ORAL PERCEPTION OF GRITTINESS: EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE AND CONCENTRATION OF THE DISPERSED PARTICLES AND THE DISPERSION MEDIUM

The perceptibility of grittiness and the threshold value of grittiness were examined in five disperse model systems: aqueous suspensions, low and high viscous suspensions, and soft and hard gels. Fourteen types of microcrystalline cellulose were used having different particle sizes (between 6–79 μm) and physical properties (shape, degree of polymerization, and state at the material stage). In each system, the proportion of people who perceived grittiness increased with increasing particle size and decreased with increasing particle concentration demonstrating that perception of grittiness depended on both particle size and concentration. The proportion of people who perceived grittiness was found by multiple regression analysis to have a high correlation with the logarithm of (particle size × concentration). Each system gave an approximate regression equation representing this relation. The value of particle size × concentration at the grittiness threshold was defined as the point where 50% of people perceived grittiness. These values were calculated to be 6.0 (aqueous suspension). 19.7 (low viscosity), 26.7 (high viscosity suspension), 30.7 (soft), and 42.1 (hard gel). The factor contributing most to grittiness was concentration, followed by dispersion medium and particle size. The proportion of people who perceived grittiness was also expressed by a multiple regression equation which included these three factors. The obtained results suggest the possibility of predicting and controlling grittiness in foods.     

EFFECTS OF OIL DROPLETS ON PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF O/W EMULSION AGAR GEL

Effects of oil droplets in an agar gel matrix were investigated by mechanical analyses and sensory evaluation. The results for compressive and puncture properties were expressed in terms of relative values. All compressive properties; stress, strain and compressive energy of emulsion gels, as obtained by compression tests, decreased with both increases of oil droplet size and oil volume fraction. The stress, strain and energy of the emulsion gels obtained by puncture tests did not change with an increase in oil droplet size. Results of sensory evaluation showed that the sample containing small oil droplets was harder than that with large oil droplets. On the other hand, the large oil droplet sample was oilier than that with small oil droplets. The sensory evaluations for hardness and oiliness of emulsion gels did not exhibit significant relations to most of the properties of mechanical analyses.     

Effect of monoglycerides and diglycerol-esters on viscoelasticity of heat-set whey protein emulsion gels

Summary Effects of small-molecule surfactants (emulsifiers) on the small-deformation viscoelastic properties of heat-set whey protein emulsion gels have been investigated using a controlled stress rheometer. The surfactants used in this investigation were the water-soluble diglycerol monolaurate (DGML) and diglycerol monooleate (DGMO), and the oil-soluble glycerol monooleate (GMO). The elastic modulus of the emulsion gel was found to decrease in the presence of a small amount of surfactant, but then to recover at higher surfactant concentrations. The initial reduction in modulus correlates with protein displacement from the oil droplet surface. The recovery of the storage and loss moduli at higher surfactant concentrations of DGML or DGMO may be due to the depletion flocculation of the emulsion prior to heat-treatment. However, for systems containing high content of GMO in the oil phase, the recovery of the moduli is probably owing mainly to the smaller average particle size. Effects of surface monolayer composition, droplet aggregation and average particle size were discussed. The behaviour obtained here was compared with results for previously investigated whey protein emulsion gel systems containing different emulsifiers.     

壳聚糖W/O型乳状液的超声辅助制备及其稳定性

以非牛顿假塑性大分子壳聚糖溶液为水相,棕榈油为油相,Span-80为乳化剂,采用单因素试验及响应面试验优化超声协助制备W/O型乳液工艺,并考察优化条件下制备的乳液稳定性.结果表明:内水相含量是影响乳液粒度大小的关键因素,且超声功率对乳液的粒度及其分布存在过处理现象.优化工艺为超声功率300 W、超声时间15 min、内...     

