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1.
WO 3/Nb 2O 5-supported samples prepared by impregnation are characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the W–L 3 absorption edge, as well as temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and FT-IR monitoring of pyridine adsorption. Results are compared with those obtained for WO 3/Al 2O 3 samples prepared in the same conditions, showing that niobia is able to disperse tungsta better than alumina does. Formation of a crystalline WO 3 needs larger tungsten contents on niobia than on alumina, since tungsten solution into niobia is easier than into alumina. Raman and XAS spectra recorded under ambient conditions suggest that similar WO x species are formed on both supports at tungsten contents 0.5–1 theoretical monolayers; however, TPR results for the low tungsten loaded samples indicate that, when reduction starts (always at temperatures higher than 700 K under H 2/Ar flow) there is a larger concentration of tetrahedral [WO 4] species on alumina, than on niobia. Samples with low tungsten loading have been tested in isopropanol decomposition and ethylene oxidation, following both processes by FT-IR of adsorbed species up to 673 K. Results show that adsorption of ethylene on WO 3/Nb 2O 5 yields acetaldehyde and acetate at 473 K, while this adsorption is non-reactive either on the supports or on WO 3/Al 2O 3. Isopropanol adsorbs dissociatively on both supports, leading to acetone and propene formation on tungsta–niobia, but only propene on tungsta–alumina, probably due to the larger reducibility of the tungsten-containing phases. 相似文献
2.
The influences of calcination temperatures and additives for 10 wt.% Cu/γ-Al 2O 3 catalysts on the surface properties and reactivity for NO reduction by C 3H 6 in the presence of excess oxygen were investigated. The results of XRD and XPS show that the 10 wt.% Cu/γ-Al 2O 3 catalysts calcined below 973 K possess highly dispersed surface and bulk CuO phases. The 10 wt.% Cu/γ-Al 2O 3 and 10 wt.% Mn–10 wt.% Cu/γ-Al 2O 3 catalysts calcined at 1073 K possess a CuAl 2O 4 phase with a spinel-type structure. In addition, the 10 wt.% La–10 wt.% Cu/γ-Al 2O 3 catalyst calcined at 1073 K possesses a bulk CuO phase. The result of NO reduction by C 3H 6 shows that the CuAl 2O 4 is a more active phase than the highly dispersed and bulk CuO phase. However, the 10 wt.% Mn–10 wt.% Cu/γ-Al 2O 3 catalyst calcined at 1073 K possesses significantly lower reactivity for NO reduction than the 10 wt.% Cu/γ-Al 2O 3 catalyst calcined at 1073 K, although these catalysts possess the same CuAl 2O 4 phase. The low reactivity for NO reduction for 10 wt.% Mn–10 wt.% Cu/γ-Al 2O 3 catalyst calcined at 1073 K is attributed to the formation of less active CuAl 2O 4 phase with high aggregation and preferential promotion of C 3H 6 combustion to CO x by MnO 2. The engine dynamometer test for NO reduction shows that the C 3H 6 is a more effective reducing agent for NO reduction than the C 2H 5OH. The maximum reactivity for NO reduction by C 3H 6 is reached when the NO/C 3H 6 ratio is one. 相似文献
3.
A multi-component NO x-trap catalyst consisting of Pt and K supported on γ-Al 2O 3 was studied at 250 °C to determine the roles of the individual catalyst components, to identify the adsorbing species during the lean capture cycle, and to assess the effects of H 2O and CO 2 on NO x storage. The Al 2O 3 support was shown to have NO x trapping capability with and without Pt present (at 250 °C Pt/Al 2O 3 adsorbs 2.3 μmols NO x/m 2). NO x is primarily trapped on Al 2O 3 in the form of nitrates with monodentate, chelating and bridged forms apparent in Diffuse Reflectance mid-Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) analysis. The addition of K to the catalyst increases the adsorption capacity to 6.2 μmols NO x/m 2, and the primary storage form on K is a free nitrate ion. Quantitative DRIFTS analysis shows that 12% of the nitrates on a Pt/K/Al 2O 3 catalyst are coordinated on the Al 2O 3 support at saturation. When 5% CO2 was included in a feed stream with 300 ppm NO and 12% O2, the amount of K-based nitrate storage decreased by 45% after 1 h on stream due to the competition of adsorbed free nitrates with carboxylates for adsorption sites. When 5% H2O was included in a feed stream with 300 ppm NO and 12% O2, the amount of K-based nitrate storage decreased by only 16% after 1 h, but the Al2O3-based nitrates decreased by 92%. Interestingly, with both 5% CO2 and 5% H2O in the feed, the total storage only decreased by 11%, as the hydroxyl groups generated on Al2O3 destabilized the K–CO2 bond; specifically, H2O mitigates the NOx storage capacity losses associated with carboxylate competition. 相似文献
4.
