Impact of tarragon usage on lipid oxidation and heterocyclic aromatic amine formation in meatball

Herein, the effects of tarragon on lipid oxidation and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) formation in meatballs were determined. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in pH and TBARS values of the meatballs with tarragon was determined, while no significant effect (P > 0.05) was observed regarding water content of the samples. Only 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) compound (up to 0.06 ng g⁻¹) was detected in the control group meatballs. On the other hand, in the meatballs with tarragon, no HAAs could be detected. Tarragon use completely inhibited the formation of MeIQ. The total HAA content of the samples in the control group increased with increasing the cooking temperature. The total HAA contents of the control group meatballs changed between not detected and 0.06 ng g⁻¹. In conclusion, it can be recommended to use tarragon in meatball production as it completely inhibits the HAA formation and reduces TBARS value compared to the control group meatballs.     

烘烤对肉制品中多环芳烃和杂环胺含量的影响

烘烤是肉制品加工中重要的工艺之一,但经烘烤的肉制品中含有多环芳烃、杂环胺等有害物质,对消费者的健康造成很大的威胁.介绍了多环芳烃、杂环胺及其对人体的危害,重点阐述了烘烤对肉制品中多环芳烃和杂环胺含量的影响及其控制方法.     

Heterocyclic aromatic amine contents and quality characteristics of bacon as influenced by NaCl concentration of brine

Bacon usually have a high salt content. Excessive intake of salt could cause a harm to human health. Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are carcinogenic and mutagenic heterocyclic compounds formed by the reactions of precursor substances at high temperature. This study investigated the influence of different levels of NaCl on the HAA contents and quality characteristics of bacon. Moisture, a_w, L* value, b* value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS), and carbonyl content increased significantly with a decrease in the NaCl concentration of the brine (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments for a* value, pH, creatine content, sensory redness, bitterness, or off-odor (p > 0.05). Sensory evaluation showed that saltiness in bacon increased significantly with increased NaCl concentrations in brine. The increased NaCl concentrations decreased the total HAAs in fried bacon (p < 0.05). Moreover, the nonpolar HAA contents in bacon were higher than the polar HAA contents; salt concentration mainly affected the nonpolar HAA content. In summary, salt content had a significant influence on the HAA content and the quality characteristic of bacon.     

脂肪胺聚氧乙烯醚对液体分散蓝79性能的影响

采用研磨分散法制备了液体分散蓝79,研究了不同结构的脂肪胺聚氧乙烯醚和工艺因素对液体分散蓝79粒径及分布的影响,测试了液体分散蓝79的储存稳定性和染色性能。结果表明:脂肪胺聚氧乙烯醚亲疏水链段比例的控制对研磨分散效果影响很大,十八胺聚氧乙烯醚1815具有较高的研磨分散效率;液体分散蓝79具有很高的储存稳定性,染色得色量高于粉体染料,且染色废水COD远低于粉体染料。     

The impact of fat content and charcoal types on quality and the development of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic aromatic amines formation of barbecued fish

The effects of fat content and charcoal types on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in various barbecued fish (trout, sea bream, seabass, salmon and shad) were investigated. Fish samples were also analysed in terms of fat content and fatty acid profile. Total saturated fatty acids (∑SFA) contents reduced while the total polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA) contents increased after barbecuing. Both fat content and charcoal type had an effect on the amount of PAHs and HAAs. The amounts of ∑PAHs ranged between 6.95 and 99.03 ng g⁻¹ in barbecued fish. Notably, the highest amount of ∑PAHs was found in shad as well. The amounts of ∑HAAs ranged from non-detectable levels to 2.29 ng g⁻¹. The amounts of ∑PAHs and ∑HAAs were higher in samples barbecued with charcoal briquette compared to those barbecued with wood charcoal. Hence, we would suggest the use of wood charcoal in barbecuing.     

