Quaternary Transmission Over Satellite Channels with Cascaded Nonlinear Elements and Adjacent Channel Interference

The performance of coherent QPSK, offset QPSK, and MSK modulation systems is investigated via computer simulation for TDMA transmission over satellite channels with cascaded nonlinear elements, up- and downlink fades, intersymbol interference, adjacent channel interference, and thermal noise. Three satellite transponder concepts are considered: TWTA transponders nominally operated at their saturation power under clear sky conditions, TWTA transponders nominally operated at input overdrive, and hard-limiting transponders. The performance of these modulation techniques in terms of bit error rate versus energy per information bit over thermal noise power densityE_{b}/N_{0}has been evaluated for the three system concepts as a function of various system parameters. For transponderBTproducts in the range of 1.5-2.0, modem filter characteristics and waveform shaping have been carefully and nearly "optimally" selected to combat adjacent channel interference, which is the major source of impairments, especially under uplink fades. It has been found that, for certain system environments, MSK and OQPSK outperform QPSK. As a byproduct of this investigation, various means to minimize the effects of adjacent channel are proposed.     

Performance of an IJF-OQPSK Modem in Cascaded Nonlinear and Regenerative Satellite Systems

The probability of error (Pe) performance of an intersymbol-interference and jitter-free-offset QPSK (IJF-OQPSK) modem in conventional and regenerative satellite channels is studied and compared to that of a QPSK modem using computer simulation techniques. The results show that the IJF-OQPSK modem performs better than QPSK in both cascaded nonlinear channels and regenerative satellite links, especially with saturated earth station HPA and transponder TWTA.     

Maximum likelihood sequence detection in nonlinear satellite channels

A technical study by computer simulation has been performed to assess the potential of maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) in a band-limited nonlinear satellite channel with two nonlinear elements [a high-power amplifier (HPA) and a transponder traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA)] operating in tandem. Starting with a brief background on digital modem development, this paper outlines the basic principle of MLSD and a conceptual structure suitable for satellite channel applications. The bit-error rate has been computed for a realistic nonlinear satellite channel using Forney's approach with the Viterbi algorithm. The upper bound of channel performance improvement in a typical satellite link has been identified.     

遗传算法在载波排列优化中的应用研究

卫星转发器的固态放大器(Solid State Power Amplifier,SSPA)或行波管放大器(Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier,TWTA)产生的非线性互调噪声会对有用载波进行干扰。为了使非线性互调噪声对有用载波的干扰最小,提高卫星通信质量,提出了基于遗传算法的载波排列优化方法。简述了遗传算法原理,分析了载波排列优化的基本原则,阐述了该方法的实施步骤,进行了仿真实验,同时分析了载波排列规律。     

Decoding with approximate channel statistics for bandlimited nonlinear satellite channels

Expressions for the cutoff rate of memoryless channels and certain channels with memory are derived assuming decoding with approximate channel statistics. For channels with memory, two different decoding techniques are examined: conventional decoders in conjunction with ideal interleaving/deinterleaving, and maximum likelihood decoders that take advantage of the channel memory. As a practical case of interest, the cutoff rate for the band-limited nonlinear satellite channel is evaluated where the modulation is assumed to be M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK). The channel nonlinearity is introduced by a limiter in cascade with a traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) at the satellite repeater while the channel memory is created by channel filters in the transmission path.     

30/20 GHz Band SCPC Satellite Communication Using Small Earth Stations

This paper presents a domestic satellite communication system accommodating numerous 30/20 GHz band small earth stations emphasizing the system outline, the use of multiple-access (MA) techniques. It also describes associated earth station configurations, equipment performance, and experimental results using the Japanese CS (medium capacity communications satellite for experimental purposes). Two kinds of earth stations are employed in this system, a small earth terminal (SET) and a master earth station (MES). The SET, which has an antenna about 2 m in diameter, is placed near a subscriber. The MES, which has an 11.5 m diameter antenna, is connected to the terrestrial telephone network through a satellite telephone switching center (STC). There are about 50 two-way channels with bit rates of 32 kbits/s which are achieved through the use of a 30/20 GHz band transponder whose EIRP is about 71.5 dBm, aG/Tof about 2.7 dB/K and an SET's antenna diameter of 1.8 m. This results in a system availability of 99.5 percent under typical Japanese statistical rain attenuation data. To enable a demand-assigned MA technique to be employed in this system, a single channel per carrier (SCPC) is selected, taking into consideration power efficiency of the SET, flexibility of system configurations, and the adaptability of the adaptive power control during rainy periods.     