Operating the SCR DeNO x reactor at temperatures below 200 °C results in a considerable saving in operating costs. Plant experience shows that on the catalysts in these second generation DeNO x plants, even for flue gases with SO 2 concentration below 10 mg/m 3, over 1–2 years operating time sizeable quantities of ammonium sulfates accumulate. Ammonium sulfates deposited on V 2O 5–WO 3/TiO 2 catalysts react with NO x to nitrogen and sulfuric acid. Second-order rate constants of this reaction for temperatures of 170 °C have been derived. It could be shown that the sulfuric acid formed on the catalyst is displaced by water vapour and desorbs resulting in gas phase concentrations of up to 6.5 mg acid/m 3 flue gas. Plant equipment downstream of the ammonium sulfate containing low temperature DeNO x catalysts has to be protected against the corrosive action of the sulfuric acid in the flue gases leaving the DeNO x reactor. 相似文献
5.
Two series of catalysts, V 2O 5/TiO 2 and modified V 2O 5/TiO 2, were prepared with a conventional impregnation method. They were tested in the selective oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid under microwave irradiation. The reaction conditions were optimized over V 2O 5/TiO 2. It was found that in the microwave catalytic process the optimum reactor bed temperature of the titled reaction decreases to 500 K (600 K in the conventional process). The modification of V 2O 5/TiO 2 with MoO 3, WO 3, Nb 2O 5 or Ta 2O 5, which has no negative influence on the reaction in the conventional catalytic process, can greatly promote the catalytic activities in the microwave process, leading to a high yield of benzoic acid (41%). The effects of microwave electromagnetic field on the catalysts are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Carbon-coated W 18O 49 powders were prepared from the mixture of para-ammonium tungstate with poly(vinyl alcohol) by heat treatment in inert atmosphere at a temperature between 750 and 900 °C for 1 h. The synthesized W 18O 49 crystals had prismatic morphology in small size, less than 0.5 μm in diameter and about 1 μm in length. Carbon-coated W 18O 49 was shown to have photoactivity under visible light irradiation by comparing the concentration changes of methylene blue, phenol and dimethylsulfoxide with time under the irradiation of visible light to that in the dark. Photoactivity of W 18O 49 was supposed to be due to the formation of OH radicals on the basis of the degradation of dimethylsulfoxide, its quantitative transformation to methanesulfonic acid. Carbon coating seemed to have various roles: to reduce WO 3 to W 18O 49, to inhibit the sintering and crystal growth of W 18O 49 to keep them small size, and also to concentrate pollutants around W 18O 49 crystal by adsorption. 相似文献
7.
The reduction of NO x by hydrogen under lean burn conditions over Pt/Al 2O 3 is strongly poisoned by carbon monoxide. This is due to the strong adsorption and subsequent high coverage of CO, which significantly increases the temperature required to initiate the reaction. Even relatively small concentrations of CO dramatically reduce the maximum NO x conversions achievable. In contrast, the presence of CO has a pronounced promoting influence in the case of Pd/Al 2O 3. In this case, although pure H 2 and pure CO are ineffective for NO x reduction under lean burn conditions, H 2/CO mixtures are very effective. With a realistic (1:3) H 2:CO ratio, typical of actual exhaust gas, Pd/Al 2O 3 is significantly more active than Pt/Al 2O 3, delivering 45% NO x conversion at 160 °C, compared to >15% for Pt/Al 2O 3 under identical conditions. The nature of the support is also critically important, with Pd/Al 2O 3 being much more active than Pd/SiO 2. Possible mechanisms for the improved performance of Pd/Al 2O 3 in the presence of H 2+CO are discussed. 相似文献
8.