Size,shape, and identity of surface crystals and their relationship to sensory perception of grittiness in soft smear-ripened cheeses

Soft smear-ripened cheeses undergo extensive surface crystallization and radial demineralization of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, which likely contributes to radial softening during ripening. Furthermore, anecdotal evidence suggests that grittiness is a common characteristic of smear-ripened cheeses. The primary aims of the present study were to evaluate the intensity of perceived grittiness while assessing other key sensory attributes in US artisanal and European protected designation of origin smear-ripened cheeses, and to relate perceived grittiness to the size, shape, and identity of crystals present in the cheese surface smears. Fully ripened wheels of 24 different varieties of smear-ripened cheeses, 16 produced in the United States and 8 in the European Union, were obtained from retail sources. A trained sensory panel (n = 12) was employed to evaluate intensity of grittiness. Crystals present in the cheese smears were identified by powder X-ray diffractometry and polarized light microscopy, and further evaluated in polarized light microscopy micrographs by image analysis for size and shape characteristics. Mean sensory scores for the 24 cheeses ranged from no perceived grittiness to easily identifiable grittiness. Surface crystals included ikaite, struvite, calcite, and brushite, and mean crystal length and area ranged among cheeses from 27 to 1,096 μm, and 533 to 213,969 μm², respectively. Panel threshold for grittiness occurred at a mean crystal length of about 66 μm and mean crystal area of about 2,913 μm². Cheeses with mean values at or below these thresholds displayed negligible perceived grittiness. In contrast, for cheeses with mean values above these thresholds, the mean sensory scores for grittiness were highly correlated with mean crystal length and crystal area (r = 0.93 and 0.96, respectively). Results suggest that surface crystals in soft smear-ripened cheeses influence sensory perception of texture in complex ways that likely include radial softening and grittiness development. A better understanding of factors that govern surface crystal formation may lead to improved control over crystallization and more consistent cheese texture.     

乙醇和芦丁稳定的乳清分离蛋白-大豆油预乳化液在低脂肉丸中的应用

研究乙醇和芦丁稳定的乳清分离蛋白-大豆油预乳化液作为脂肪替代物对低脂肉丸品质的影响。通过测定预乳化液的乳化稳定性、质构、黏度、粒径及流变特性，选择预乳化的最佳大豆油含量；以25%、50%、75%和100%比例对肉丸中的脂肪进行替代，以未替代的肉丸为对照组，通过测定蒸煮损失、色差、质构、气味、黏度、感官及抗氧化性，确定肉丸的最佳脂肪替代比例。结果表明：大豆油含量为72%的预乳化液乳化稳定性最好，凝胶形态良好且具有最大黏度；大豆油含量超过72%时，预乳化液的粒径增大，弹性模量下降；与对照组相比，脂肪替代比例为25%肉丸的蒸煮损失、色差（ΔE）、质构、黏度及感官得分均无显著变化，且氮氧化物、甲基类、硫化物等没有增加；贮藏9 d时，添加脂肪替代物的各组样品的硫代巴比妥酸反应物值显著低于未添加组（P＜0.05）。因此，含大豆油72%的乳清分离蛋白预乳化液作为脂肪替代物最佳，肉丸中脂肪替代比例25%效果最好。     

Hydrocolloids in emulsions: particle size distribution and interfacial activity

The emulsification properties of 14 hydrocolloid gums (propylene glycol alginate, gellan, carrageenan, pectin, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, gum arabic, locust bean gum, guar, xanthan, mustard, flaxseed, fenugreek, oat) were investigated. Gum dispersions were prepared in water (0.5%) and emulsified with 40% oil using a Polytron homogenizer. Emulsion stability was determined by centrifugation and storage time, surface and interfacial tension by Du Nouy ring, particle size by integrated light scattering and overall morphology by light microscopy. When compared to the other gums in this study, fenugreek produced a very stable emulsion. Fenugreek was more efficient than other gums in lowering the interfacial free energy, its emulsion was composed of very small oil droplets (70%<1 μm) and under the light microscope appeared as uniform droplets with a narrow size distribution.     

球磨-酯化复合改性槟榔芋淀粉对Pickering乳液形成的影响

为了提高淀粉颗粒的乳化能力,以球磨-酯化复合改性槟榔芋淀粉为颗粒乳化剂,大豆油为油相,制备水包油型Pickering乳液.采用激光粒度仪、研究级正置显微镜、流变仪等对Pickering乳液外观、液滴粒径、显微形态及动态流变特性进行表征,考察淀粉颗粒质量浓度(1、5、10、20、30 mg/mL)和油相体积分数(10％、...     