Performance evaluation of COFDM for digital audio broadcasting. II.Effects of HPA nonlinearities

For pt. I see ibid. vol.43, no.1, p.64-75, 1997. The effects of the high power amplifier (HPA) nonlinearities on the performance of the Eureka 147 DAB system are studied by computer simulation. The performance is determined for three types of HPA: a travelling wave tube amplifier (TWTA), a solid state power amplifier (SSPA) and a perfectly linearized amplifier (PLA). Two related performance criteria are used: (a) the degradation, resulting from HPA nonlinearities, in the E_b /N₀ ratio required at the receiver to maintain a bit error rate of 10^-4 and (b) the total power degradation. These degradations are measured as a function of the HPA output backoff (OBO). The effect, on the E_b/N₀ degradation, of linearizing only the phase or only the amplitude transfer characteristic of the TWTA and the SSPA is also assessed. Correcting the phase distortion alone in both HPAs is found to reduce the E_b/N₀ degradation by less than 0.5 dB. Linearization of the amplitude characteristic alone, on the other hand, can reduce the E_b/N₀ degradation by several dBs at small OBO values (<2 dB). The optimum output backoff which minimizes the total power degradation is between 2 and 3 dB for both the TWTA and the SSPA in a terrestrial mobile channel and between 1 and 2 dB in an AWGN channel. The optimum output backoff for the PLA is 2 dB in the terrestrial channel and between 1 and 2 dB in the AWGN channel. At the optimal operation point, the power saved by linearizing the amplitude and phase characteristics of the TWTA or the SSPA is about 0.6 dB for the terrestrial mobile channel and 0.4 dB for the AWGN channel     

Impact of a New TWTA Linearizer Upon QPSK/TDMA Transmission Performance

In transmitting a band-limited PSK/TDMA signal via satellite, the signal is distorted due to the nonlinearities of an earth station HPA and a satellite TWTA. To reduce the impairments due to these nonlinearities, a new TWTA linearizer, called a soft-limiter type linearizer (SL-LRZ), has been developed. The overall amplitude characteristic of a TWTA associated with an SL-LRZ is linear up to saturation and has a constant envelope beyond saturation. As to the AM/PM conversion characteristic, it has almost zero phase shift, irrespective of the operating point. The TWTA with SL-LRZ gives better bit error rate (BER) performance and less out-of-band emission (OBE) compared to cases where TWTA is operated by itself or with a conventional linearizer. In this paper, the impact of the new TWTA linearizer upon the transmission performance of a QPSK/TDMA signal is described. The transmission performance over a nonlinear satellite channel has been evaluated experimentally using a 120 Mbit/s QPSK modem and an INTELSAT V channel simulator.     

Wide-Band Digital Transmission over Analog Radio Relay Links

An experimental investigation has been performed to assess the feasibility of 8-phase phase-shift-keyed (PSK) signal transmission through a 6-GHz band microwave radio link with a 30-MHz nominal RF bandwidth. Only a portion of this bandwidth is currently being utilized to transmit one analog TV program or 1800channel frequency-division-multiplexed (FDM)/FM telephony. The link has been modified to have a 40-MHz bandwidth for this experiment. The digital modem is a 36-MHz bandwidth, 8-phase coherent PSK (CPSK), 36-Msymbol/s (108 Mbit/s) system. The work which has been performed includes the following: 1) study of the link bit error rate as a function of link carrier-carrier-to-noise ratio(C/N)with the transmitter TWT power output as a parameter; 2) study of the effects of an adjacent 1800-channel carrier (center-to-center separation of 36 MHz) on the error rate of the PSK carrier; and 3) perturbation of the 1800-channel FM carrier top channel noise power ratio (NPR) by an adjacent-channel 8-phase carrier (center-to-center separation of 36 MHz). In addition, experiments have been conducted through a four hop test simulator to examine the cumulative effect of transmission deviations such as group delay and TWT AM-PM transfer effect on the error rate performance for two different TWT power outputs, namely 2 and 4 W.     