The reactivity of ternary V 2O 5&z.sbnd;WO 3TiO 2 de-NO xing catalysts with compositions similar to those of commercial catalysts (WO 3 ca. 9% w/w, V 2O 5 < 2% w/w) is investigated by transient techniques (temperature programmed desorption, TPD; temperature programmed surface reaction, TPSR; and temperature programmed reaction, TPR). The results indicate that the reactivity of the ternary catalysts in the SCR reaction increases on increasing the vanadia loading, and that the ternary catalysts are more active than the corresponding binary vanadia-titania samples with the same V 2O 5 loading. Indeed the SCR reaction is monitored at lower temperatures and high NO conversions are also preserved at high temperatures. TPSR and TPR data show that at low temperatures the SCR reaction occurs via a redox mechanism that involves at first the participation of the catalyst lattice oxygen and then the reoxidation of the reduced sites by gas-phase oxygen. Based on TPSR and TPR data, the higher reactivity of the ternary catalysts has been related to their superior redox properties, in line with previous chemico-physical characterisation studies. The catalyst redox properties thus appear as a key-factor in controlling the reactivity of V 2O 5&z.sbnd;WO 3TiO 2 de-NO xing catalysts at low temperatures. The results also show that at high temperatures the surface acidity plays an important role in the adsorption and activation of ammonia. 相似文献
9.
Mixed oxides of alumina and zirconia having a relative composition of 50, 80 and 100% Zr 2O were synthesized by means of sol–gel methods. The catalysts were sulfated with H 2SO 4 1N, and were loaded with 0.3% Pt metal using the incipient wetness technique. The characterization of the physicochemical properties was carried out using XRD, N 2-adsorption at 78 K, and SEM. The catalytic properties of the Al 2O 3–ZrO 2 series were studied by means of dehydration of 2-propanol at 180°C and isomerization of n-hexane at 250°C, 1 atm. The sulfated solids presented a high surface acidity and a limited crystallinity, together with high activity for alcohol dehydration (i.e. 2-propanol). On the other hand, the Al 2O 3–ZrO 2 solid solutions (i.e. those having a 20–80% composition) turned out to be the most active ones for the isomerization of n-hexane. 相似文献
10.
The sample Mg-10 wt.% (Fe 2O 3, Ni) was prepared by grinding Mg mechanically under H 2 (reactive mechanical grinding) with ultrafine Fe 2O 3 particles and Ni particles. The sample Mg-10 wt.% (Fe 2O 3, Ni) as milled absorbed 4.24 wt.% hydrogen at 593 K under 12 bar H 2 for 60 min. Its activation was accomplished only by one hydriding–dehydriding cycle. The activated sample absorbed 4.05 wt.% hydrogen at 593K, 12 bar H 2 for 60 min and desorbed 3.05 wt.% hydrogen at 593 K, 1.0 bar H 2 for 60 min. After hydriding–dehydriding cycling, Fe 2O 3 was reduced, Mg 2Ni was formed by the reaction of Mg with Ni, and a small fraction of Mg was oxidized. 相似文献
11.
To get the low temperature sulfur resistant V 2O 5/TiO 2 catalysts quantum chemical calculation study was carried out. After selecting suitable promoters (Se, Sb, Cu, S, B, Bi, Pb and P), respective metal promoted V 2O 5/TiO 2 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunner Emmett Teller surface area (BET-SA). Se, Sb, Cu, S promoted V 2O 5/TiO 2 catalysts showed high catalytic activity for NH 3 selective catalytic reduction (NH 3-SCR) of NO x carried at temperatures between 150 and 400 °C. The conversion efficiency followed in the order of Se > Sb > S > V 2O 5/TiO 2 > Cu but Se was excluded because of its high vapor pressure. An optimal 2 wt% ‘Sb’ loading was found over V 2O 5/TiO 2 for maximum NO x conversion, which also showed high resistance to SO 2 in presence of water when compared to other metal promoters. In situ electrical conductivity measurement was carried out for Sb(2%)/V 2O 5/TiO 2 and compared with commercial W(10%)V 2O 5/TiO 2 catalyst. High electrical conductivity difference (Δ G) for Sb(2%)/V 2O 5/TiO 2 catalyst with temperature was observed. SO 2 deactivation experiments were carried out for Sb(2%)/V 2O 5/TiO 2 and W(10%)/V 2O 5/TiO 2 at a temperature of 230 °C for 90 h, resulted Sb(2%)/V 2O 5/TiO 2 was efficient catalyst. BET-SA, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis of spent catalysts well proved the presence of high ammonium sulfate salts over W(10%)/V 2O 5/TiO 2 than Sb(2%)/V 2O 5/TiO 2 catalyst. 相似文献
12.
