新型高剂量X射线管研究

本文介绍了一种可广泛应用于血液辐照、疫苗生产、食品加工、生物学实验辐照等领域的X射线辐照设备,其利用电子束轰击金属靶韧致辐射产生的X射线进行辐照,与同位素射线辐照装置相比,该设备更安全,辐照均匀性更好,剂量可控。同时对新研制的X射线管的性能进行了测试。结果表明,X射线管辐照均匀性较好,可满足工业应用要求。     

Cell irradiation setup and dosimetry for radiobiological studies at ELBE

The radiation source ELBE delivers different types of secondary radiation, which is used for cell irradiation studies in radiobiological research. Thereby an important issue is the determination of the biological effectiveness of photon radiation as a function of photon energy by using low-energetic, monochromatic channeling radiation (10-100 keV) and high-energetic bremsstrahlung (up to 40 MV). Radiobiological studies at the research facility ELBE demand special technical and dosimetric prerequisites. Therefore, a cell irradiation system (CIS) has been designed, constructed and installed at the beam line. The CIS allows automatic irradiation of a larger cell sample number and the compensation of spatial inhomogeneity of the dose distribution within the beam spot. The recently introduced GafChromic^® EBT radiochromic film model has been used to verify the cell irradiation dose deposition achieving a dose uncertainty of <5%. Both, the installed cell irradiation system and the developed dosimetric procedure based on the use of the EBT film have been experimentally tested at ELBE. The biological effectiveness of 34 MV bremsstrahlung with respect to 200 kV X-rays from a conventional X-ray tube has been determined. An RBE value of 0.75 has been measured in good agreement with literature.     

光致荧光剂量计β辐照器的研制及性能研究

本文针对空间辐射、核动力远洋、核应急等特殊环境下个人及环境剂量监测量值无法实时校准的问题,研制了一种便携式的β辐照器,可携带至现场对光致荧光剂量计（OSLD）进行校准,为特殊环境下剂量监测的准确性提供计量保障。β辐照器采用可替换的⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y平面电镀源作为校准源,并可溯源至标准β辐射场,通过电磁阀控制辐照动作,其总质量小于3 kg。研究结果表明：β辐照器周围剂量当量率处于环境水平;参考点平均剂量率为0.060~0.083 mGy/s,其相对标准不确定度为6.9%;辐照剂量重复性为3.9%（n=10）。     

Development of an effective dose calculation method for the downstairs room of a linac facility

ABSTRACT

An effective dose calculation method is important in the design of efficient shields in radiation facilities. Some analytical methods have been shown to provide a simple and quick design analysis; however, no suitable method exists that can be applied to a room located directly under an X-ray irradiation room. We propose a new analytical method that uses the multiple reflection ratio predetermined by a Monte Carlo simulation and the differential dose albedo given by the Chilton–Huddleston semi-empirical equation. Our method is verified by comparison with the Monte Carlo simulation, performed for the case of an electron linac facility with an accelerated energy of 10 MeV, where the shielding floor has a thickness of 1.6–2.0 m and the downstairs room has a height of 0.5–1.5 m. The difference between the effective X-ray doses in the downstairs room calculated via the proposed analytical method and the Monte Carlo simulation is less than 25% when the horizontal distance from the X-ray beam to the evaluation point exceeds 3 m and the evaluation point is set at half of the height of the room. The new analytical method can be efficiently and accurately applied to the calculation of the effective dose.     

Sahand Plasma Focus Emitted More Than 35 J in Yield Neon Soft X-ray

X-ray emission from neon plasma produced in Sahand Filippov type plasma focus device is investigated. Detecting system used in our experiments is a five channel pin diode detector. Soft X-ray emissions from neon gas at different charging voltages and working gas pressures are studied and optimum condition for production of soft X-ray for Sahand plasma focus facility is obtained. Results show that for every working pressure there is a charging voltage at which the average soft X-ray yield is maximum and this optimum charging voltage increases with increasing gas pressure. For 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 Torr neon the optimum voltages are 12, 13 and 16 kV respectively. The highest average soft X-ray yields produced at 0.50 Torr which is about 35.87 ± 1.18 J. Also soft X-ray production decreased after a certain pressure which for our experiments is 0.50 Torr. The variation of relative hard X-ray yield with charging voltage and working gas pressure is also investigated. The results show that 0.50 Torr is also the best operating gas pressure for optimum hard X-ray production in Sahand Filippov type plasma focus device.     

