Microwave electrothermal propulsion for space

The microwave electrothermal thruster (MET) is attractive for medium- or high-power spacecraft propulsion. A propellant gas is heated by passing it through a microwave plasma discharge created in a resonant cavity by tuning either the TM(011) or the TM(012) mode for impedance-matched operation. The MET is electrodeless, synergistically combines high pressure and high power capability, provides external control over the energy-conversion discharge, and operates on hydrogen propellant. Upwards of 95% efficiency has been reported. Calculations of potential MET performance are reported. Apparatus for testing the MET to power levels of 30 kW at 915 MHz is described. The low-ripple operation of the microwave generator has been verified, as has a procedure for starting the microwave discharge and raising the power applied to the cavity. Impedance-matched resonant operation of the microwave cavity has been achieved     

The design of a microwave plasma cavity

The design of an efficient microwave plasma source is described. This source consists of a quartz tube surrounded by a cylindrical variable-length cavity which is connected to a 2.450-GHz power microwave source. The circuit performance of the plasma-cavity system is qualitatively explained and the lossy plasma-cavity eigenfrequencies are computed as functions of plasma density, effective collision frequency, and cavity length. Experiments demonstrate that a variable high-density plasma with densities in excess of 1000 critical densities can be sustained. Furthermore, by adjusting cavity length and coupling, microwave plasmas can be sustained in flowing and nonflowing argon gaseous environments from pressures of several microns to over one atmosphere.     

A Method for Dielectric Loss Measurements by a Microwave Cavity in Fixed Resonance Condition

A method for the measurement of dielectric losses at microwave frequencies for small samples inserted in a resonating cavity is discussed. The method allows static and dynamic determinations of epsilon" by power reflection coefficient measurements in resonance condition and is suitable for experimental setup that use either active or passive frequency techniques. An X-band microwave apparatus based on the passive frequency technique and built up with a right cylindrical cavity resonating in the TE/sub 011/ mode is presented. By means of this apparatus, simultaneous measurements of epsilon' and epsilon" can be performed. Since each determination of the complex permittivity requires times of the order of 1 ms, and the setting is carried out at the beginning of the experiment only, the apparatus is very suitable for dynamic process measurements. The error sources, the overall accuracy, and resolution are discussed and compared with performance achievable with the basic cavity perturbation method. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated by measurements performed on polar liquid mixtures in perturbed cavity conditions.     

微波脉冲对电容近炸引信腔体耦合特性分析*

利用有限积分法仿真分析了微波脉冲对电容近炸引信腔体的耦合过程,分别分析了微波入射方向、 电场极化方向和微波频率对引信腔体耦合特性的影响。结果表明:微波入射角度为30°、电场极化方向与弹轴夹角 为30°时,耦合系数最大;引信探测电路位置处的微波场最强;随着微波频率增大,耦合系数存在明显减小的趋势,同 时存在多个共振增强的频率点。分析表明,对于环状孔缝而言,其共振频率与矩形孔缝不同,且数值与环状孔缝的 圆周长成反比。     

Generation of high-power broad-band microwave pulses by picosecondoptoelectronic technique

A single-picosecond GaAs photoconductive switch is used to pulse excite a microwave resonant cavity, thus generating a variety of RF (radiofrequency) waveforms with picosecond synchronization. The length of the transmission line that connects the photoconductive switch and the cavity and the strength of input/output cavity coupling elements provide for continuous variation of the frequency distribution of the generated RF power. The generation of greater than 7-kW broadband microwave bursts is demonstrated     

Cavity Perturbation Techniques for Measurement of the Microwave Conductivity and Dielectric Constant of a Bulk Semiconductor Material

Cavity perturbation techniques offer a very sensitive highly versatile means for studying the complex microwave conductivity of a bulk material. A knowledge of the cavity coupling factor in the absence of perturbation, together with the change in the reflected power and the cavity resonance frequency shift, are adequate for the determination of the material properties. This eliminates the need to determine the Q-factor change with perturbation which may lead to appreciable error, especially in the presence of mismatch loss. The measurement accuracy can also be improved by a proper choice of the cavity coupling factor prior to the perturbation.     