A method to quantify DRIFT spectral features associated with the in situ adsorption of gases on a NO x adsorber catalyst, Pt/K/Al 2O 3, is described. To implement this method, the multicomponent catalyst is analysed with DRIFT and chemisorption to determine that under operating conditions the surface comprised a Pt phase, a pure γ-Al 2O 3 phase with associated hydroxyl groups at the surface, and an alkalized-Al 2O 3 phase where the surface –OH groups are replaced by –OK groups. Both DRIFTS and chemisorption experiments show that 93–97% of the potassium exists in this form. The phases have a fractional surface area of 1.1% for the 1.7 nm-sized Pt, 34% for pure Al 2O 3 and 65% for the alkalized-Al 2O 3. NO 2 and CO 2 chemisorption at 250 °C is implemented to determine the saturation uptake value, which is observed with DRIFTS at 250 °C. Pt/Al 2O 3 adsorbs 0.087 μmol CO 2/m 2and 2.0 μmol NO 2/m 2, and Pt/K/Al 2O 3 adsorbs 2.0 μmol CO 2/m 2and 6.4 μmol NO 2/m 2. This method can be implemented to quantitatively monitor the formation of carboxylates and nitrates on Pt/K/Al 2O 3 during both lean and rich periods of the NO x adsorber catalyst cycle. 相似文献
13.
Oxygen permeation fluxes through dense disk-shaped Ba 0.5Sr 0.5Co 0.8Fe 0.2O 3−δ (BSCFO) membranes were investigated as a function of temperature (973–1123 K), pressure (2–10 atm), and membrane thickness (1–2 mm) under an air/helium gradient. A high oxygen permeation flux of 2.01 ml/cm 2 min was achieved at 1123 K and 10 atm under an air/He oxygen partial pressure gradient. Based on the dependence of the oxygen permeation flux on the oxygen partial pressure difference across the membrane and the membrane thickness, it is assumed that bulk diffusion of oxygen ions was the rate-controlling step in the oxygen transport across the BSCFO membrane disk under an air/He gradient. The partial oxidation of methane (POM) to syngas using LiLaNiO x/γ-Al 2O 3 as catalyst in a BSCFO membrane reactor was successfully performed at high pressure (5 atm). Ninety-two percent methane conversion, 90% CO selectivity, and 15.5 ml/cm 2 min oxygen permeation flux were achieved in steady state at a temperature of 1123 K and a pressure of 5 atm. A syngas production rate of 79 ml/cm 2 min was obtained. Characterization of the membrane surface by SEM and XRD after reaction showed that the surface exposed to the air side preserved the Perovskite structure while the surface exposed to the reaction side was eroded. 相似文献
14.
Nanoparticles of Ce xZr 1−xO 2 ( x = 0.75, 0.62) were prepared by the oxidation-coprecipitation method using H 2O 2 as an oxidant, and characterized by N 2 adsorption, XRD and H 2-TPR. Ce xZr 1−xO 2 prepared had single fluorite cubic structure, good thermal stability and reduction property. With the increasing of Ce/Zr ratio, the surface area of Ce xZr 1−xO 2 increased, but thermal stability of Ce xZr 1−xO 2 decreased. The surface area of Ce 0.62Zr 0.38O 2 was 41.2 m 2/g after calcination in air at 900 °C for 6 h. TPR results showed the formation of solid solution promoted the reduction of CeO 2, and the reduction properties of Ce xZr 1−xO 2 were enhanced by the cycle of TPR-reoxidation. The Pd-only three-way catalysts (TWC) were prepared by the impregnation method, in which Ce 0.75Zr 0.25O 2 was used as the active washcoat and Pd loading was 0.7 g/L. In the test of Air/Fuel, the conversion of C 3H 8 was close to 100% and NO was completely converted at λ < 1.025. The high conversion of C 3H 8 was induced by the steam reform and dissociation adsorption reaction of C 3H 8. Pd-only catalyst using Ce 0.75Zr 0.25O 2 as active washcoat showed high light off activity, the reaction temperatures ( T50) of 50% conversion of CO, C 3H 8 and NO were 180, 200 and 205 °C, respectively. However, the conversions of C 3H 8 and NO showed oscillation with continuously increasing the reaction temperature. The presence of La 2O 3 in washcoat decreased the light off activity and suppressed the oscillation of C 3H 8 and NO conversion. After being aged at 900 °C for 4 h, the operation windows of catalysts shifted slightly to rich burn. The presence of La 2O 3 in active washcoat can enhance the thermal stability of catalyst significantly. 相似文献
15.
