Quantities of I-131 and Cs-137 in accumulated water in the basements of reactor buildings in process of core cooling at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants accident and its influence on late phase source terms

During the process of core cooling at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants accident, large amount of contaminated water was accumulated in the basements of the reactor buildings at Units 1–4. The present study estimated the quantities of I-131 and Cs-137 in the water as of late March based on the press-opened data. The estimated ratios of I-131 and Cs-137 quantities to the core inventories are 0.51%, 0.85% at Unit 1, 74%, 38% at Unit 2 and 26%, 18% at Unit 3, respectively. According to the Henry's law, certain fraction of iodine in water could be released to atmosphere due to gas–liquid partition and contribute to increase in the release to environment. A lot of evaluations for I-131 release have been performed so far by the MELCOR calculation or the SPEEDI reverse estimation. The SPEEDI reverse predicted significant release until 26 March, while no prediction in MELCOR after 17 March. The present study showed that iodine release from accumulated water may explain the release between 17 and 26 March. This strongly suggests a need for improvement of current MELCOR approach which treats the release only from containment breaks for several days after the core melt.     

Estimation of release rate of iodine-131 and cesium-137 from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant

The atmospheric release rates of I-131 and Cs-137 from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in March 2011 were estimated by comparing environmental monitoring data of air concentration and deposition rate on a regional scale with calculated values from an atmospheric dispersion model. Although the release rates were not estimated for all days after 11 March, because of lack of monitoring data, temporal changes in the release rates were reasonably estimated with estimated uncertainties in a factor of 3.3 and 2.9 for I-131 and Cs-137, respectively. A large release was estimated from the night of 14 March to at least the afternoon of 15 March, with maximum values of 7.2 × 10¹⁵ Bq h^?1 for I-131 and 1.5 × 10¹⁴ Bq h^?1 for Cs-137. The release rates during other periods were estimated at one- to two-orders of magnitude smaller than the largest release rate on 15 March. Uncertainty in the estimated release rate for 15 and 20 March was larger than for other periods. The significant release during 14 and 15 March and the trend of the release rate by the end of March were consistent with previous reports. This agreement, despite using different datasets, shows robustness of the temporal changes estimated in the studies.     

压水堆核电厂气液态放射性流出物源项计算程序CPGale的开发北大核心CSCD

分析了压水堆核电厂运行状态下气液态放射性流出物的产生和排放途径,建立了压水堆核电厂运行状态下气液态放射性流出物源项的计算模型,开发了具有良好人机界面的计算程序CPGale,并采用国内在役压水堆核电厂的流出物源项实测值对程序进行了验证。结果表明,基于CPGale程序计算所得流出物源项相比实测值具有适度的保守性,可满足工程设计的需求。     

Classification method of severe accident condition for the development of severe accident instrumentation and monitoring system in nuclear power plant

Instrumentation and monitoring systems in a nuclear power plant are very important to monitor plant conditions for safe operations and a plant shutdown. The severe accident at TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (hereinafter called as TF1) in March 2011 caused several severe situations such as core damage, hydrogen explosion, etc. Lessons learned from the severe accident at TF1 show that an appropriate operable instrumentation and monitoring system for a severe accident should be developed so that the system will deliver an appropriate performance for mitigation of severe accident condition in a nuclear power plant.

This paper proposes the classification method of severe accident condition for the development of an appropriate operable instrumentation and monitoring system for a severe accident based on the problem analysis of monitoring variables during the severe accident at TF1. The classification is formed on the basis of the integrity of boundary for plant safety and the successful (or unsuccessful) condition of the cooling water injection, and is used for an establishment of defining severe accident environmental conditions for the instrumentation and monitoring system. Examples of the establishment method are also shown in this paper.     

核电厂事故情况下气载放射性物质所致地面照射剂量的评价

核电厂事故情况下,气载放射性物质沉积导致的地面照射剂量是场外公众辐射剂量的重要组成部分。本文选取~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs和~(239)Pu等核素,结合其物理去除作用以及再悬浮过程,分析了核电厂事故后地面照射中沉积外照射和再悬浮吸入内照射所致的公众辐射剂量随时间的变化规律。     

Source term estimation of atmospheric release due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident by atmospheric and oceanic dispersion simulations

The source term of the atmospheric release of ¹³¹I and ¹³⁷Cs due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident estimated by previous studies was validated and refined by coupling atmospheric and oceanic dispersion simulations with observed ¹³⁴Cs in seawater collected from the Pacific Ocean. By assuming the same release rate for ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs, the sea surface concentration of ¹³⁴Cs was calculated using the previously estimated source term and was compared with measurement data. The release rate of ¹³⁷Cs was refined to reduce underestimation of measurements, which resulted in a larger value than that previously estimated. In addition, the release rate of ¹³¹I was refined to follow the radioactivity ratio of ¹³⁷Cs. As a result, the total amounts of ¹³¹I and ¹³⁷Cs discharged into the atmosphere from 5 JST on March 12 to 0 JST on March 20 were estimated to be approximately 2.0 × 10¹⁷ and 1.3 × 10¹⁶ Bq, respectively.     