Silicones: use of substantive properties on skin and hair

Silicones have been incorporated in personal care products since the 1950s. Initially used in skin care products, and more recently in hair care applications, silicones are recognized for their lubricating properties and for the characteristic soft smooth feel they impart. With recent advances in silicone technology, these fluids can also provide substantivity and durability.
Resinous silicones such as trimethylsiloxysilicate act as effective substantivity additives when combined with dimethyl silicone in skin care formulations. In tests evaluating the number of wash cycles required to penetrate a silicone barrier, resistance to removal increases markedly as the proportion of resinous silicone to dimethyl silicone is increased. This improvement is related directly to decreased solubility of the resin.     

The role of vehicle interactions on permeation of an active through model membranes and human skin

Previous work from this group has focused on the molecular mechanism of alcohol interaction with model membranes, by conducting thermodynamic and kinetic analyses of alcohol uptake, membrane partitioning and transport studies of a model compound (i.e. methyl paraben) in silicone membranes. In this article, similar membrane transport and partitioning studies were conducted in silicone membranes to further extend the proposed model of alcohol interactions with silicone membranes to include other vehicles more commonly used in dermal formulations, that is, isopropyl myristate (IPM), dimethyl isosorbide (DMI), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, PEG 400 and Transcutol P^® (TC). More importantly, membrane partitioning studies were conducted using human SC to evaluate the application of the proposed model of solvent‐enhanced permeation in simple model membranes for the more complex biological tissue. The findings support a model of vehicle interactions with model membranes and skin where high solvent uptake promotes drug partitioning (i.e. K) by enabling the solute to exist within the solvent fraction/solvent‐rich areas inside the membrane or skin in a concentration equivalent to that in the bulk solvent/vehicle. High solvent sorption may also ultimately impact on the membrane diffusional characteristics, and thus the diffusion coefficient of the solute across the membrane. The implications for skin transport are that increased partitioning of a drug into the SC may be achieved by (i) selecting vehicles that are highly taken up by the skin and also (ii) by having a relatively high concentration (i.e. molar fraction) of the drug in the vehicle. It follows that, in cases where significant co‐transport of the solvent into and across the skin may occur, its depletion from the formulation and ultimately from the skin may lead to drug crystallization, thus affecting dermal absorption.     

High-affinity glucose uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not dependent on the presence of glucose-phosphorylating enzymes

Glucose uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is believed to consist of two kinetically distinguishable components, the affinity of which is modulated during growth on glucose. It has been reported that triple hexose-kinase deletion mutants do not exhibit high-affinity glucose uptake. This raises the question of whether and how high-affinity glucose uptake is related to the presence of glucose-phosphorylating enzymes. In this study the kinetics of glucose uptake in both wild-type cells and cells of hexose-kinase deletion mutants, grown on either glycerol or galactose, were determined using a rapid-uptake method. In wild-type cells glucose uptake measured over either 5 s or 200 ms exhibited high affinity. In contrast, in cells of hexose-kinase deletion mutants the apparent affinity of glucose uptake was dependent on the time scale during which uptake was measured. Measurements on the 5-s scale showed apparent low-affinity uptake whereas measurements on the 200-ms scale showed high-affinity uptake. The affinity and maximal rate of the latter were comparable to those in wild-type cells. Using a simple model for a symmetrical facilitator, it was possible to simulate the experimentally determined relation between apparent affinity and the time scale used. The results suggest that high-affinity glucose transport is not necessarily dependent on the presence of glucose-phosphorylating enzymes. Apparent low-affinity uptake kinetics can arise as a consequence of an insufficient rate of removal of intracellular free glucose by phosphorylation. This study underlines the need to differentiate between influences of the translocator and of metabolism on the apparent kinetics of sugar uptake in yeast.     