双极运算放大器在不同电子能量下的辐射效应和退火特性

介绍了LM837双极运算放大器分别在不同能量（1。8、1 MeV）不同束流、相同能量不同束流电子辐照环境中的响应特性及变化规律。分析了不同偏置状态下其电离辐照敏感参数在辐照后3种退火温度（室温,100、125 ℃）下随时间的变化,并讨论了引起电参数失效的机理。结果表明：与1 MeV 辐照相比,1。8 MeV电子辐照引起的LM837辐射损伤更明显;辐照过程中正偏条件下的偏置电流变化较零偏时的稍大;LM837辐照后的退火行为与温度有较大的依赖关系,而这种关系与辐照感生的界面态密度增长直接相关。     

Production of radioactive 9C ion beam and its optimization

1IntroductionCarbonionbeamhasattractedgrowinginterestintumortreatmentinthepastdecade.Thisisattrib-utedtoexcellentphysicalcharacteristicsofcarbonbeamlikedoselocalizationintheBraggpeakandhighrelativebiologicaleffectivenessoverthepeak.Toenhancetheefficacyofheavyionbeamsintreatingtumors,wehaveevenproposedanovelideausingdelayedβ-particledecaybeamssuchas9Cand8Bfortumortreatment.Theseradioactiveionscanisotropi-callyemitlowenergyα-particlesand/orprotonsaftertheir+β-decay.Besideslocalizingionsinbo…     

Performance of multigap resistive plate chamber in a γ-ray aging test

The aging test of multigap resistive chamber (MRPC) was carried out under conditions of irradiation from a 137Cs γ source facility. The total charge induced at the anode or at the cathode of the MRPC module was about 29 mC. The gamma dose rate was 10-2 Gy.h-1, and the total accumulative radiation dose was 4.3 Gy. After irradiation,there was an obvious degradation in the properties of the MRPC module.     

低剂量γ辐射对青海弧菌Q67的毒性研究

分别采用生物辐照仪和模拟铀矿室作为γ辐照源,研究了低剂量和超低剂量γ照射对青海弧菌Q67发光强度和光密度(OD₆₀₀)的影响。实验结果表明,青海弧菌Q67在5.5 cGy/min照射剂量率、不同累积照射剂量γ射线照射下,在一定累积照射剂量范围内,发光强度的抑制率无显著差异,当累积照射剂量超过该范围的累积照射剂量的阈值后,发光强度抑制率与累积照射剂量呈正相关。青海弧菌Q67在320 mGy累积照射剂量,5.5、14和51 cGy/min 3个不同照射剂量率γ射线照射下,发光强度在低照射剂量率、长时间的γ射线照射条件下抑制率更大。青海弧菌Q67在长时间超低γ射线照射剂量率的条件下,菌液的OD₆₀₀值的抑制率在24 h达到最大值,此后逐渐降低,其中30和120 μGy/h两组剂量率照射下,青海弧菌Q67菌体数呈现低剂量兴奋效应。通过测定低剂量和超低剂量γ射线照射对青海弧菌Q67的发光强度和菌液OD₆₀₀值的抑制率,可反映一定剂量范围内的γ射线照射对青海孤菌Q67的综合毒性作用。青海孤菌Q67对γ射线具有较好的敏感性,可用作低剂量γ射线毒性评价的生物材料。     

Performance of multigap resistive plate chamber in a γ-ray aging test

1 Introduction MRPC is a new type of gas detector [1, 2] devel- oped in the last few decades. It has been proposed to be a substitute for the Time of Flight (TOF) detector used in conventional technology in high-energy nu- clear and particle experiments because of its properties of excellent time resolution, high efficiency, simple structure, insensitivity to magnets, and low energy dissipation. The MRPC technology has been adopted for TOF by the STAR group at Relativistic Heavy Ion C…     

The irradiation laboratory at ČKD semiconductors Praha

An electron linac radiation source used to produce bulk defects in semiconductor power devices (SPDs) is described. Such defects serve to regulate the turn-off time and forward voltage drop of SPD devices. The irradiation facility, techniques, parameters of the electron beam and dosimetry are described.     