Deformation and fracture of emulsion-filled gels: Effect of gelling agent concentration and oil droplet size

The effect of the ratio between the modulus of the oil droplets and that of the gel matrix (varied by changing gelling agent concentration and oil droplet size) on the large deformation properties of gelatine, κ-carrageenan and whey protein isolate (WPI) gels was studied at different compression speeds. The effect of gelling agent concentration and oil droplet size on strain-dependency of modulus and viscoelastic properties was also studied. An increase in the concentration of gelling agent resulted in denser gels with more bonds between structural elements. This induced an increase of both Young's modulus and fracture stress for all gels. With increasing gelling agent concentration, polymer gels (gelatine and κ-carrageenan) became less strain-hardening, and the particle gels (WPI) even became strain-softening. The effect of a decrease in the oil droplet size on the Young's modulus was generally according to the Van der Poel theory, unless when the oil droplets were aggregated. Moreover, a decrease in oil droplet size induced a decrease of the fracture strain in gels with non-aggregated bound droplets. The extent of these changes was shown to depend on the gelling agent concentration. The effect of a decrease of the oil droplet size on other fracture parameters and in other gel systems was minor. With decreasing oil droplet size gelatine gels with unbound droplets and WPI gels became more viscous and less elastic.     

磁性纤维素微晶稳定O/W型Pickering乳液特性分析

将磁性纤维素微晶复合物作为乳化剂稳定O/W型Pickering乳液,考察磁性纤维素微晶复合物添加量、油水比及均质次数对Pickering乳液的影响.结果 表明:Fe3O4粒子的平均粒径约为10 nm,纤维素微晶经过Fe3O4修饰后平均长度约为14.2 μm,表面形态由光滑棒状转变为粗糙形态;纤维素微晶的傅里叶变换红外光...     

美藤果油水包油型乳液的制备及其稳定性研究

应用高压匀质法制备美藤果油水包油型乳液。以乳液的平均粒径和分散系数(PDI)为指标,探究Tween乳化剂类型、油质量分数、乳化剂添加量、剪切速率及均质压力对乳液的平均粒径以及PDI的影响。通过测量储藏期内乳液的粒径变化、油相氧化程度(过氧化值和硫代巴比妥酸含量)、液滴的自扩散系数以及游离脂肪酸含量变化,进一步探究储藏期内乳液的物理、氧化以及水解稳定性。结果表明:制备乳液的优化工艺条件为Tween60添加量1%、油质量分数10%、剪切速率16 000 r/min、均质压力40 MPa,此条件下制备的乳液平均粒径为(218. 27±2. 21) nm,PDI为0. 118±0. 002;该工艺条件下制备的美藤果油乳液在14 d的储藏期间内具有较好的耐受pH、盐离子的物理稳定性和较高的氧化稳定性,并且未发生明显的水解作用。     

Rheology of emulsion-filled alginate microgel suspensions

Emulsion filled polysaccharide gels can be used as carrier systems of lipophilic bioactives in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. This carrier system can exist either as bulk or discrete gel systems. In this study the rheological properties of discrete emulsion filled alginate microgel suspension was examined as a function of volume fraction (ϕ) and oil content. Fine emulsion (220 nm) was encapsulated within alginate microgels (mean size 36.2–57.8 μm) by using the impinging aerosol technique. The microgels (containing 0–77% w/w oil total solids basis) produced were estimated to have particle modulus in the range of 150–212 Pa. An increase in oil content in the microgels led to more deformable microgels due to the reduction in gel density. The deformability of microgels influenced the bulk modulus and apparent viscosity of the concentrated suspension. At the same suspension volume fraction (ϕ), suspensions with more deformable microgels exhibited a lower bulk modulus. We also showed that the Carreau and Cross models were adequate in predicting the flow behaviour of the concentrated emulsion filled microgel suspension.     

EFFECTS OF ADDED WEIGHTING AGENT AND XANTHAN GUM ON STABILITY AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BEVERAGE CLOUD EMULSIONS FORMULATED USING MODIFIED STARCH

Stability of beverage emulsion is measured by the rate at which the emulsion creams, flocculates or coalesces, and is generally dependent on rheology of water phase, difference in specific gravities of the two phases and droplet size/distribution of the emulsion. The effects of weighting agents (sucrose acetate isobutyrate and brominated vegetable oil) and xanthan gum on modified starch‐based emulsions were evaluated in this study. Emulsion was formed by addition of 9% coconut oil, in the presence or absence of weighting agents, into the water phase containing modified starch at 10, 12 or 14% without or with the addition of 0.3% xanthan gum. Stabilities of emulsions were evaluated both in the concentrated form used for storage and dilute form used in beverages. The addition of xanthan gum into the water phase decreased the flow behavior index (n) from 0.88 down to 0.31 and increased elastic modulus (G′) over 20 times at elevated frequency (ω = 50 rad/s) and elevated the stability of the emulsion. The xanthan gum‐added emulsion had smaller particle size and demonstrated 14 and 5 times slower phase separation compared to the emulsions without or with the addition of weighting agents, respectively. When the elastic modulus was larger than the viscous modulus (G′ > G″), the emulsions demonstrated greater stability. In dilute beverage solutions, creaming was observed in the absence of xanthan gum.     

