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《TEST》1990,5(1):1-60
Summary In Bayesian inference and decision analysis, inferences and predictions are inherently probabilistic in nature. Scoring rules,
which involve the computation of a score based on probability forecasts and what actually occurs, can be used to evaluate
probabilities and to provide appropriate incentives for “good” probabilities. This paper review scoring rules and some related
measures for evaluating probabilities, including decompositions of scoring rules and attributes of “goodness” of probabilites,
comparability of scores, and the design of scoring rules for specific inferential and decision-making problems
Read before the Spanish Statistical Society at a meeting organized by the Universitat de València on Tuesday, April 23, 1996 相似文献
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As outsourcing of services has grown in popularity, agency problems such as adverse selection and moral hazard have become more prevalent, leading to increased contracting costs. In this paper, we focus on how adverse selection and performance ambiguity arise in service outsourcing arrangements. We used agency theory as a theoretical lens to propose a mediated model where two antecedents, information asymmetry and goals compatibility, directly affect performance ambiguity, and indirectly through adverse selection. This model was tested empirically with dyadic data on 50 matched pair service outsourcing arrangements between organisations in Australia. Results show that information asymmetry impacts performance ambiguity through adverse selection, whereas goals compatibility affects performance ambiguity directly, without influencing adverse selection. These results suggest that the two agency problems are differentially affected by the antecedents of service outsourcing. The theoretical and practical contributions of this study are a better understanding of how different agency problems arise and how they can be controlled in service outsourcing in particular and in service production context more generally. 相似文献
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不确定需求下制造商渠道入侵与信息收集披露激励 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究单个零售商和制造商组成的二级供应链,零售商通过调查获取市场不确定需求信息,而制造商可能建立直销渠道与零售商展开销售竞争。分别在集中决策和分散决策下刻画零售商最优收集、披露策略以及制造商的最优入侵策略;在此基础上设计了促进零售商收集并且披露需求信息的固定报酬激励机制。研究表明:当收集成本、渠道替代率以及固定入侵成本处于合适阈值区间时,需求信息收集和披露会改善双方收益;零售商信息披露可以影响制造商的入侵决策;制造商入侵在一定条件下有利于供应链整体收益,但总是不利于零售商;在制造商率先决定入侵时,零售商接受激励政策可以实现双方共赢。最后通过算例验证了理论的正确性和有效性。 相似文献
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为揭示机械产品突破性创新内在的动态演化机制,提出了一种基于突变理论的机械产品突破性创新耗散结构模型及其评价方法.首先叙述了耗散结构理论与熵变;然后应用发明问题解决理论(TRIZ)中的冲突解决原理分析了机械产品突破性创新尖点突变过程,建立了机械产品突破性创新耗散结构模型,指出了机械产品是在一个非平衡的开放系统中,系统内各技术子系统之间非线性相互作用下,以尖点突变的形式产生的宏观的“巨涨落”,从而形成的一种新的有序的耗散结构;最后基于信息熵理论提出了机械产品突破性创新的评价方法.以中药滴丸机为例,对2种不同状态下的滴丸机进行定量分析,结果较好地验证了该方法的合理性. 相似文献
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ZHAO Xin-ze WEI You-lin CHEN Yong-qing TAN Zong-qi 《国际设备工程与管理》2007,12(3):139-147
The improved method has been presented for knowledge reduction in rough sets (R-S) theory, when R-S is used to model the information expression of oil and vibration diagnosis. Therefore, the typical fault simulation tests of rolling bearings have been made, and the application method of R-S has been also analysed in this paper. The diagnosis model of holding rack fault in rolling bearing was presented based on the improved reduction method. It is suited to information fusion to combine information when oil analysis and vibration analysis are combined for fault diagnosis. 相似文献