Mode tuning in dispersive and non-dispersive photonic crystals by defects

Transmission spectrum of two-dimensional photonic crystal for dispersive and non-dispersive photonic crystals (PhC) is calculated. Calculations show that by considering defect electromagnetic waves can propagate in PhC band gap. Transmission spectrum for different types of defects is compared together. The number and position of transmission modes in PhC waveguide depend on host PhC and type of defects. By selecting suitable PhC material and defect type, the number and position of transmission modes can be controlled.     

Development of NLO tunable band gap organic devices for optoelectronic applications

This paper, presents a preliminary guide to tune the band gap of photonic crystals for optoelectronic applications. This study includes the theoretical calculations to determine the optical constants of a material, synthesis of a new photonic crystal, and a technique for photonic band gap tuning which is minimally required for developing the optoelectronic device. It is observed from the optical studies that the band gap can be tuned by the replacement of the functional group in the compound. It is confirmed that this new crystal has the maximum transparency in the entire visible region and hence it should exhibit a non-linear optical property. The presence of moieties with intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the lattice of such compounds is responsible for the second harmonic generation (SHG).     

All optical active high decoder using integrated 2D square lattice photonic crystals

The paper introduces a novel all optical active high 2 × 4 decoder based on 2D photonic crystals (PhC) of silicon rods with permittivity of ε = 10.1 × 10^?11 farad/m. The main structure of optical decoder is designed using a combination of five nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonator, set of T-type waveguide, and line defect of Y and T branch splitters. The proposed structure has two logic input ports, four output ports, and one bias input port. The total size of the proposed 2 × 4 decoder is equal to 40 μm × 38 μm. The PhC structure has a square lattice of silicon rod with refractive index of 3.39 in air. The overall design and the results are discussed through the realization and the numerically simulation to confirm its operation and feasibility.     

Photonic Crystal Hydrogel Enhanced Plasmonic Staining for Multiplexed Protein Analysis

Plasmonic nanoparticles are commonly used as optical transducers in sensing applications. The optical signals resulting from the interaction of analytes and plamsonic nanoparticles are influenced by surrounding physical structures where the nanoparticles are located. This paper proposes inverse opal photonic crystal hydrogel as 3D structure to improve Raman signals from plasmonic staining. By hybridization of the plasmonic nanoparticles and photonic crystal, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis of multiplexed protein is realized. It benefits the Raman analysis by providing high‐density “hot spots” in 3D and extra enhancement of local electromagnetic field at the band edge of PhC with periodic refractive index distribution. The strong interaction of light and the hybrid 3D nanostructure offers new insights into plasmonic nanoparticle applications and biosensor design.     

Side-coupled nanoscale photonic crystal structure with high-Q and high-stability for simultaneous refractive index and temperature sensing

In this paper, we propose a single-mode double-cavity photonic crystal (PhC) sensor for simultaneous detection of ambient refractive index (RI) and temperature. L3 cavity and L4 cavity are cascaded on both sides of the photonic crystal W1 waveguide. Two 0th-order modes generated by the two cavities with Q-factors over 16,330.80 and 8358.21 are used for sensing, which have a strong constraint on photons than the higher-order modes. By simulating the refractive index and temperature of the PhC structure, the sensing matrix can realize simultaneous sensing of two parameters. The maximum crosstalk of the two cavities is very low and can increase the accuracy of the detection. And the structure shows a good fabrication tolerance considering the deviation of the hole radius. The application of the PhC to dual-parameter sensing with high accuracy is proposed, which provides an idea for dual-parameter sensing.     

Proposal for enhancing the transmission efficiency of photonic crystal 60° waveguide bends by means of optofluidic infiltration

We are proposing a procedure to enhance the transmission efficiency of 60° photonic crystal (PhC) waveguide bends by means of selective optofluidic infiltration of an air hole, which is created as a point defect at the center of the conventional 60° PhC bend. Numerical studies demonstrate that by varying the defect radius and indices of optical fluids, one may enhance the bend transmission level and tune its 3 dB bandwidth over a substantial range of 88-138 nm. In order to perform the numerical simulations, we have used two-dimensional (2D) finite difference time domain plane wave method, keeping in mind that the spectral features obtained by these 2D calculations are about 15% redshifted from those of real three-dimensional structures.     