酪蛋白酸钠-大豆油乳化体系的影响因素

为探究非均相液态体系条件对乳化效果的影响,改善油脂的乳化效果,以酪蛋白酸钠为乳化剂,研究不同的体系条件(蛋白添加量、脂水体积比、p H、Na Cl浓度)对大豆油乳化液相关特性的影响。结果表明,在蛋白添加量为0. 1%~0. 5%(质量分数)时,蛋白添加量的增加使乳液黏度及界面蛋白吸附量均显著提高;液滴平均粒径由60μm下降至7. 28μm,粒径分布范围变窄。在脂水比1∶2~2∶1范围内,随着脂水比增加,乳液黏度增大;脂水比> 1∶1时,黏度较其他组高出5倍左右,通过微观结构图发现这与乳滴紧密堆积有关;除了脂水比2∶3和1∶1变化不显著外,乳液的界面蛋白吸附量呈上升趋势;脂水比<1∶1时乳滴平均粒径和分布范围差别不大,随后粒径先减小又有所增加。乳液p H在3~11范围内,p H为3和5时乳滴聚集严重,平均粒径及分布范围较其他组高。Na Cl的加入可以显著提高乳液黏度和界面蛋白吸附量,Na Cl浓度≤0. 6 mol/L时,乳液粒径均小于对照组,其中浓度为0. 12 mol/L时达到最小值,但Na Cl浓度为0. 84 mol/L时乳滴中出现较大粒径乳滴,使其平均粒径超过对照组,Na Cl浓度≥0. 36 mol/L时乳液zeta-电位绝对值较对照组小。综上,乳化的适宜条件为:酪蛋白添加量为0. 5%,脂水比为3∶2,p H为7~9,Na Cl浓度≤0. 6 mol/L。     

Characterization of particles in cream cheese

Cream cheese is used as a spread and as an ingredient in many food applications. A gritty or grainy mouthfeel is an undesirable textural defect that occurs in cream cheese. However, the factors that cause the textural defect are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to isolate and characterize particles from cream cheese and to study the effect of particles on cheese texture. Particles were isolated by washing cream cheese with water first at 25 degrees C and then at 50 degrees C repeatedly 4 to 5 times. The size of these particles was determined using a particle size analyzer. The particles as well as the original cheeses were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein, ash, and lactose. The particle size ranged of 0.04 to 850 microm. It was found that isolated particles were significantly higher in protein content as compared with the whole cheese. To study the effect on the cheese texture, particles were added at 5, 15, and 25% (wt/wt) levels to smooth cream cheese, and a sensory ranking test was done on the samples. Isolated particles were further separated into 2 size classes of 2.5 to 150 microm and > or =150 microm. These particles were then mixed with smooth cream cheese at 16 and 29% (wt/wt), and a sensory test was conducted on these samples. Smooth cream cheese with only 5% (wt/wt) added particles was perceived as significantly grittier than the control sample. This experiment also revealed that the perceived grittiness increased with increase in amount and size of particles.     

超细化豆渣作为皮克林乳液稳定剂的特性研究

将普通粉碎豆渣进行湿法超细化处理,研究超细化豆渣作为皮克林乳液稳定剂的特性,考察颗粒浓度、油相体积分数、pH及离子强度对乳液液滴尺寸、稳定性和流变学性质的影响。研究发现,超细化提升了豆渣颗粒的悬浮稳定性,且当油相分数φ=0. 6,水相中豆渣颗粒质量分数≥0. 4%时,形成皮克林乳液的粒径为80～140μm,在1～30 d存放期内乳析指数未发生显著变化。水相pH=7时乳液的粒径最大,pH降低时乳液的平均粒径呈单调递减,且乳液稳定性增强。水相中NaCl浓度在100～350 mmol/L对乳液粒径无显著影响。研究还表明,超细化豆渣稳定的皮克林乳液为剪切变稀型流体,其流变学特性受颗粒添加量及水相pH的影响。此研究表明,超细化豆渣具有良好稳定O/W型皮克林乳液的能力。     

羟丙基甲基纤维素和黄原胶浓度对初榨椰子油乳液及其模板油凝胶构建的影响

本实验采用乳液模板法制备了不同羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)和黄原胶(XG)浓度的初榨椰子油凝胶,对所得乳状液和油凝胶进行了粒径分析、微观结构观察、流变测定、油损失和X-射线衍射(XRD)分析,探讨HPMC和XG浓度对初榨椰子油凝胶形成和物理性能的影响.微观结构和粒径分析结果表明:高浓度HPMC具有较好的乳化性能,获得油...     