Phase changes in high temperature treated (>900 °C) 8 or 20 wt% BaO supported on γ-Al 2O 3 model lean NO x trap (LNT) catalysts, induced by NO 2 and/or H 2O adsorption, were investigated with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), solid state 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy, and NO 2 temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiments. After calcination in dry air at 1000 °C, the XRD and solid state 27Al MAS NMR results confirm that stable surface BaO and bulk BaAl 2O 4 phases are formed for 8 and 20 wt% BaO/Al 2O 3, respectively. Following NO 2 adsorption over these thermally treated samples, some evidence for nanosized Ba(NO 3) 2 particles are observed in the XRD results, although this may represent a minority phase. However, when water was added to the thermally aged samples after NO 2 exposure, the formation of bulk crystalline Ba(NO 3) 2 particles was observed in both samples. Solid state 27Al MAS NMR is shown to be a good technique for identifying the various Al species present in the materials during the processes studied here. NO 2 TPD results demonstrate a significant loss of uptake for the 20 wt% model catalysts upon thermal treatment. However, the described phase transformations upon subsequent water treatment gave rise to the partial recovery of NO x uptake, demonstrating that such a water treatment of thermally aged catalysts can provide a potential method to regenerate LNT materials. 相似文献
16.
A series of the Ce 1−xCu xO 2−x/Al 2O 3/FeCrAl catalysts ( x = 0–1) were prepared. The structure of the catalysts was characterized using XRD, SEM and H 2-TPR. The catalytic activity of the catalysts for the combustion of methane was evaluated. The results indicated that in the Ce 1−xCu xO 2−x/Al 2O 3/FeCrAl catalysts the surface phase structure were the Ce 1−xCu xO 2−x solid solution, -Al 2O 3 and γ-Al 2O 3. The surface particle shape and size were different with the variety of the molar ratio of Ce to Cu in the Ce 1−xCu xO 2−x solid solution. The Cu component of the Ce 1−xCu xO 2−x/Al 2O 3/FeCrAl catalysts played an important role to the catalytic activity for the methane combustion. There were the stronger interaction among the Ce 1−xCu xO 2−x solid solution and the Al 2O 3 washcoats and the FeCrAl support. 相似文献
17.
Nb 2O 5 loaded on the supports and mixed with oxides was studied to investigate the activity and acidity for Friedel-Crafts benzylation of anisole. From the study on the loaded catalysts, a preliminary conclusion for the selection of metal oxide was obtained; namely, such an acidic oxide as silica was suitable for the support of Nb 2O 5. Then, MoO 3 and WO 3 were mixed with Nb 2O 5, and prominent high catalytic activity and acidities were observed. Both oxides of Nb 2O 5-MoO 3 and Nb 2O 5-WO 3 showed almost similar behavior with respect to characterization and catalytic activity. Surface area increased, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman bands were lost, acid sites, both Brønsted and Lewis characters generated, and surface acid site density was as high as 2–4 nm −2. The acid sites were generated on the amorphous metal oxides consisting of Nb and Mo or W oxides, different in nature from those of Nb 2O 5 calcined and un-calcined, and active for Friedel-Crafts benzylation. 相似文献
18.