Intelligible Crosstalk Between Two FDM/FM Carriers Accessing Double Cascaded Nonlinear Amplifiers

A method of evaluating double intelligible crosstalk between two frequency division multiplexed frequency modulated (FDM/FM) carriers accessing the same earth station high-power amplifier (HPA) and satellite transponder traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) has been developed. The analysis takes into consideration the AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics of the two cascaded memoryless nonlinear amplifiers, and the amplitude and group delay variations of transmission paths preceding the first nonlinear amplifier and of the path between the two nonlinear amplifiers. Results of the double intelligible crosstalk evaluation show the existence of significant distortion cross terms caused by the two cascaded nonlinearities and filters, in addition to individual distortion terms by each nonlinearity. Specific illustrative examples are discussed, and some practical suggestions are given for controlling crosstalk impairment effects in satellite channels with double cascaded nonlinear amplifiers.     

An efficient protocol for providing integrated voice/data services to mobiles over power-limited satellite channels

Various mobile satellite communication systems are being developed for providing integrated voice/data services over a shared satellite transponder which is power-limited in nature. A common strategy is to use slotted ALOHA request channels to request channel assignments for voice/data calls from a network management station. To maximize efficiency in a system with a power-limited satellite transponder, it is proposed that the bursty nature of voice sources be exploited by the NMS to ‘over-assign’ channels. This may cause problems of inefficiency, potential instability as well as a degradation in the quality of service offered to the customers. Augmenting this with the introduction of simple state-dependent control procedures provides systems which exhibit more desirable operational features. This approach is proposed and examined in this paper.     

Modulation Transfer Noise Effects from a Continuous Digital Carrier to FDM/FM Carriers in Memoryless Nonlinear Devices

An analysis of the modulation transfer noise effects from a continuous (nonbursty) digital carrier to multiple FDM/FM carriers in a common memoryless nonlinear amplifier (e.g., satellite transponder TWTA) is presented. It is shown that the modulation transfer noise, which is caused by the random envelope variations of the digital carrier due to the random data patterns and filtering of the PSK pulses, consists of both discrete and continuous spectral components in the baseband of the FDM/FM carriers. Numerical examples in terms of the noise power ratio as well as a comparison between measured and computed results are given. In general, the discrete or tonal interference component at the symbol rate of the digital carrier is quite significant. Results of this paper should be useful in the planning of FDMA satellite transponders employing the mixed PSK-FM mode of operation.     

语音数字信号压缩技术在TES系统中的应用

介绍ADPCM标准、RLPC编码原理,编、解码器方框图及工作过程。民航卫星通信网TES系统为节省卫星转发器频率资源对传输的语音信号进行压缩处理,其信道单元基带信号处理器对语音信号进行CCITT推荐的G.721-ADPCM编码和修斯公司专利技术开发的RLPC编码处理,将64 kb/s语音数字信号压缩至32 kb/s,16 kb/s,9.6 kb/s传输,实现语音质量满足一般通信要求的低速率语音信号传输。     

A new satellite communication system integrated into publicswitched networks-DYANET

A system concept of a common alternative routing system is proposed for reducing total network costs by integrating satellite communications into public-switched networks, where satellite systems carry overflow traffic from terrestrial systems through common satellite channels. This concept has been realized by a satellite communication system called DYANET (dynamic channel assigning and routing satellite aided digital networks), which provides trunk circuits in combination with terrestrial systems. The key technologies developed for DYANET are a centralized network control system and a transponder hopping demand assignment TDMA (time-division multiple-access) system, to assure single-hop connection and to use satellite channel efficiently. The authors describe the system concept and configuration, the network control system, and the results of its commercial use     

Differential Phase-Shift Keying Performance on L-Band Aeronautical Satellite Channels: Test Results and a Coding Evaluation

The problem of communicating binary information from ground to aircraft viaL-band aeronautical satellite channels is addressed, with particular attention given to the effect of and means of combating diffuse-scattered multipath interference. Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) is considered throughout. Test results of a recent flight-test program are summarized and compared to theory for uncoded DPSK. We then discuss and evaluate the use of diffuse convolutional codes in conjunction with threshold decoding to improve error probability on the fading channel. Simulation has shown that a power saving of 8 dB may be gained at 10^-5error rate for typical channel conditions with very little complexity.     

