper oxide (CuO) on copper substrates are prepared by room temperature oxidation of copper at different alkaline conditions. The surface morphology and structural analyses of the CuO coatings are carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman spectroscopy techniques. XRD and Raman studies indicated the single phase nature and high crystallinity of the prepared CuO nanostructures. Different CuO nanostructures, viz., nanoneedles, nanofibers and nanoparticles are formed at different alkaline conditions. The influence of reaction time on morphology of the CuO nanostructures is also studied. The thermal emittance values of these nanostructured CuO samples are found to be in the range of 6–7% and their solar absorptances are ranged between 84 and 90%. The observed high solar selectivity values (>12.7) suggest that these coatings can be used as selective absorbers in solar thermal gadgets.     

负载量对钛基IrSiCe电极电催化性能的影响

为探究负载量对钛基IrSiCe电极电催化性能的影响,采用热分解法在450℃制备了不同负载量的钛基IrSiCe电极。采用扫描电子显微镜表征了涂层表观形貌,采用开路电位、循环伏安曲线、析氧极化曲线及交流阻抗谱分析了其电化学性能。结果表明:合理的负载量可以增大电极的活性表面积、增加致密度,提高电极电催化活性、稳定性及使用寿命,但负载量过多或过少均会对电极性能产生不利影响;随着负载量增加,稳态开路电位持续增加,有利于表面转化反应的发生;真实的电催化效应和表观活性并不一致,当负载量为7.5 g/cm²时,表观活性达到最高,但真实的电催化效应在10.0 g/cm²时达到最高。     

Surface fatigue and wear of PVD coated punches during fine blanking operation

Performance of two different physical vapour deposited (PVD) TiCN and Alcrona® (AlCrN) coatings systems is under investigation. Coatings were deposited on the punches produced from the Böhler S390 Microclean steel. Two different surface preparation techniques were used – wet polishing (high surface roughness) and dry polishing (low surface roughness).Industrial trials of PVD coated punches in fine blanking operation were performed and studied. Wear of punches was analysed in regard to the punch geometry, position in the die and surface roughness, and measured after maximum 100,000 cycles at high loads.Punches with higher surface roughness seem to withstand numerous loading cycles with some traces of coating delamination and wear. On the other hand performance of PVD coatings with smaller surface roughness in a striking way was much worse.Comparative trials of the coatings surface fatigue wear and indentation surface fatigue testing were performed in the laboratory as well. In surface fatigue wear testing coatings were dynamically indented by ball (spherical) indenters made from conventional hardmetal (WC-6 wt.%). Testing parameters were identical to those of industrial trials. The Vickers diamond pyramid indenter was cyclically pressed with 500 N load at single point during indentation surface fatigue testing. Results are in agreement with surface fatigue wear tests results.Finally the microstructural investigations using SEM and XRD techniques were performed for better understanding of the surface fatigue and wear mechanisms during fine blanking process.Results of both trials are in good agreement and allow predicting performance of coatings.     

Diamantartige Kohlenstoffschichten steigern die Effizienz

Diamond‐like carbon thin films enhance efficiency — laser arc deposition of ta‐C Rising prices for fossil fuels as well as the increasing effects of the climate change due to the emission of greenhouse gases reveal the necessity of saving energy. Low friction coatings have an enormous potential in saving energy. Carbon based coatings — named as DLC coatings — are especially well suited for low friction coatings. In particular hydrogen‐free tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta‐C) coatings are of great interest due to their extraordinary low wear properties. In addition they show excellent low friction properties and especially in combination with specific lubricants the so‐called super low friction effect. For the deposition of ta‐C coatings PVD methods have to be applied instead of CVD methods as it is the case for conventional DLC coatings. We have developed a deposition method which is based on a pulsed arc steered by a laser (Laser‐Arc). This allows us to use large cathodes resulting in a high long‐term stability. Furthermore, the carbon plasma source can be combined with a filtering unit removing almost all droplets and particles, which usually are characteristic for an arc process. The resulting Laser‐Arc source allows for the deposition of smooth and virtually defect‐free ta‐C coatings with a competitive deposition rate.     

Adhesion failures on hard coatings induced by interface anomalies

In this work, the lack of adhesion occurred during the up-scaling of the deposition of tribological coatings in a semi-industrial apparatus is interpreted. The adhesion problems were detected for both hard and self-lubricant coatings from W-Ti-N and W:C systems, respectively, when they were deposited in a 4 cathodes TEER^® chamber by reactive unbalanced magnetron sputtering. In spite of cleaning the substrates surface by ion bombardment prior to deposition, by establishing a discharge close to the substrate, insufficient adhesion critical load values were measured by scratch-testing.A powerful set of complementary techniques was used to the detailed analysis of the interfaces in order to understand and overcome the adhesion problems: RBS gave some insights on the nature of the problem by detecting composition anomalies in the substrate/coating interface; Auger spectroscopy was used for identifying the underneath chemical composition close to the interface; cross section TEM gave the final evidence of the presence of a contamination layer attributed to malfunctioning of the ion cleaning process, which was the cause of the lack of adhesion.     

Evaluations of the stability of sheathless electrospray ionization mass spectrometry emitters using electrochemical techniques

The processes that cause the failure of sheathless electrospray ionization (ESI) emitters, based on different kinds of gold coatings on fused-silica capillaries, are described and explained. The methods chosen for this study include electrochemical methods, ICPMS analysis of the electrolytes used, SEM studies, and electrospray experiments. Generally, the failure occurs by loss of the conductive coating. It is shown that emitters with sputter-coated gold lose their coatings because of mechanical stress caused by the gas evolution accompanying water oxidation or reduction. Emitters with gold coatings on top of adhesion layers of chromium and nickel alloy withstand this mechanical stress and have excellent durability when operating as cathodes. When operating as anodes, the adhesion layer is electrochemically dissolved through the gold film, and the gold film then flakes off. It is shown that the conductive coating behaves as a cathode even in the positive electrospray mode when the magnitude of a superimposed reductive electrophoretic current exceeds that of the oxidative electrospray current. Fairy-dust coatings developed in our laboratory (see Barnidge, D. R.; etal.Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 4115-4118,) bygluing gold dust onto the emitter, are unaffected by the mechanical stress due to gas evolution. When oxidized, the fairy-dust coatings show an increased surface roughness and decreased conductivities due to the formation of gold oxide. The resistance of this oxide layer is however negligible in comparison with that of the gas phase in ESI. Furthermore, since no flaking and only negligible electrochemical etching of gold was found, practically unlimited emitter lifetimes may be achieved with fairy-dust coatings.