Catalytic performance for partial oxidation of methane (POM) to synthesis gas was studied over the Rh/Al 2O 3 catalysts with Rh loadings between 0.1 and 3 wt%. It was found that the ignition temperature of POM reaction increased with the decreasing of the Rh loadings in the catalysts. For the POM reaction over the catalysts with high (≥1 wt%) Rh loadings, steady-state reactivity was observed. For the reaction over the catalysts with low (≤0.25 wt%) Rh loadings, however, oscillations in CH 4 and reaction products (CO, H 2, and CO 2) were observed. Comparative studies using H 2-TPR, O 2-TPD and high temperature in situ Raman spectroscopy techniques were carried out in order to elucidate the relation between the redox property of the Rh species in the Rh/Al 2O 3 with different Rh loadings and the performance of the catalysts for the reaction. Three kinds of oxidized rhodium species, i.e. the rhodium oxide species insignificantly affected by the support (RhO x), that intimately interacting with the Al 2O 3 surface (Rh iO x) and the Rh(AlO 2) y species formed by diffusion of rhodium oxides in to sublayers of Al 2O 3 [C.P. Hwang, C.T. Yeh, Q.M. Zhu, Catal. Today, 51 (1999) 93.], were identified by H 2-TPR and O 2-TPD experiments. Among them, the first two species can be easily reduced by H 2 at temperature below 350 °C, while the last one can only be reduced by H 2 at temperature above 500 °C. The ignition temperatures of POM reaction over the catalysts are closely related to the temperature at which most of the RhO x and Rh iO x species can be reduced by CH 4 in the reaction mixture. Compared to the Rh/Al 2O 3 with high Rh loadings, the catalysts with low Rh loadings contain more Rh iO x species which possess stronger RhO bond strength and are more difficult to be reduced than RhO x by the reaction mixture. Higher temperature is therefore required to ignite the POM reaction over the catalysts with lower Rh loadings. The oscillation during the POM reaction over the Rh/Al 2O 3 with low Rh loadings can be related to the behaviour of Rh(AlO 2) y species in the catalyst switching cyclically from the oxidized state to the reduced state during the reaction. 相似文献
19.
The vapor-phase selective oxidation of propylene (H 2CCHCH 3) to acrolein (H 2CCHCHO) was investigated over supported V 2O 5/Nb 2O 5 catalysts. The catalysts were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation of V-isopropoxide/isopropanol solutions and calcination at 450 °C. The catalytic active vanadia component was shown by in situ Raman spectroscopy to be 100% dispersed as surface VO x species on the Nb 2O 5 support in the sub-monolayer region (<8.4 V/nm 2). Surface allyl species (H 2CCHCH 2*) were observed with in situ FT-IR to be the most abundant reaction intermediates. The acrolein formation kinetics and selectivity were strongly dependent on the surface VO x coverage. Two surface VO x sites were found to participate in the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein. The reaction kinetics followed a Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism with first-order in propylene and half-order in O 2 partial pressures. C 3H 6-TPSR spectroscopy studies also revealed that the lattice oxygen from the catalyst was not capable of selectively oxidizing propylene to acrolein and that the presence of gas phase molecular O 2 was critical for maintaining the surface VO x species in the fully oxidized state. The catalytic active site for this selective oxidation reaction involves the bridging VONb support bond. 相似文献
20.
Ceramics with a composition close to BaZn 2Ti 4O 11 were synthesized according to various substitutional mechanisms in order to verify an existence of a homogeneity range in the vicinity of this composition. Structural and microstructural investigations showed that the crystal structure of BaZn 2Ti 4O 11 was formed in the homogeneity range corresponding to the formula BaZn 2 − xTi 4O 11 − x (0 < x < 0.1). Densely sintered BaZn 2 − xTi 4O 11 − x (0 < x < 0.1) ceramics exhibited a dielectric constant around 30, τf = −30 ppm/K and high Q × f values, which increased from 68,000 GHz at x = 0 to 83,000 GHz at x = 0.05. Structurally, the deficiency of Zn in BaZn 2 − xTi 4O 11 − x (0 < x < 0.1) resulted in a slight decrease in the unit-cell volume. The influence of secondary phases in the BaZn 2Ti 4O 11-based materials on the microwave dielectric properties was also investigated. A presence of small amounts of ZnO, BaTiO 3, hollandite-type solid solutions (Ba xZn xTi 8 − xO 16) and BaTi 4O 9 caused a decrease in Q × f values. 相似文献
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