Synthesis of 2-N-oleoylamino-octadecane-1,3-diol: a new ceramide highly effective for the treatment of skin and hair

2-N-Oleoylamino-octadecane-1,3-diol is a new synthetic ceramide. The process enables a four-step preparation of 2-amino-octadecane-1,3-diol (D,L-erythro/threo) and a five-step synthesis of 2-N-oleoylamino-octadecane-1,3-diol (D,L-erythro/threo). The latter compound is related to ceramide 2 according to the classification of Downing. This route of synthesis is rapid, reproducible and uses low-cost starting materials. The new ceramide was analysed as follows: ¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁵N NMR spectra afforded an unambiguous characterization of the structure; additionally, these three methods identified the threo and erythro isomers. ¹H and ¹³C NMR permitted the measurement of the threo/erythro ratio (26.6/73.4 and 25.5/74.5, respectively). Chemical ionization mass spectrometry confirmed the expected mass of the pseudo-molecular ion (m/z= 566.5: [M + H]⁺) as well as the presence of different chain lengths other than the oleic moiety due to the fatty acid composition of the technical grade oleic acid used for the synthesis. Capillary gas chromatography measured the threo/erythro ratio (23.5/76.5) which agrees with the ¹H and ¹³C NMR data. Moreover, this method afforded the relative distribution of the different N-acylated chains. The properties of the new synthetic ceramide for the treatment of skin and hair were mainly assessed by two in vitro methods. The first measured the flux of water through lipid-extracted stratum corneum. The described ceramide showed high efficacy in decreasing water loss. The second recorded the friction coefficient of different types of hair: virgin, permanent-waved, and bleached. Treatment by the ceramide led to a strong decrease in this coefficient. This was particularly observed on unrinsed hair. These findings suggest two potential fields of application and beneficial contribution for the new ceramide: repairing the barrier to transepidermal water loss, and improving the surface properties of hair. Synthèse du 2-N-oleoylamino-octadécane-1,3-diol: nouveau céramide à haut potentiel dans le soin de la peau et du cheveu.     

A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part 2: Clinical perspectives and clinical methods in the evaluation of ageing skin

With the advancement of skin research, today's consumer has increased access to technological information about ageing skin and hair care products. As a result, there is a rapidly increasing demand for proof of efficacy of these products. Recognizing these demands has led to the development and validation of many clinical methods to measure and quantify ageing skin and the effects of anti-ageing treatments. Many of the current testing methods used to research and evaluate anti-ageing product claim to employ sophisticated instruments alongside more traditional clinical methods. Intelligent use of combined clinical methods has enabled the development of technologically advanced consumer products providing enhanced efficacy and performance. Of non-invasive methods for the assessment and quantification of ageing skin, there is a plethora of tools available to the clinical researcher as defined by key clinically observed ageing parameters: skin roughness and surface texture; fine lines and wrinkles; skin pigmentation; skin colour; firmness and elasticity; hair loss; and proliferative lesions. Furthermore, many clinical procedures for the evaluation of ageing skin treatments are combined with invasive procedures, which enable added-value to claims (such as identification and alteration of biochemical markers), particularly in those cases where perception of product effect needs additional support. As discussed herein, clinical methods used in the assessment of skin ageing are many and require a disciplined approach to their use in such investigations.     

纳米TiO2/丝素复合膜整理对织物上染率的影响

将粘胶织物和棉织物作为被整理材料，研究经纳米TiO2／丝素复合膜整理前后织物上染率的变化，并借助于AFM(原子力显微镜)观察被整理后织物表面的形状结构。试验结果表明，经复合膜整理后，织物表面的纳米TiO2分散均匀、粒径较小，且上染率有所提高。     

Effect of germinated seeds extract on the respiratory activity of human skin fibroblasts and sheep liver mitochondria. Influence on cell viability and proliferation and their uselfulness as active cosmetic ingredient