波导光子晶体的态密度

令方形波导内的电介质介电常数沿波导方向周期变化,实际上是非周期方向受限的一维光子晶体,不妨称为波导光子晶体。本文利用经典电动力学的方法计算了波导光子晶体的态密度,发现当波导宽度与其内部一维光子晶体晶的格常数可比拟时,会出现光子带隙;而且,波导宽度对系统的态密度有明显影响,随着波导宽度的增大光子带隙逐渐闭合。     

基于侧边耦合一维光子晶体微腔的高分辨率光子温度计

针对线上耦合结构的高品质因数一维光子晶体微腔具有极低透射率的缺陷,提出研制一种具有高分辨率、高信噪比、高动态范围的侧边耦合一维光子晶体温度计。通过调制光子晶体单元结构的反射系数以及微腔和耦合波导之间的模场重叠,光子晶体器件的品质因数和透射率得到提高。制备得到的器件品质因数值、灵敏度、消光比和基模与二阶模之间的模式间隔分别为2.7×10⁴、65.6 pm/℃、0.45和18.5 nm。采用扫频测量技术,该光子温度计具有mK量级分辨率和超过280℃的温度感应范围。     

光波在由左手材料和激活介质构成的光子晶体中的传输

用特征矩阵法计算了光波在包含左手材料和激活介质的一维光子晶体中的传播规律,当左手材料和激活介质厚度相等时,出现了超窄通带和透射率大于1的高增益现象,受激辐射的增强总是发生在带隙的边缘附近。进一步论证了受激辐射增强现象与光子带隙边缘群速度异常存在关联。随着频率的增加,光增益呈e指数增大。光频率不变时,光在光子晶体中的透射率随光子晶体周期数的增加呈线性增加。当左手材料和激活介质厚度不相等时,通带宽度增加,带边仍存在大于1的透射峰。     

Quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation device in Mg-doped LiNbO3 and its application to high-density optical disk system

The resistance to photorefractive damage is investigated for several nonlinear crystals. A quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second harmonic generation (SHG) waveguide device is fabricated in 5 mol% Mg-doped LiNbO₃ which has high resistance to optical damage. The SHG blue laser of the QPM-SHG waveguide device and a tunable distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser diode is demonstrated, wherein output stability of continuous blue light is measured. The SHG blue laser, using the QPM-SHG waveguide device with broadened flat matching response, shows good modulation characteristics. The pulsed peak power of 23 mW with rectangular modulated waveform is generated. The SHG blue laser is installed to an optical head, and good recording and readout characteristics are demonstrated. Moreover, butt-coupled SHG blue laser is examined to gain a miniature module with volume of 0·8 cc.     

Recent developments in the design and fabrication of visible photonic band gap waveguide devices

In this paper, we present the design, fabrication and initial optical testing of dielectric waveguide devices which incorporate photonic crystals with photonic band gaps (PBG) in the visible region of the spectrum. In the design of our devices we use a full three-dimensional plane wave analysis to solve the photonic band structure simultaneously with the dielectric waveguide boundary conditions for a fixed lattice and waveguide geometry. This takes into account the finite thickness of the waveguide core, and the evanescent wave in the dielectric cladding layers. Furthermore, we explain how the effective Bloch mode index can be extracted from the results. This enables us to tackle important problems associated with mode coupling between the input waveguide and guided Bloch modes within the porous PBG region, such as Fresnel reflections at the interface and up-scattering from the holes. Finally, we present the recent fabrication of quasi-periodic photonic crystals and PBG waveguide bends.     

Enhanced light extraction from GaN-based LEDs with a bottom-up assembled photonic crystal

Photonic crystal (PhC) structure is an efficient tool for light extraction from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The fabrication of a large area PhC structure on the light output surface of LEDs often involves sophisticated equipments such as nanoimprint lithography machine. In this study a monolayer of polystyrene (PS) microspheres was employed as a template to fabricate a noninvasive photonic crystal of indium tin oxide (ITO) on the surface of GaN-based LED. PS spheres can help to form periodic arrangement of bowl-like holes, a photonic crystal with gradually changed fill factors. Importantly, the electroluminescence intensity of LED with a photonic crystal was significantly enhanced by 1.5 times compared to that of the conventional one under various forward injection currents.     

Design of an ultracompact low-power all-optical modulator by means of dispersion engineered slow light regime in a photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer

We present the design procedure for an ultracompact low-power all-optical modulator based on a dispersion-engineered slow-light regime in a photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer (PhC MZI), selectively infiltrated by nonlinear optical fluids. The dispersionless slow-light regime enhancing the nonlinearities enabled a 22 μm long PhC MZI to operate as a modulator with an input power as low as 3 mW/μm. Simulations reveal that the switching threshold can be controlled by varying the optofluidic infiltration.     

Optical properties of three-dimensional P(St-MAA) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics

The three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals with face-centered cubic (fcc) structure was fabricated on polyester fabrics, a kind of soft textile materials quite different from the conventional solid substrates, by gravitational sedimentation self-assembly of monodisperse P(St-MAA) colloidal microspheres. The optical properties of structural colors on polyester fabrics were investigated and the position of photonic band gap was characterized. The results showed that the color-tuning ways of the structural colors from photonic crystals were in accordance with Bragg’s law and could be modulated by the size of P(St-MAA) colloidal microspheres and the viewing angles. The L¹a¹b¹ values of the structural colors generated from the assembled polyester fabrics were in agreement with their reflectance spectra. The photonic band gap position of photonic crystals on polyester fabrics could be consistently confirmed by reflectance and transmittance spectra.     

