20%黄蚜必杀乳油防治苹果黄蚜药效试验

苹果黄蚜（Ａｐｈｉｓｐｏｍｉ）是苹果树的主要害虫之一，因其繁殖快、数量大、危害重，且难防治，故受到植保界的重视。灭多威（ｍｅｔｈｏｍｙｌ）是一种广谱性杀虫剂，多用于防治棉铃虫，但由于多次施用和本身与多种农药存在交互抗性，因此有些地区防治效果明显降低。为提高其防治效果，山东华阳农药化工集团与有关单位协作，利用灭多威和增效剂研制出２０％黄蚜必杀乳油新剂型。为明确对苹果黄蚜的防治效果，于１９９８年在我所苹果试验园进行了田间药效试验。１　试验材料和方法１．１　试验药剂２０％黄蚜必杀乳油（灭多威＋增效剂，…     

棉铃虫、棉蚜防治交替轮换用药限用菊酯类药剂

<正>农业部在黄河流域、长江流域棉区、新疆棉区设置15个监测点,监测棉铃虫种群对功夫菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的抗药性,监测棉蚜种群对吡虫啉、氧化乐果、高效氯氰菊酯抗药性。结果表明,与2013年相比,黄河流域棉区相比其他棉区棉铃虫种群对药剂抗性变化较大,对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐敏感性均有所下降甚至出现了中等水平抗性,对功夫菊酯抗性水平上升,抗性     

害虫抗药性治理策略-多位点杀虫毒素的研究

害虫对杀虫剂产生抗药性，降低了农药使用效率，增大了农药用量，污染了环境。害虫抗药性可分为单一抗性、多重抗性、交互抗性。害虫抗药性由遗传因素、生态因素和操作因素决定，3种因素作用不当都能引起害虫抗性的发生。农药有效成分作用于害虫的特定位点，害虫对农药抗药性就是克服农药位点作用，使之失效、钝化，保持农药作用位点敏感性是减缓害虫抗药性的有效方法。每一种农药对害虫都有一个主要作用位点，每一种害虫郜存在多个农药作用位点。多位点杀虫毒素的研究是克服害虫抗药性的有效途径。将B．t．的杀虫毒素进行酶切改造，形成带末端氨基的原毒素，将阿维菌素的羟基进行激活、衍生化，形成带羧基的杀虫毒素衍生物，最后利用氨基-羧基偶联剂(EDC)进行藕合，实现两种生物毒素的结构改造和生化结合。BtA解决了生物农药杀虫谱窄和杀虫速率慢的弱点。     

抗性对策与农药合理复配

害虫对农药的抗药性,已成了道,全世界范围内引人注目的问题。据1980年报世界产生抗性的害虫已达432种。到1984年已上升到450种以上,而且还在不断增加。我国一些地区,某些农业害虫和卫生害虫的抗药性也发展到了严重的地步。如山东省棉区1980年开始用拟除虫菊酯类农药防治棉田害虫,1982年大规模使用。棉蚜对菊酯类的抗性上升很快,到1985年在全省大多数地区菊酯类农药对棉蚜已基本失效。一旦发生这种情形,唯一能做的就是更换农药品种。目前一个新农药用以防治某一害虫的有效使用寿命仅5～8年,而现在发展一个农药新品种从开     

4种杀虫剂对马铃薯桃蚜的毒力及对其乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

[目的]明确呼和浩特和武川2个地区马铃薯桃蚜抗药性水平并探寻其抗性形成机制。[方法]采用室内生物测定方法检测了4种杀虫剂对呼和浩特、武川马铃薯桃蚜种群和北京室内饲养的不接触任何药剂的桃蚜的毒力,并对各种群桃蚜的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性进行测定。[结果]呼和浩特和武川2个田间种群对毒死蜱抗性倍数分别为25.79和70.20,处于中高抗水平;对氧乐果的抗性倍数均小于5,处于敏感向抗性过渡阶段;对灭多威和异丙威的抗性水平较低,抗性倍数在3.86~6.88之间。乙酰胆碱酯酶活力与杀虫剂的抗性倍数成负相关性。对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性抑制试验中,毒死蜱对3个马铃薯桃蚜种群均有较强抑制作用。[结论]呼和浩特和武川地区马铃薯桃蚜体内乙酰胆碱酯酶靶标不敏感性已存在,建议两地区防治该种害虫时,交替轮换用药或选用复配剂。     

2008年全国农业有害生物对12种常用农药的抗性监测

抗药性监测结果 2008年全国农业技术推广服务中心组织辽宁、河北、山东、山西、陕西、河南、江苏、安徽、湖北、江西、新疆、海南、广西、福建、浙江、云南等省65个抗药性监测点对棉铃虫、棉蚜、褐飞虱、二化螟的抗药性进行了监测，测定农药品种12个。现就可以评估的害虫和涉及的农药品种抗性通报如下。     

2009年度全国农业有害生物抗药性监测结果

<正>2009年全国农业技术推广服务中心组织江苏、安徽、湖北、江西、广西、福建、浙江、云南、辽宁、河北、山东、山西、陕西、河南、新疆等省(区)52个抗药性监测点分别对水稻褐飞虱、灰飞虱、二化螟、麦蚜、棉铃虫的抗药性进行了监测,测定农药品种14个。现就可以评估的害虫和涉及的农药品种抗性通报如下。     

六种蚜虫对溴氰菊酯等杀虫剂的抗性及毒力选择性

1985和1990年从用药水平较低和用药水平较高的地方分别采集6种蚜虫,用3种杀虫剂分别做毒力测定。其结果:山东德州棉蚜对溴氰酯、氰戊菊酯的抗性发展最快,分别达6113.0及12576.8倍;其次为泰安的甘蓝蚜,对溴氰菊酯的抗性达2131.0倍;莱州的苹果黄蚜、昌乐和青州烟草上的桃蚜、肥城的桃蚜、莱西的花生蚜、泰安的甘蓝蚜对溴氰菊酯,泰安的苹果黄蚜对氰戊菊酯,莱州、泰安的苹果黄蚜对氧化乐果均已产生了较明显的抗性(12.1～843.8倍)。溴氰菊酯、氧化乐果对六种较敏感蚜虫的LD_(50)相比,表明种间存在着明显的毒力选择性。     

菊酯类农药的负交互抗性研究

当前,害虫的抗药性日益突出,交互抗性已成为农药科研、生产、销售、应用四个部门的中心环节。在害虫的抗药性中还有一个负交互抗性,其含意是:昆虫对一种杀虫剂产生抗性后,反而对另一种杀虫剂表现特别敏感的现象。这种现象一般很少出现。据报道,有些氨基甲酸酯药剂对抗滴滴涕的家蝇品系的药效要     

农药低剂量导致其抗性发展

从生态调控和社会经济的角度出发,较低剂量农药的应用成为一种发展趋势。而这也致使农药新型抗性的发展。数十年之前,害虫对某种农药的抗药性大多数是由主效基因突变产生是单基因抗药性,属于主效基因编码的靶标位点抗性,而该位点处的受体酶将发生变异,不再与药剂进行特异性结合。早期主要使用较高的推荐剂量的农药防治抗性     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。