Exploiting low complex digital predistortion to improve wideband nonlinear satellite downlinks

With the increasing demand for higher data rate, increasing throughput requires wider bandwidth. Due to the nonlinear effect of power amplifier, severe nonlinear distortion effects will appear onboard satellite. Digital predistortion (DPD) scheme is usually employed to compensate for the distortions and memory effects introduced by traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) and output multiplexing filter (OMUX). In conventional predistorter, the signal loss of band‐limited feedback signal output through OMUX is usually ignored. Actually, it will affect the linear effect of TWTA. In order to solve the problem as to improve wideband nonlinear satellite downlink, this paper introduces a novel spectral extrapolation method based on deep neural network to recover the band‐limited feedback signal. On this basis, an advanced orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm is adopted in the nonlinear TWTA model construction to further reduce the DPD complexity. The proposed setup effectively compensates the distortions and is well suited for systems that generate data bits on satellites.     

Transmission of SDH signals through future satellite channels usinghigh-level modulation techniques

The authors discuss the possibility of transmitting synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) signals through two-link nonlinear satellite channels. Transmitting such high bit rate signals through a standard 54 MHz or 36 MHz transponder bandwidth requires the use of high-level modulation schemes. The techniques and technologies needed to make the use of 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 64-ary QAM transmissions feasible for future satellite communication systems are examined. It is shown that it is possible to transmit a synchronous transport module-level 1 (STM-1) signal through a standard 54 or 36 MHz transponder bandwidth using 16-ary QAM or 64-ary QAM transmission, respectively, for the 6/4 GHz band. However, for higher frequency bands, due to high fade margins needed to achieve the high availability and performance for SDH systems, is not practical to transmit the STM-1 signal through such standard transponder bandwidths     

Digital visions: where the superhighway will lead

The author looks forward to the world of interactivity made possible entirely by digital communications, storage and compression. Digital technology has also expanded the capacity of communications networks, supporting an enormous rate of growth in traffic. Compression has immediate transmission cost benefits for satellite broadcasters, since an analogue PAL transponder covering Europe, say, may cost £4 million per year. A compressed 8 Mbit/s digital service (Filmnet), with four digital channels per transponder, quarters the cost per programme service. For a 2 Mbit/s digital service, costs could fall to around £250 000 per year. As the cost of compression equipment falls, many more services can be delivered direct to homes by satellite or cable systems     

A dual-passband filter of canonical structure for satellite applications

Due to the complex arrangement of frequency plans and spatial coverages in modern satellite communication systems, channels that are noncontiguous in frequency may be amplified by a single power amplifier and transmitted to the ground through one beam. In this letter, a dual-mode canonical filter with dual-passband is presented. The filter adopts dual-mode technique for mass and volume reduction. Canonical structure is adopted for maximum zero realization. To validate the design technique, a six-pole dual-mode dual-passband filter of canonical structure for Ka-band (30/20GHz) satellite transponder is realized. The measured frequency response of the filter shows good agreement with the computed one.     

A 90-ns one-million erase/program cycle 1-Mbit flash memory

Describes the design and performance of a 245-mil/sup 2/ 1-Mbit (128K*8) flash memory targeted for in-system reprogrammable applications. Developed from a 1.0- mu m EPROM-base technology, the 15.2- mu m/sup 2/ single-transistor EPROM tunnel oxide (ETOX) cell requires only 42 percent of the area required by the previous 1.5- mu m device. One of the most significant aspects of this 1-Mbit flash memory is the one-million erase/program cycle capability. The 1-Mbit memory exhibits 90-ns read access time while the reprogramming performance gives a 900-ms array erase time and a 10- mu s/byte programming rate. Ample erase and program margins through one-million erase/program cycles are guaranteed by the internal verify circuits. Column redundancy is implemented with the utilization of flash memory cells to store repaired addresses.<>