Planar waveguide photonic crystals as an alternative for refractive index optical sensors design: theoretical evaluation

In this paper, the possibilities of designing refraction index optical sensors in planar waveguide photonic crystals are demonstrated for the first time. Photonic crystals obtained by connecting in cascade planar optical waveguides with high index contrast are analyzed. Photonic band gaps (PBGs) and photonic windows (PWs) were obtained. If a local defect is introduced in the PBG structure, the optical path length is modified and on states can be created in the gap. Besides, the on states wavelengths can be tuned if the optical path of the defect is modified: changing the physical length and/or the refraction index of the defect. In this way, planar waveguide photonic crystals could be used for sensing applications when a specimen modifies the refraction index lattice site. Sensing properties of planar waveguide photonic crystals, with one, two and three sensing channels, are demonstrated.     

New configuration for optical waveguide power splitters

Different configurations of a T-junction power splitter are investigated using complex-envelope alternating-direction-implicit finite-difference time-domain method. The use of reflectors on both sides of the waveguide significantly improved the performance of the T-junction waveguide after optimising the gradient of the reflectors. Cavity resonators have been added to the structure, and the transmission power on both sides of the T-junction structure is maximised. Furthermore, a photonic crystal (PhC)-based T-junction has been investigated. The results show that the use of the PhC has a major impact on the performance of T-junction.     

The optical responses of one-dimensional photonic crystals based on the transparent Ag‐anodic aluminum oxide composites with super low-refractive index

The super low refractive index of less than 1 is obtained through adjusting the deposition time of nano-metal Ag in Ag-anodic aluminum oxide (Ag-AAO) composite films. It is very interesting that the Ag-AAO composite films with super low refractive index are still transparent. Based on the results, the Ag-AAO composite films and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) films were used to assemble 1D TiO₂/Ag-AAO photonic crystal (PC) structure and its optical responses were simulated in the 500-2500 nm range by using the finite difference time domain method. It is found that the increase of Ag-AAO layer thickness makes the photonic band gap (PBG) become broad greatly, but has few effects on the blue edge of the PBG, which is different from the effect of TiO₂ layers. It is more important that a broad omnidirectional PBG can be easily obtained from the simple 1D TiO₂/Ag-AAO photonic crystal structure through the modulation of both the TiO₂ and Ag-AAO layer thicknesses. Furthermore, the absorption of 1D TiO₂/Ag-AAO PC structure at the PBG edges is very strong due to the photon localization in Ag-AAO layer. The different roles of Ag-AAO layer in the above mentioned 1D PC structure are mainly attributed to the different transmission process of optical pulse in Ag-AAO layer.     

Inside Front Cover: Line Defects Embedded in Three‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals (Adv. Mater. 15/2005)

The inside cover illustrates an approach to creating line defects embedded in the interior of a self‐assembled photonic crystal, as reported by Zhao and co‐workers on p. 1917. Photoresist patterns are first constructed on the surface of a silica opal film by conventional optical photolithography. After regrowth of the silica colloidal crystal, photoresist line defects are successfully introduced into the self‐assembled silica colloidal crystal. Further processing results in an inverse opal with air‐core line defects embedded in its interior, which provides a prototype for future optical waveguide devices based on self‐assembled three‐dimensional photonic crystals.     

Photoluminescence and energy transfer investigation from SiO2: Tb,Au inverse opals to rhodamine-B dyes

Energy transfer has attracted extensive attention due to its widespread applications in medical diagnostics, DNA analysis and lighting devices. There are few reports on the energy transfer from rare earth ions to dyes. In the present work, the SiO₂:Tb inverse opals with and without Au nanoparticles were prepared, and the organic rhodamine-B (RhB) dyes were filled into the voids of SiO₂:Tb inverse opals. Non-radiative and radiative energy transfer processes from the SiO₂:Tb inverse opals to the RhB were observed. The influence of Au nanoparticles and photonic band gap on the energy transfer from SiO₂:Tb inverse opals to the RhB was investigated. The Au nanoparticles enhanced energy transfer was observed due to the surface plasmon resonance effects of the Au nanoparticles. When the emission peaks from the SiO₂:Tb inverse opal is overlapped with the photonic band gap, the emission suppression of the SiO₂:Tb inverse opal as well the emission enhancement of the RhB dyes were obtained, which is attributed to improved energy transfer caused by the photonic band gap. The steady state rate equations were used to explain enhancement of energy transfer caused by the photonic band gap.     

Silicon‐Based Photonic Crystals

Photonic crystals can be thought of as optical analogues of semiconductors. Here recent advances in photonic crystals based on silicon are reviewed. After summarizing the theory of photonic bandgap materials, the preparation and linear optical properties of 1D, 2D, and 3D silicon‐based photonic crystals are discussed. Laterally structured porous silicon with a defect line is shown in the Figure.