移相谐振PWM控制器UC3875在开关电源中的应用

开关损耗是开关电源高频化的主要障碍之一,开关管共同导通而留的死区时间,限制了开关电源工作频率的提高,而移相谐振PWM技术正是利用死区时间,通过谐振腔使开关管输出电容上的电压迅速放电,从而实现零电压或零电流开关,减少开关损耗和降低噪声干扰。文章介绍了移相谐振PWM控制器UC3875的工作原理及应用。     

微波激励CO_2激光器波导耦合腔的研究

利用微波波导耦合腔激励ＣＯ２激光器，具有结构简单、放电阈值功率低、易调谐和阻抗匹配的特点。结合低频等效电路对腔的设计作了分析讨论，并给出了气体放电的实验结果。     

An integrated optic frequency translator for microwave lightwavesystems

A novel integrated optic component that performs a microwave frequency translation of an optical wave is presented. Its principle of operation and characteristics are derived from a perturbation analysis of the supermode propagation in a Y-fed directional coupler subjected to an electrooptic effect associated with a propagating microwave field. It is found that under appropriate values of the microwave field amplitude and interaction length, a very efficient conversion of optical power can be achieved. The optimum frequency shift of this transfer is controlled through the coupling length of the directional coupler. An approximate analytical solution of the coupled mode equations, which considers only the coupling between the two spectral components of the supermodes that are phase matched, has been performed     

一体化高功率微波组件内部的电磁兼容分析

分析了高增益、高功率微波组件内部射频干扰场的特点,给出了腔体内的场分布图,认为引起功率管损坏的主要原因是组件隔离腔的谐振导致脉冲功率管连续波工作造成的。结合相关工程设计给出了根据组件的工作频率,选择隔离腔体的尺寸,从而避开腔体的谐振频率,对大功率微波管起到保护的作用。同时指出了微波吸收材料最为有效的粘贴位置,这对减小组件内部的射频干扰和组件减重都是有利的。另外还就引起谐振的原因进行了分析,可作为工程设计参考。     

A new helical coupling microwave antenna excited high-powerCO2 laser using a cylindrical resonant cavity

A new helical coupling antenna which was installed into a cylindrical microwave cavity (2.45 GHz) has been investigated to obtain high-power CO₂ laser operation. Laser experiments using a system of swirling fast axial gas flow parallel to the beam have been performed. The geometric properties of the helical antenna and the gas flow structures were optimized by using numerical codes analyzing the electric fields and gas flow dynamics. The swirling flow of the laser gas mixtures of CO₂-N₂-He=0.7-5-19 was caused in the discharge tube by an 8-slit nozzle. It is shown that the electric field obtained by the proper design of the helical coupling coil yields homogeneous discharges. The maximum output power and the efficiency (RF to laser power conversion ratio) was obtained as 1010 W and 15%, respectively, at a gas pressure of 45 torr and a gas flow rate of 57 kg/h     

ANALYSIS OF DUAL FREQUENCY CONFINED CAPACITIVELY COUPLED PLASMA AT LOW POWER

Confined dual frequency hydrogen plasma discharge has been investigated with microwave interferometer method and radial profiles are taken by Abel inversion technique. Dual radio-frequency sources, operating at 27.12MHz and 1.94MHz, are coupled to each other through the plasma. 27.12MHz RF power is used to enhance plasma density and 1.94MHz power is used to enhance ion acceleration energy to the electrode. Radial density profiles has been taken for comparing the effects of low frequency source that the secondary RF source causes reduction in plasma density due to the sheath expansion. Instead radial density profile is assumed as flat by most of the models, there is about 2.5eV of potential drop occurs from centre to boundary at 40W of primary source power. It has been observed that increasing sheath width (increasing the secondary source power to primary source power) reduces the bulk plasma volume and makes potential profile flattening in y direction. While the high frequency power is dissipated by electrons in the bulk plasma; low frequency power is mostly dissipated by ions in the sheath region. Using both high and low frequency power, we may control plasma density and ion acceleration energy to the electrode simultaneously.     

