复杂曲面加工过程中铣刀在线监测方法

在验证了铣削力与刀柄摆动电涡流位移信号之间存在线性关系的基础上,以机床主轴端部x,y方向的加速度信号二次频域积分结果作为刀柄摆动位移信号,提取积分位移信号的基频及其谐波信号作为监测信号,解决了电涡流位移传感器安装不便的问题,同时有效去除了干扰信号的影响。利用时域同步平均(time synchronous averaging,简称TSA)计算监测信号的一阶和二阶累积量,结合时域指标方差、偏斜度、峭度、绝对均值及有效值定量刻画累积量波形,通过设定阈值实现状态预警,较好地解决了复杂曲面加工过程中铣刀状态在线监测与预警的难题。     

基于动力学不确定性的重型切削工艺参数优化

针对数控重型切削加工过程的切削稳定性具有不确定性的特点,提出了在切削稳定性和机床工作能力的约束下,获得最大材料去除率的工艺参数优化方法。根据重型切削加工的工艺特点建立三维动力学模型,以机床的固有频率、阻尼比、刚度和切削力系数作为不确定因素,结合排零定理和边理论对其进行不确定性分析,获得稳健的切削稳定性叶瓣图,结合切削深度、刀具直径和刀具齿数的关系,为加工过程选择能获得最大切削深度的刀具。在此基础上,建立工艺参数优化模型,选择最佳的轴向切削深度、径向切削深度和主轴转速的组合,最后以一台加工中心上某型号发动机缸体表面的粗加工过程为例进行了验证。     

Tool condition monitoring in an end-milling operation based on the vibration signal collected through a microcontroller-based data acquisition system

Machine condition plays an important role in machining performance. A machine condition monitoring system will provide significant economic benefits when applied to machine tools and machining processes. Development of such a system requires reliable machining data that can reflect machining processes. This study demonstrates a tool condition monitoring approach in an end-milling operation based on the vibration signal collected through a low-cost, microcontroller-based data acquisition system. A data acquisition system has been built through interfacing a microcontroller with a signal transducer for collecting cutting vibration. The examination tests of this developed system have been carried out on a CNC milling machine. Experimental studies and data analysis have been performed to validate the proposed system. The onsite tests show the developed system can perform properly as proposed.     

Dynamic analysis of the 2-DOF planar parallel manipulator of a heavy duty hybrid machine tool

This paper focuses on the dynamic characteristics of the two degree-of-freedom (DOF) planar parallel manipulator of a heavy duty hybrid machine tool. The Newton-Euler approach is employed to derive the inverse dynamic equation of the parallel manipulator. According to the motion planning of the cutting tool, dynamic simulation without cutting force is performed, and the ratio of the masses of counterweights to that of moving parts (not including the counterweight) is optimized. It demonstrates that the manipulator which is designed with over constraint can improve the dynamic behaviour. Furthermore, the cutting force model for face milling is introduced and the dynamic simulation with the dynamic cutting force is carried out. Simulation shows that the oscillation of cutting force is one cause of the vibration of the machine tool in the milling process. In the detailed design, some modification in the structure of the machine tool is made to suppress the vibration.     

Wear characteristics of diamond tool in ultraprecision raster milling

Ultraprecision freeform raster milling is a very complex machining process, and long machining time is used for small components. Therefore, the diamond tool wear is a crucial factor that not only raises the machining cost but also limits the cutting performance in ultraprecision raster milling. In this paper, the methods of process monitoring and wear evaluating of single-crystal diamond tools during the raster milling of copper are studied in two types of cutting environment: with lubrication and without lubrication. Experimental results indicate that the impact and free vibration are important dynamic characteristics in raster milling process that result in the obvious microchipping wear on the cutting edge.     

Development of a dynamometer for measuring individual cutting edge forces in face milling

Cutting force information may be used for several tasks, such as tool design and trajectory optimization, tool condition monitoring, machinability testing and many others. Accordingly, cutting force measuring has become a crucial activity aimed at enhancing process performance. In this work, the development of an innovative rotating dynamometer for cutting force measurement in milling is illustrated. The device is capable of providing independent triaxial cutting force information from each cutting edge with a good dynamic response. Static and dynamic behavior of a simplified single-edge device was first investigated through the static calibration procedure, pulse tests and preliminary cutting tests. Afterwards, the dynamic properties of the final prototype clamped on the spindle of a high speed milling machine were assessed by means of standard and rotating pulse tests – i.e. pulse tests performed during spindle rotation. Eventually, cutting tests were performed on a benchmark workpiece. The experimental tests highlighted the superior features of the new device.     

