The spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons measured with H.E.S.S.

The measurement of very-high-energy cosmic-ray electrons is intrinsically difficult due to the very steep electron spectrum with low fluxes and an enormous background of hadronic cosmic rays. The large collection areas needed for such a measurement can be provided by ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) has performed the first ground-based cosmic-ray electron measurement and thereby extended the measured range of the spectrum to several TeV. Here the H.E.S.S. measurement is presented, as well as an extension of the H.E.S.S. spectrum towards lower energies. At these energies, H.E.S.S. can probe recent ATIC measurements, which have been interpreted in terms of dark matter scenarios.     

Dark matter searches with H.E.S.S.

WIMP annihilations are required to reproduce the correct dark matter abundance in the Universe. This process can occur in dense regions of our Galaxy such as the Galactic center, dwarf galaxies and other types of sub-haloes. High-energy γ-rays are produced in dark matter particle collisions and can be detected by Cherenkov telescopes such as H.E.S.S. We report here the search for γ-ray signals from the Galactic center and the nearby Sagittarius and Canis Major satellites. In the absence of a convincing signal, modelling the dark matter density within these objects allows to put constraints on the WIMP parameters such as its mass and annihilation cross-section. Beyond these targeted searches, the wide-field survey of the inner Galaxy with H.E.S.S. is used to constrain sub-halo formation models involving intermediate-mass black holes.     

Comparison of U.S.S.R. Codes and U.S. Army Manual for design of foundations on permafrost

A comparative study was made of design criteria and analytical methods for footings and pile foundations on permafrost employed in U.S.S.R. Design Code SNiP II-18-76 (1977) and U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Special Report 80-34 developed in the early 1970s by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and published in 1980. The absence of adequate constitutive equations for frozen soils and of rigorous solutions of the boundary problems has made it necessary to incorporate (explicitly or implicitly) various safety factors in the foundation analyses. From the review it is concluded that the principal difference between these practices is in the assessment and application of appropriate values of safety factors, which leads to a substantial discrepancy in the dimensions and costs of footings and pile foundations in permafrost.     

出口加工区开发的SD模型初探

系统动力学（ＳＤ）素有战略与策略研究室之称，本文运用该理论和方法来建立出口加工区开发阶段的ＳＤ模型．通过该模型的计算机模拟运行．分析出口加工区开发的系统行为变化．目的在于找出主要政策变量．以供决策者有效地控制出口加工区的开发速度和发展方向，制定合理的经济发展规划、资金筹措和分配使用计划．     

International indicators of science and technology: How does the U. S. compare?

Because the basic determinants of innovative success are poorly understood, the data in SI-76 cannot support an unambiguous summary assessment of U. S. science. While some nations now rival the U. S. in relative expenditure for R&D, U. S. absolute expenditure still dwarfs that of any nation except the U. S. S. R., and the U. S. remains preeminent by most measures of technological capacity. However, the technology gap continues to narrow, bringing both costs and benefits to the U. S. Advances abroad threaten the U. S. position in some markets and exacerbate the nation's trade adjustment problems. But the nation may also benefit substantially from new opportunities to import as well as export advanced technology.Some of the material in this paper is adapted from R. McCULLOCH,Research and Development as a Determinant of U. S. International Competitiveness, National Planning Association, Washington, D. C., 1978.     

A Comparison of U.S. and European Project Manager Decision-Making Styles

ABSTRACT

This research effort was an exploratory assessment of the decision-making leadership styles of U.S. and European project managers. Data were obtained via the Jerrell/Slevin 20-question survey from 65 U.S. and 63 European project managers during 1993 and 1994. The data reflect a high degree of similarity between U.S. and European managers in both the overall Decision Authority score and the overall Group's Information Input To Decision score. Statistical differences of the variables within the Decision Authority component are evident in the U.S. project managers more-frequent tendency to let groups decide the vacation and work schedules. However, U.S. managers employ less participation in their attempts to obtain quicker results. Within the Group's Information Input To Decision component, statistical differences indicate that the Europeans feel it is easier to make decisions in groups, but the data suggest that U.S. managers are more inclined to use information from subordinates. Although experience level based on number of years as a project manager appears to show little difference, the overall Decision Authority component is influenced by the number of projects managed.     