Tunable Optical Mode Ferromagnetic Resonance in FeCoB/Ru/FeCoB Synthetic Antiferromagnetic Trilayers under Uniaxial Magnetic Anisotropy

Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) is one of the most important characteristics of soft magnetic materials, which practically sets the maximum operation speed of these materials. There are two FMR modes in exchange coupled ferromagnet/nonmagnet/ferromagnet sandwich films. The acoustic mode has relatively lower frequency and is widely used in radio‐frequency/microwave devices, while the optical mode is largely neglected due to its tiny permeability even though it supports much higher frequency. Here, a realistic method is reported to enhance the permeability in the optical mode to an applicable level. FeCoB/Ru/FeCoB trilayers are carefully engineered with both uniaxial magnetic anisotropy and antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling. This special magnetic structure exhibits a high optical mode frequency up to 11.28 GHz and a maximum permeability of 200 at resonance. An abnormally low inverse switch field (<200 Oe, less than 1/5 of the single layer) is observed which can effectively switch the system from optical mode with higher frequency into acoustic mode with lower frequency. The optical mode frequency and inverse switch field can be controlled by tailoring the interlayer coupling strengths and the uniaxial anisotropy fields, respectively. The tunable optical mode resonance thus can increase operation frequency while reduce operation field overhead in FMR based devices.     

一种超低电压宽带调谐太赫兹回旋管互作用结构

低电压频率可调太赫兹回旋管在生物医学和波谱学等领域具有重要应用。文章分析了超低电压(<1 kV)下采用传统开放腔互作用电路的330 GHz 回旋管输出功率和频率调谐特性,探讨了超低电压下由于电子相对论效应减弱而导致的回旋管中电子注-波互作用耦合强度降低的问题。在此基础上,针对330 GHz 超低电压回旋管提出了一种改进的互作用电路结构,其下倾式尾端结构有助于增大反向波幅度,提高弱相对论电子注与电磁波之间的耦合强度,从而提高回旋管的输出效率及频率调谐带宽。非线性模拟结果表明,在低至0.3 kV 的超低电压下,采用此种互作用电路结构仍可获得大于1 W 的连续波输出功率及22 GHz 的连续调谐带宽,峰值输出效率大于7%。     

A simple procedure for impedance matching and tuning of microwavecouplers for an electron linear accelerator

A simple experimental procedure to match and tune “door-knob”-type microwave couplers is presented in this paper. The procedure is suitable for accelerating structures with both input and output couplers and allows a fast convergence to the minimum reflection condition for a cavity coupler with fixed phase shift. The standing-wave ratio and the coupling cavity phase shift as functions of the coupler dimensions and frequency are also reported     

双层等离子体对6 GHz高功率微波防护实验

针对高功率微波对电子设备的安全威胁,设计了一种双层柱状等离子体阵列对高功率微波进行防护。其中单根等离子体柱的直径为25.4 mm,长度为600 mm,等离子体频率与碰撞频率可进行控制。利用搭建的实验测量系统,研究了微波极化方向、等离子体电子密度、放电单元层数等因素对高功率微波透射衰减的影响。实验结果表明:当高功率微波未激发等离子体产生非线性效应时,TM极化时的防护效果优于TE极化时的防护效果,且能量衰减分别可达20.9 dB和14.7 dB;随等离子体电子密度增大,微波透射功率减小,防护效果增强;由于层间反射作用,双层等离子体对高功率微波的透射衰减远大于单层等离子体衰减值的两倍。     

微波谐振模型及其3dB-Q值

本文通过网络方法对通过式谐振腔的性质进行了深入分析,指出它不同于传统的并联谐振模型,进一步推得通过式谐振腔的3dB-Q值公式,其结果与微扰法、复频率法的结果近似相等,它为微波工程中半功率点法Q值的理论提出了重要佐证.     

Controlled microwave module for the noncontact measurement of nonequilibrium carrier lifetime in semiconductors

An original controlled microwave module for the noncontact measurement of the parameters of semiconductors is briefly described. The module allows automatic control of frequency, amplitude, Q factor, and the shape of a resonance curve shape of a microwave cavity upon its loading by a measured semiconductor. The results of the measurements of nonequilibrium carrier lifetime in single-crystal and multicrystalline silicon wafers using the microwave module are presented.     

气体激光器圆柱形微波激励谐振腔的微扰理论分析及其应用

导出了工作于ＴＭ０１０模的圆柱形微波等离子体腔中等离子体与腔谐振频率关系的精确解析式和微扰近似公式，比较结果表明：在微波激励低气压气体激光器中微扰理论可相当精确地分析微波等离子体对腔的扰动效应。给出了消除等离子体与管壳的扰动引起的腔失谐的方法，从而在气体激光器中成功地形成了稳定与均匀的微波等离子体和稳定的激光输出。用微扰理论使此腔又具有测量等离子体电子密度和管壳微波介电常数的功能