CNC铣床切削颤振的动态性能试验分析

以一台大型数控内齿铣齿机为研究对象,结合切削颤振稳定性极限理论与动力学试验,测量机床刀具和工件间相对激振的频率响应曲线,并进行试验模态分析以及切削试验,得出机床振动的各个频率与振型.经对比,找出切削颤振的主振频率.     

异形螺杆数控铣削刀具磨损智能建模研究

介绍了一种在线估算螺杆数控铣削中刀具磨损量的新方法。该方法基于螺杆铣削过程变切削参数的工况,提取了振动信号和功率信号的刀具磨损特征值,基于自适应神经—模糊推理系统建立了刀具磨损数学模型。实验证明,由此建立的刀具磨损模型能够排除切削参数变化的干扰,可以较好的反映加工中刀具磨损状态,同时也为具有时变切削参数特性的加工过程刀具磨损状态监控提供了新的研究方法。     

异形螺杆铣削过程刀具磨损建模研究

介绍了一种螺杆铣削过程刀具磨损建模的方法。该方法针对螺杆加工中变切削参数的工况，提取了振动信号和功率信号的刀具磨损特征值，并建立了信号特征值与刀具磨损量之间的映射关系，从而得到刀具磨损模型。实验证明，由此建立的刀具磨损模型。能够排除切削参数变化的干扰，可以较好地反映加工中刀具磨损状态。同时也为具有时变切削参数特性的加工过程刀具磨损状态监控提供了新的研究方法。     

CONDITION MONITORING FOR INDEXABLE CARBIDE END MILL USING ACCELERATION DATA

In order to automate machining operations, it is necessary to develop robust tool condition monitoring techniques. In this paper, a tool monitoring strategy for indexable tungsten carbide end milling tools is presented based on the Fourier transform and statistical analysis of the vibrations of the tool during the machining operations. Using a low-cost, tri-axial piezoelectric accelerometer, the presented algorithm demonstrates the ability to accurately monitor the condition of the tools as the wear increases during linear milling operations. One benefit of using accelerometer signals to monitor the cutting process is that the sensor does not limit the machine's capabilities, as a workpiece mounted dynamometer does. To demonstrate capabilities of the technique, four tool wear life tests were conducted under various conditions. The indirect method discussed herein successfully tracks the tool's wear and is shown to be sensitive enough to provide sufficient time to replace the insert prior to damage of the machine tool, cutter, and/or workpiece.     

精密数控机床铣刀故障监测方法的研究

刀具在加工过程中不可避免的存在着磨损和破损现象,刀具的消耗直接导致工件精度下降和生产成本增加。开展了一系列实验,深入研究刀具状态监测方法,构建了新型铣削过程刀具磨损监测试验系统。通过振动传感器和声发射传感器对铣削过程中不同磨损程度刀具的信号进行检测、采集、分析。选择对刀具磨损状态反映敏感的特征量。采用BP神经网络,建立刀具磨损特征向量与刀具磨损状态之间的非线性映射关系。     

Milling Force Model for Aviation Aluminum Alloy:Academic Insight and Perspective Analysis

Aluminum alloy is the main structural material of aircraft,launch vehicle,spaceship,and space station and is pro-cessed by milling.However,tool wear and vibration are the bottlenecks in the milling process of aviation aluminum alloy.The machining accuracy and surface quality of aluminum alloy milling depend on the cutting parameters,material mechanical properties,machine tools,and other parameters.In particular,milling force is the crucial factor to determine material removal and workpiece surface integrity.However,establishing the prediction model of milling force is important and difficult because milling force is the result of multiparameter coupling of process system.The research progress of cutting force model is reviewed from three modeling methods:empirical model,finite element simulation,and instantaneous milling force model.The problems of cutting force modeling are also determined.In view of these problems,the future work direction is proposed in the following four aspects:(1)high-speed milling is adopted for the thin-walled structure of large aviation with large cutting depth,which easily produces high residual stress.The residual stress should be analyzed under this particular condition.(2)Multiple factors(e.g.,eccentric swing milling parameters,lubrication conditions,tools,tool and workpiece deformation,and size effect)should be consid-ered comprehensively when modeling instantaneous milling forces,especially for micro milling and complex surface machining.(3)The database of milling force model,including the corresponding workpiece materials,working condi-tion,cutting tools(geometric figures and coatings),and other parameters,should be established.(4)The effect of chatter on the prediction accuracy of milling force cannot be ignored in thin-walled workpiece milling.(5)The cutting force of aviation aluminum alloy milling under the condition of minimum quantity lubrication(mql)and nanofluid mql should be predicted.     