水相pH和Na+对微晶纤维素与猪油的Pickering乳液稳定性的影响

考察水相pH和Na+浓度对微晶纤维素（MCC）和猪油形成的Pickering乳液稳定性的影响。分别将不同pH和含有1% MCC的不同Na+浓度的水相与等体积的油相混合、制备MCC-猪油Pickering乳液,分析不同水相pH（pH4~9）和不同Na+浓度（0~500 mmol/L）条件下,乳液的外观结构、乳析指数、微观结构、粒径、Zeta电位以及乳液流变特性的变化。结果表明,在pH5~8条件下,MCC-猪油Pickering乳液均未出现明显分层现象,且乳析指数未发生变化,乳滴粒径小于pH4和pH9条件,具有更好的黏度和抗剪切能力,其中,在pH6条件下表现出最好的稳定效果。当Na+浓度在300 mmol/L及以上时,随着静置时间的延长,乳液稳定性下降的越快;Na+浓度为400 mmol/L时,乳液静置3 d会出现分层现象。随着Na+浓度的升高,静电屏蔽作用使得乳液颗粒粒径不断增大,Zeta电位绝对值降低,黏度和抗剪切能力下降。中低pH（pH5~8）水相及低Na+浓度（≤300 mmol/L）水相条件下MCC-猪油Pickering乳液具良好的乳化稳定性,但pH4和pH9及高Na+浓度（>300 mmol/L）水相条件下乳液的稳定性欠佳。探讨不同pH和Na+浓度条件对MCC-猪油Pickering乳液乳化稳定性的影响及其原理,为其在功能性预乳化肉制品的加工与应用提供一定参考。     

Influence of homogenisation conditions and drying method on physicochemical properties of dehydrated emulsions containing different solid components

Dehydrated o/w emulsions containing sodium caseinate and lactose (sample 1), and gelatine, sucrose and maltodextrin (DE 10) (sample 2) were used to study the influence of homogenisation conditions – homogenisation pressure (15 and 70 MPa) and number of passes (1 and 2) – and the drying method – spray‐drying vs. freeze‐drying – on physicochemical parameters, including oil microencapsulation efficiency (ME), oil droplet size in reconstituted emulsions, water activity, glass transition temperature, powder bulk density and time for emulsion reconstitution in water. Results showed that small and uniform oil droplets attained with increased homogenisation pressure were not sufficient for high oil encapsulation. The permeability of the solid wall to the extraction solvent appeared to be the dominant factor, and this may increase with homogenisation pressure. With the exception of oil droplet size in sample 1 and ME in sample 2, the drying method exerted larger changes in the physicochemical parameters studied than the homogenisation pressure. For sample 2, significant changes in the ME were not observed between the freeze‐dried and spray‐dried samples, even though a great emulsion destabilisation was observed in the reconstituted emulsion of the latter.     

纳米SiO2改性4 种大分子材料的乳液制备及性质

为提高乳液稳定性,采用纳米SiO2改性明胶（gelatin,GE）、大豆分离蛋白、壳聚糖和阿拉伯胶（gum arabic,GA）制备茶油乳液。以乳化活性、乳化稳定性、离心稳定性、平均粒径、流变特性为考察指标,探究质量分数3.000%的纳米SiO2对4 种大分子材料复合乳液性质的影响,并对乳液的微观结构及油滴分布进行观察。结果表明,纳米SiO2能增强乳液稳定性,其中GE-纳米SiO2复合乳液综合性质最佳。添加纳米SiO2后乳化活性和乳化稳定性显著增加（P＜0.05）,离心稳定性降低68.444%。平均粒径为8.472 μm,乳液粒径最小且分布均匀,表面光滑呈球状。流变表现为典型的弱凝胶特性,稳定性良好。研究结果可为天然高分子和纳米SiO2乳液的制备和应用提供实践基础。