A301催化剂用于日产千吨径向氨合成塔操作工况的模拟及优化

采用拟均相一维数学模型，模拟计算了国内较具代表性的3种日产千吨径向氨合成塔操作工况，得到了各段催化床层的催化剂活性校正系数，在此基础上，对这3种氨合成塔在分别装填A110、IC174-I、A301催化剂的操作条件及各段催化床的装填量进行了优化，结果表明，通过对现有塔的操作条件进行优化或调整各段催化床体积，可以达到提高产量的目的。A301催化剂的效果最为显著，可提高氨产量6%～9%，副产更多蒸汽，这一结果表明，引进的大型合成氨厂第二次改造和催化剂更换采用A301型催化剂可以达到节能降耗和增产的目的。     

A301催化剂在大型合成氨装置的工业旁路试验

介绍了我国独创的Fe1-xO基A301型低温低压氨合成催化剂在大型合成氨装置的工业旁路试验,考察了原粒度A301催化剂在大型合成氨装置实际工况条件下的活性数据。在Kellogg型合成工艺（15MPa,10000h^-1）下出口氨浓度可达21.19%;在托普索型合成工艺（18.5MPa,18000h^-1）下出口氨浓度可达20.72%,验证了实验室研究结果。工业旁路试验结果表明：A301催化剂可以在我国引进的各类大型合成氨装置中应用。可以提高氨净值,降低反应压力和温度,减少循环气体流量和放空气量,达到节省动力消耗和气体单耗,增加合成氨产量的目的。A301催化剂是我国大型合成氨厂催化剂更换和国产化改造的理想催化剂。     

全径向流型凯洛格氨合成塔的数学模拟分析及其操作条件优化

建立了全径向型凯洛格（Kellog）氨合成塔（托普索S一200内件）的一维均相数学模型,并以实际运行的生产工艺数据为条件,应用龙格一库塔法求解微分方程组,确定在线使用的A110—1催化剂的活性校正系数;以此为基础,应用该数学模型,对全径向型的凯洛格氨合成塔（托普索S一200内件）的操作条件进行优化;结果表明,一维均相数学模型及其计算程序可为全径向型凯洛格氨合成塔的操作和优化提供参考,对提高氨合成塔生产能力具有积极意义。     

A301型低温低压氨台成催化剂配轴径向合成塔应用总结

A301型催化剂是一种优良的宽温区低温低压氨合成催化剂,自1991年8月投入工业应用以来,已累计有万余吨产品在全国300余家大、中、小氮肥厂投用,受到用户的普遍好评,取得了满意的使用效果.产品荣获国家发明二等奖,被中国专利局和世界知识产权组织共同授予中国发明专利金奖.产品经瑞士卡萨利公司性能检测,其综合性能至少比国际商业催化剂性能提高10%,综合吨氨节能188347.5kJ.2001年出口俄罗斯,应用于450 kt/a大型合成氨装置上.1995年,首次应用于陕西兴化股份公司φ1000 mm轴径向合成塔上,取得了满意的使用效果,平均日产合成氨311.3 t,最高日产达323 t.其后,A301型催化剂在轴径向合成塔上得到了广泛应用,并都取得了满意的效果,φ1200 mm矮塔最高日产370 t,φ1200 mm标塔最高日产450 t.现把A301型催化剂在轴径向合成塔上的应用总结如下,以便用户更好地使用.     

A301催化剂等压合成氨的可行性

原粒度A30 1催化剂在大型合成氨厂实际工况条件下的工业旁路试验结果表明 :在 7.0～ 7.5MPa等压合成氨工艺条件下 ,A30 1催化剂的氨净值为 10 %～ 12 % ,在 8.5MPa或 10MPa微加压合成氨工艺条件下 ,氨净值可达 12 %～ 15 % ,可以满足合成氨工业经济性对氨净值的要求 .因此采用A30 1催化剂实现等压或微加压合成氨是可行的 ,并可获得显著的经济效益     

Amomax-10H在300kt／a合成氨装置上的应用

川化股份有限公司化肥厂300kt／a合成氨装置是我国第1批从国外引进的大化肥装置,始建于1974年,1976年投产,氨合成塔催化剂原采用C73—1;1991年氨合成塔改为卡萨里轴径向三层塔（带内换热器冷激式）后,采用了规格为小1．5—3．0mm的A110—1H／A110—1（第一床层为A110-1H）氨合成催化剂,     

A110—5Q催化剂升温还原小结

兖矿鲁南化肥厂是我国首家引进美国德士古水煤浆加压气化技术的大型化工企业，其第二氮肥厂以水煤浆加压气化装置为龙头，主要生产合成氨、尿素、甲醇产品。该厂与水煤浆加压气化装置相配套的氨合成塔为φ1200mm轴径向复合式氨合成塔，年设计生产能力80kt合成氨。随着企业的不断挖潜改造，生产能力已达到年产合成氨100kt，本次系统大修进行了内件和催化剂的更换，现就该塔首次使用A110－5Q催化剂的情况作一小结。     

合成气中的Ar对氨合成系统的影响

兖矿国泰化工有限公司第二氮肥厂氨合成系统采用南化设计院开发的两轴一径带激冷环型Ф1200mm氨合成塔，设计压力为31．49MPa，轴向层装A110—5Q型催化剂，径向层装A110—1型催化剂，设计年产合成氨80kt，于1993年6月投运。     

延长合成氨催化剂使用寿命的经验总结

兖矿鲁南化肥厂12万t/a合成氨Ⅱ系统,从2001年至2013年8月,连续12年使用A110型氨合成催化剂。介绍了合成氨催化剂的使用情况;简述了延长合成氨催化剂使用寿命的注意事项;提出了氨合成塔的操作要求。结果表明,该厂合成氨Ⅱ系统创造了国内单炉催化剂单炉生产合成氨1 004 322 t的纪录。     

GC-R023型氨合成塔技术及应用

设计生产能力1 200 t/d大型合成氨生产装置采用低压合成氨生产工艺,其GC-R023型氨合成塔(Ф2 600 mm)是目前完全采用国内专利技术、自主设计、自主制作的大型设备。氨合成塔内件为三径向结构,装填DNCA(A207型)催化剂,介绍了催化剂的升温还原和生产运行情况。目前,该装置在粉煤流量为42～46 t/h时,合成氨产量32～36 t/h,氨合成系统压力10.8～11.2 MPa,系统压差0.55～0.60 MPa,合成塔压差0.15～0.16 MPa,氨净值14.6%～14.8%(体积分数)。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.