实用的出租车计价器计程适配器

适配器是由电路总成和输入、输出屏蔽导线组成的。其承担解决信号采集、电路兼容、信号电流过载、分频、功率输出、抗干扰等问题，这就保证出租车计价器和速里表原有的计量性能。其特点由10个分频参数可供选择；可使用于不同类型的出租车和计价器；经长期实用考察证明性能稳定可靠。     

利用信息复合方法编制遥感考古专题影像图

我国是一个文明古国，又是一个文化起源多源流的国家，文化遗址几乎遍地都是，为了进行文化遗址调查和加强文物保护，必须进行考古方法新技术的研究应用．本文根据国家自然科学基金项目“基于信息分析的遥感图像光化学处理系统的研究”的内容，以编制成功的遥感考古专题影像图为例，进一步说明光化学信息复合方法，尤其是遥感图像资料与非遥感图像资料的复合方法，是研究专题信息的更新与补充以及综合分析的有效手段，也证明了这种信息复合方法在遥感考古领域具有很大的应用潜力。     

Biodegradation of pyridine by the new bacterial isolates S. putrefaciens and B. sphaericus

In this study, two bacterial strains capable of utilizing pyridine as a sole carbon source were isolated from biofilters. Based on the biochemical test, the organisms were identified as Shewanella putrefaciens and Bacillus sphaericus. In liquid cultures, S. putrefaciens and B. sphaericus degraded pyridine quite effectively up to 500 mg L(-1). S. putrefaciens degrades 500 mg L(-1) of pyridine completely within 140 h, whereas the B. sphaericus degrades 500 mg L(-1) of pyridine only nearly 75% and takes a longer duration of 150 h. S. putrefaciens used pyridine as sole carbon and energy source better than B. sphaericus. Monod's and Haldane's inhibitory growth models were used to obtain maximum specific growth rate (micro(max)), half saturation (K(s)) and substrate inhibition (K(i)) constant for pyridine by using S. putrefaciens and B. sphaericus. The high value of K(i) for S. putrefaciens than B. sphaericus indicates that the inhibition effect can be observed only in a high concentration range. The S. putrefaciens degrades pyridine with a faster rate than B. sphaericus. S. putrefaciens can be used effectively for the treatment of pyridine bearing wastewater and as an inoculum in a biofilter treating pyridine-laden gas.     

The Quest for Relevance: Roles for Academia and Industry in Japan and the U.S.

While U.S. industry is making headway in worldwide markets, much remains to be done. Some have proposed that improving the relevance of engineering education can have a marked influence on the future success of U.S. manufacturing. Some in academia have heard industries' cries for help to improve relevancy in engineering education and have responded with various solutions. Is this the situation in Japan? What is the state of engineering education in Japan? Where is it headed and how does the U.S. compare? We found that industry-academia relationships like those being strengthened in the U.S. are minimal in Japan. Surprisingly, Japanese industry and academia appear not to be headed in a collaborative direction and are even more detached from one another than in the United States. This paper presents some differences in the way Japan and the U.S. view their roles for academia and industry and their interrelationships. Our objective is to further motivate U.S. educators to collaborate with industry and continue to integrate greater relevancy into engineering education.     

Diagonal dominance and S.O.R. performance with skew nets

Alternative finite difference formulations for elliptic equations on skew nets are investigated for suitability for rapid convergence of S.O.R. iterations. In dealing with the differential equation directly, diagonal dominance is a key property for convergence theorems. Mixed derivatives boundary conditions threatens this property, but formulas are presented which protect it as long as the net skewness is not too severe. Test calculations are reported showing convergence for these formulas to be as good as that of optimal S.O.R. theory, whereas other more direct formulas give a very inferior performance.     

International conference on thin and thick film technology,Augsburg, F.R.G., 28–30 September, 1977

Cu₂S thin films of well-controlled thickness and stoichiometry were prepared by a solid state reaction between CdS and CuCl films in the temperature range 200–250°C. The Cu₂S films exist in the orthorhombic chalcocite phase. The growth of Cu₂S on CdS is topotactial, and the chalcocite phase is obtained on reaction with both wurtzite and sphalerite structures of CdS. The electrical and optical properties of the Cu₂S films are consistent with the Cu₂S composition. These films were utilized to fabricate Cu₂S/CdS solar cells.     

Revised Kubelka-Munk theory. I. Theory and application

Using a statistical analysis of light propagation in media, we propose a revision to Kubelka-Munk (K-M) theory by taking into account the effect of scattering on the path length of light propagation (path variation). This leads to new relationships between the K-M scattering S and absorbing K coefficients and the intrinsic scattering s and absorbing a coefficients of a material that indicate that the S and K coefficients depend non-linearly on both a and s. The additivity law that bridges K-M S and K coefficients of a composite medium, such as dye-dispersed paper (dyed paper) and those of its material components (dye and paper), is also revised. It is further shown that experimental findings on dyed paper that the original K-M theory failed to explain can be clearly understood and accommodated by the new K-M theoretical framework (two-flux approach). Numerical simulations with the revised theory on model ink, paper, and dyed paper have been carried out.     