三门核电AP1000机组辐射防护设计分析

三门核电AP1000机组为第三代核电机组,在辐射防护设计中采用了一回路加锌、较高pH值运行、停堆氧化操作、蒸汽发生器一回路水室电解抛光、优化设备维修、优化屏蔽设计、无线剂量监测等措施,以期降低机组辐射水平和职业照射剂量。本文介绍了三门核电AP1000机组在功率运行及大修期间的辐射水平和职业照射剂量数据,并与国内CPR1000机组的相关数据进行了对比,对AP1000机组的辐射防护设计进行分析,给出了三门核电AP1000机组在辐射防护运行管理及技术改进方面的建议。     

从某核电站运行情况分析今后辐射监测系统设计的改进

以巴基斯坦恰希玛核电站一期辐射监测系统近两年测量数据为依据,对该核电站辐射监测仪表的运行工况进行分析.结果表明:绝大部分辐射监测仪表处于正常运行状态,部分仪表偶尔会出现异常数据.根据工艺过程特点分析了辐射监测仪表出现异常数据的可能性原因,并对辐射监测系统设计的改进提出了建议,供今后核电站辐射监测系统设计参考.     

核电站设备三维模型设计的基本准则和应用实践

详细介绍了三维设备模型设计在核电站中的实际应用,概括了建模准则的制定、程序编制、模型建立、项目实践的全过程。阐述了作为数字核电站的重要组成部分——三维设备模型设计的基本准则和应用实践,从而进一步验证了数字电厂主要结构体系和程序配置的合理性、有效性,对核电站全寿期管理概念的具体实践进行了有益的尝试,并取得了良好的应用成果。为三维设备模型更深入地应用于大亚湾、岭澳核电站的运行、维修模拟以及岭澳二期、广三核项目的工程设计管理,奠定了可靠的工作基础。     

An interface redesign for the feed-water system of the advanced boiling water reactor in a nuclear power plant in Taiwan

A well-designed human-computer interface for the visual display unit in the control room of a complex environment can enhance operator efficiency and, thus, environmental safety. In fact, a cognitive gap often exists between an interface designer and an interface user. Therefore, the issue of the cognitive gap of interface design needs more improvement and investigation. This is an empirical study that presents the application of an ecological interface design (EID) using three cases and demonstrates that an EID framework can support operators in various complex situations. Specifically, it analyzes different levels of automation and emergency condition response at the Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant in Taiwan. A simulated feed-water system was developed involving two interface styles. This study uses the NASA Task Load Index to objectively evaluate the mental workload of the human operators and the Situation Awareness Rating Technique to subjectively assess operator understanding and response, and is a pilot study investigating EID display format use at nuclear power plants in Taiwan. Results suggest the EID-based interface has a remarkable advantage over the original interface in supporting operator performance in the areas of response time and accuracy rate under both normal and emergency situations and provide supporting evidence that an EID-based interface can effectively enhance monitoring tasks in a complex environment.     

Safety analysis of LBLOCA in BDBA scenarios for the Bushehr's VVER-1000 nuclear power plant

This paper presents the results of thermal-hydraulic calculations of a large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) analysis for a VVER-1000/V446 unit at Bushehr nuclear power plant (BNPP). LBLOCA is analysis in two different beyond design basis accident (BDBA) scenarios using the RELAP5/MOD3.2 best estimate code. The scenarios are LBLOCA with station blackout (SBO) and LBLOCA with pump re-circulation blockage which have been evaluated in the final safety analysis report (FSAR) of BNPP. A model of VVER-1000 reactor based on Unit 1 of BNPP has been developed for the RELAP5/MOD3.2 thermal-hydraulics code consists of 4-loop primary and secondary systems with all their relevant sub-systems important to safety analysis. The analysis is performed without regard for operator's actions on accident management. The safety analysis is carried out and the results are checked against the acceptance criteria which are the possibility of using water inventory in the emergency core cooling system (ECCS) accumulators and the KWU tanks for core cooling and the available time to operators before the maximum design limit of fuel rod cladding damage is reached. These kinds of analyses are performed to provide the response of monitored plant parameters to identify symptoms available to the operators, timing of the loss of critical safety functions and timing of operator actions to avoid the loss of critical safety functions of core damage. The results of performed analyses show that the operators have 2.9 and 3.1 h for LBLOCA with SBO and LBLOCA with pump re-circulation blockage scenarios, respectively, before the fuel rod cladding rupture. The results are also compared with the BNPP FSAR data.