The present work studies the ability of a germinated seeds extract (alfalfa, radish, wheat, soy) to influence cell respiration of skin fibroblasts and the respiratory activity of sheep liver isolated mitochondria, and the cytotoxicity of the product on cultured skin fibroblasts. The content of free and total amino acids present in this extract was determined. Aspartic acid represented 37.52% of free amino acids in the extract, but 48.07% glutamic acid was found when total amino acids obtained by acid hydrolysis were quantified. The extract contains more than 6.5% free serine, glutamic acid and alanine. Arginine, serine, aspartic acid and threonine are the other amino acids that represent more than 4.5% total amino acids. Respiration of sheep liver mitochondria and human skin fibroblasts (Foreskin ATCC CRL-1635) was checked polarographically. The results obtained show the ability of this extract to stimulate cellular respiration of both in vitro models, but the effect is more marked on cell cultured fibroblasts, and its dose dependency. The role of acidic amino acids, aspartic and glutamic acids, on the increase of oxygen consumption by mitochonria is suggested. Cytotoxicity of the germinated seeds extract was tested by the assessment of the viability, the morphological changes and the proliferation of cell cultured human skin fibroblasts. It has been shown that germinated seeds extract are non-toxic to cell cultures at doses of up to 10 mg mL(-1); neither morphological changes nor membrane integrity alterations or changes in cell proliferation were observed.     

Five dimensions of cleansing: A holistic view on the facets and importance of skin cleansing

Cleansing is an important human ritual practised for hygiene, well-being and relaxation over centuries. As part of body care it is often taken for granted, yet its relevance cannot be underestimated. Although cleansing the skin may seem trivial to some, it is accepted, that this fundamental function of skin cleansing products is highly complex, diverse and crucial for a variety of reasons in the personal, public, healthcare and dermatological settings. Employing a comprehensive and strategic approach in viewing cleansing and its rituals, supports innovation, understanding and development. Apart from being a fundamental function, as far as we know, there is no comprehensive presentation of skin cleansing with all its effects besides ‘removing dirt’. To our knowledge, comprehensive analyses on the multi-dimensional facets of skin cleansing are either rare or not published. Against this background, we examine the importance of cleansing in terms of function, relevance and concepts. First, the key functions and efficacies of skin cleansing were investigated by literature research. Based on this survey, the functions were analysed, sorted and merged and a novel approach to skin cleansing ‘dimensions’ was developed. Herewith, we took into consideration the evolution of skin cleansing in terms of concept evolution, complexity and testing methods for cleansing products and their claims. Several multi-dimensional functions of skin cleansing were identified and then established into five skin cleansing dimensions, namely: hygienic and medical importance; socio-cultural and interpersonal relevance; mood, emotion and well-being; cosmetic and aesthetic function; corneobiological interactions. It became obvious, that these five dimensions with their corresponding 11 sub-dimensions, are influenced by each other throughout history by culture and society, technical progress, scientific knowledge and consumer trends. This article presents the enormous complexity of skin cleansing. Skin cleansing has evolved from basic care up to a highly complex and diverse cosmetic product category in terms of technology, efficacy and usage routine(s). In view of future challenges, such as the effects of climate and associated lifestyle changes, the development of skin cleansing will remain an exciting and important topic and thus will finally, again, further increase the complexity of skin cleansing itself.     

Effect of baking on dietary fibre and phenolics of muffins incorporated with apple skin powder

Apple fruit skin, a rich source of dietary fibre and phenolics, is a by-product of apple processing. The effect of baking on the dietary fibre, phenolics, and total antioxidant capacity was investigated using a model system of muffins incorporated with dried apple skin powder (ASP) as a value-added food ingredient. The blanched, dehydrated, and ground ASP contained approximately 41% total dietary fibre and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) of 52 mg Trolox equivalents g⁻¹ dry weight. The total dietary fibre content, total phenolic content, and total antioxidant capacity of muffins were positively correlated to the amount of ASP incorporated into muffins. The mean percent recovery of quercetin glycosides, catechins, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, and cyanidin galactoside after baking were 61%, 57%, 53%, 44%, and 20%.