美国联邦政府与加州机动车排放监管工作比对分析

近年来随着机动车排放缺陷而引起的召回活动频发,加强机动车排放监管愈发受到各国政府的关注.美国作为汽车排放法规与汽车产品召回的先驱者,已形成一套完善且独具特色的机动车排放监管模式——美国联邦政府与加州地区机动车排放监管并行.明确联邦与加州监管模式的异同,对于我国机动车排放召回具有重要借鉴意义.本文将从美国机动车排放召回主管部门、排放立法、排放标准、排放召回监管流程4个方面,对美国联邦政府与加州地区机动车排放监管进行比对分析.     

The overlap of U.S. and Canadian patent literature with journal literature literature with journal literature

The paper describes a study of the overlap of Canadian and U.S. patent literature and journal literature. A random sample of 300 U.S. and 100 Canadian patents published in 1968 were examined. 6.0% of the U.S. patents and 11.0% of the Canadian patents also appeared in the journal literature. 6.1% of the chemical patents, 6.0% of the mechanical patents and 11.3 % of the electrical patents also appeared in the journal literature. The results confirm the need to search both the journal and the patent literature for comprehensive literature coverage.     

美国冷库发展状况研究

美国和我国同属农产品生产和消费大国,其冷库行业起步于19世纪末期,经过100多年的发展,已经形成了覆盖全国的冷链物流体系。冷库作为冷链系统中的主要基础设施,是体现冷链物流发展水平的一项主要指标。本文通过研究分析美国冷库的发展历程,可以对我国冷链物流行业的发展有所借鉴和启示。     

Thermophysical studies of natural and disturbed landscape complexes in the north of the U.S.S.R.

Seasonal and annual peculiarities of the soil heat-balance regime in the north of the U.S.S.R. are discussed, and a reduction in the ratio between heat expenditure on evaporation and radiation balance with increasing latitude is revealed. In contrast, the ratio between heat flow to the soil and radiation balance is shown to increase northwards.Data on the thermal conductivity of soil cover and peat are systematized, and energy exchange processes between the soil and atmosphere are estimated qualitatively by the removal or disturbance of the turf-vegetation layer.Heat-balance peculiarities of the forest landscapes of Siberia are compared with open sites, and the limits to changes of balance components by forest removal are identified.     

美国联邦政府机构技术预测工具应用态势分析

美国国防分析研究所发布的《美国联邦政府技术预测工具应用现状与潜在应用》研究报告对美国联邦政府机构技术预测工作开展现状进行了梳理,对联邦政府机构期望拥有的技术预测工具能力进行了分析。本文在此基础上,对联邦政府机构技术预测工具的应用态势进行了总结,为我国开发相应技术预测工具提供参考与借鉴。     

美国进口食品进境口岸查验制度简介

美国是我国主要的食品出口国。为了促进我国食品更好地对美国出口,很有必要了解美国的进境口岸查验制度。本文主要介绍了美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)、食品安全检验局(FSIS)进口食品的进境口岸查验制度,以帮助加强政府监管工作和输美食品顺利通关。     

A discussion of the U.S. EPA methodology for determining Water Quality Standards (WQS).

Based on material published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in the Federal Register for 19 November 1991, many state environmental agencies have proposed and/or adopted revisions to their State Water Quality Standards (WQS) for organic and inorganic chemicals in fresh and marine waters (see, for example, State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Management, (1992), memorandum to Interested Parties concerning the Water Quality Standards Hearing Report). Generally, many states simply republish the U.S. EPA's proposed Water Quality Criteria (WQC) as the State's proposed WQS. Many of the state WQS and federal WQC values--especially those for organic compounds regulated as human or animal carcinogens--are much more stringent than the values now in effect because the U.S. EPA's new methodology (i) for estimating exposure point concentrations, exposure doses, carcinogenic potency, and incremental lifetime cancer risk and (ii) for setting the target acceptable risk combine a series of conservative assumptions into an equally conservative set of results. In the Federal Register proposal, the U.S. EPA failed to honor its standard risk assessment methodology in that (i) it failed to perform a quantitative or even qualitative uncertainty analysis and (ii) it failed to analyze the overall degree of conservatism in the results. The U.S. EPA suggested that the analysis is suitably conservative for the average exposed adult, but it failed to consider various phenomena that make the proposed WQC far more conservative than acknowledged or intended. To focus on a central problem of manageable size, this article dissects the method by which the U.S. EPA calculates proposed WQC for organic chemicals regulated as human or animal carcinogens. Because the results for most such chemicals are driven by the pathway for the human ingestion of fish which have bioconcentrated the chemicals from the water column (as opposed to the pathway for direct ingestion of water by humans), this article focuses exclusively on the fish-to-human pathway. These considerations form the basis of general quality assurance criteria and standards.