Time domain coupled simulation of machine tool dynamics and cutting forces considering the influences of nonlinear friction characteristics and process damping

A higher machining ability is always required for NC machine tools to achieve higher productivity. The self-oscillated vibration called “chatter” is a well-known and significant problem that increases the metal removal rate. The generation process of the chatter vibration can be described as a relationship between cutting force and machine tool dynamics. The characteristics of machine tool feed drives are influenced by the nonlinear friction characteristics of the linear guides. Hence, the nonlinear friction characteristics are expected to affect the machining ability of machines. The influence of the contact between the cutting edge and the workpiece (i.e., process damping) on to the machining ability has also been investigated. This study tries to clarify the influence of the nonlinear friction characteristics of linear guides and ball screws and process damping onto milling operations. A vertical-type machining center is modeled by a multi-body dynamics model with nonlinear friction models. The influence of process damping onto the machine tool dynamics is modeled as stiffness and damping between the tool and the workpiece based on the evaluated frequency response during the milling operation. A time domain-coupled simulation approach between the machine tool behavior and the cutting forces is performed by using the machine tool dynamics model. The simulation results confirm that the nonlinear frictions influence the cutting forces with an effect to suppress the chatter vibration. Furthermore, the influence of process damping can be evaluated by the proposed measurement method and estimated by a time domain simulation.     

专用旋风铣床的振动测试分析及其加工工艺改进

针对某旋风铣床加工大型锚具外螺纹时,振动较大,出现刀具早期崩刃现象,致使不能进行正常加工的情况,对该机床进行振动测试分析,结果表明:旋风铣头刚度不足、工艺参数中切深、进给量、刀盘齿数和转速是影响振动的主要因素,原工艺参数使机床加工发生共振。根据分析结果对机床加工工艺提出改进措施。通过增厚铣头基座以提高刚度,工艺上粗、精加工分别切削,减小铣刀齿数,采用变频器控制电动机改变切削速度,以避开共振区,解决了机床刀具早期崩刃问题,使加工能顺利进行。     

Electromagnetic actuator for determining frequency response functions of dynamic modal testing on milling tool

Machine tools are the main driving forces of industrialization of a country. However, poor machinability because of chatter vibration results in poor surface quality, excessive noise, and reduced material removal rate. Modal testing is a useful method to investigate dynamic properties of a cutting tool system and improve material removal rate. However, at present, modal testing using impact hammer is limited by certain problems. This paper developed a non-contacting electromagnetic actuator (EMA) to determine frequency response functions (FRFs) under amplitude and speed dependencies of cutting milling tools. The geometry was designed using magnetic circuit analysis and generalized machined theory before finite element analysis was conducted using magnetostatic-ansys software. Next, EMA was used as a contacting and non-contacting exciter of a conventional milling machine to determine the FRFs and dynamic properties of milling tool with amplitude and speed dependencies including comparison with static FRFs. Subsequently, dynamic properties and FRFs are used to establish stability lobe diagram. Stability lobe diagram also shows an improvement of up to 5% of depth of cut at lower spindle speed. In conclusion, by generating force that applies to static and dynamic modal testing, an EMA can determine dynamic properties and stability lobe diagram for increasing material removal rate and production rate.     

Condition-based tool management for small batch production

This paper presents a novel tool management concept for cutting processes which integrates tool relevant information, such as distribution data, tool orders, tool condition, and allocation data, within a centralized information cycle. The developed tool management approach uses decentralized identification and storage technologies, enabling an autonomous cooperation of tools and machine tools within a production. The first part of the paper is focused on the assessment of tool condition in a flexible job shop production. A tool wear monitoring system based on cutting force coefficients is developed and demonstrated by an exemplary milling operation. Thereby, it is shown that cutting force coefficients are suitable for wear monitoring and prediction, even for varying cutting conditions. For the online assessment of the current tool condition and for the prediction of residual tool life, an empirical tool wear model is demonstrated. This is applied to a novel condition-based tool management strategy which enables the optimum exploitation of the life time and performance of the cutting tool. The developed condition-based tool management concept is finally demonstrated by a software demonstrator.     

数控落地铣镗床滑座的模态分析及优化

车床床身是整台机床的基础和支架,其振动和刚度影响着零件的加工精度。利用SolidWorks建模,并运用ANSYS Workbench进行数控落地铣镗床滑座的前6阶模态分析,得到滑座的固有频率、振型及动态特征;在保证车床静刚度的前提下,提出3种优化方案,对优化前后的模型进行对比分析,找出最优方案,为车床的设计提供新的思路和方法。     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.     

卧式铣床的高速主传动系统研制

针对客户对高速卧式数控铣床的需求,设计了一套新的主传动结构,并对制造过程中的主轴箱体振动问题进行了分析并提出改进方法,对改进前后的主轴进行了剩余不平衡量以及切削振动检测,同时在最大扭矩工况下检验了传动轴的刚度.对比发现,采用碳纤维材质的传动轴动平衡效果和切削振动效果改善明显,并且刚度足以满足机床极限工况.