大束流场发射阴极X射线管的阳极设计

采用蒙特卡罗软件和有限元分析软件分析了固定阳极X射线管中电子轰击阳极靶的能量沉积和热量传输过程,固定阳极由铜棒和钨片组成。研究了在不同形状、尺寸和占空比的电子束脉冲轰击下,阳极靶面不同厚度的钨片和相邻铜棒的温度上升过程。结果表明,钨片厚度存在最优值,但最优值与具体使用条件相关;在脉冲成像方式下,固定阳极靶能承受更强束流强度的轰击。因此,采用固定阳极靶方案,研制140 kV高压、10 mA以上电流、直径1 mm以下有效焦点的场发射阴极X射线管是可行的。     

Simulation and Design of Biological Shield for the 115 kJ IR-MPF-100 Plasma Focus Device Using MCNP Code

The paper reports on the design of biological neutron shielding for IR-MPF100 plasma focus device which recently has been designed and constructed in plasma physics and nuclear fusion research institute. Plasma focus devices are known as pulsed intense sources of ionizing radiations such as hard X-ray and fast neutrons as a result of the formation of a hot dense plasma column then acceleration of energetic ions and electrons in the opposite directions. Therefore, taking into account a biological shield particularly for the operators of the PF device as radiation workers is crucial. Analytical calculations on the maximum permissible effective dose for radiation workers (for whole-body exposure) allow below 200 shots/year for IR-MPF100 operating at its nominal 115 kJ capacitor bank energy without any shielding wall. In order to decrease the personnel absorbed radiation dose and increase the maximum allowed shot per year the design considerations for a biological shield has been recognized using MCNP4C code. Our calculations was based on the effect of ordinary concrete, polyethylene mixed with 30 % natural boron and solid boric acid on the decrement of the absorbed dose. These calculations represent that using a double layer shield consists of 30 cm width of pure polyethylene as well as 10 cm lead, ends in appropriate decrement of the effective dose per shot from 0.1 mSv to 1.2 µSv, therefore increases the allowed usage of the device up to 15,600 annual shots.     

工业脉冲X射线发生装置放射防护检测与评价方法研究

目的探讨利用热释光剂量计对工业脉冲X射线发生装置进行放射防护检测与评价的可行性。方法分别用热释光剂量计和AT1123型X/γ辐射剂量率仪测量脉冲X射线发生装置的辐射剂量,通过对测量结果的分析和比较验证热释光剂量计测量脉冲X射线的有效性,通过对周围环境中年累积剂量的估算来评价试验人员和公众的受照剂量是否满足辐射防护要求。结果1号脉冲X射线发生装置曝光4次,2号脉冲X射线发生装置曝光10次,热释光法测得不同距离处的累积剂量符合距离平方反比衰减规律,实际检测结果与理论推算值较为吻合。两个X射线发生装置现有的工作负荷下,工作人员和公众的年累积剂量均在辐射防护控制目标值内。结论热释光法得出检测结果与理论推算值较为吻合,能够满足工业脉冲X射线发生装置放射防护检测需求。     

双极电压比较器低剂量率辐照损伤增强效应的变温辐照加速评估方法

对3款同种型号不同公司生产的双极电压比较器进行了高、低剂量率及变温辐照的⁶⁰Co γ辐照实验。结果表明：偏置电流和电源电流为双极电压比较器辐射敏感参数,失调电压仅在工作偏置条件下为辐射敏感参数;由于工艺不同,不同公司的双极电压比较器存在辐射响应差异,而同一公司的双极电压比较器在不同偏置条件下的辐照损伤趋势亦不同;变温辐照加速评估方法不仅可鉴别上述不同公司的双极电压比较器在不同偏置条件下的剂量率效应,而且能很好地模拟和保守地评估其低剂量率下的辐照损伤。     

Fluence and dose measurements for an accelerator neutron beam

The 3 MV Van de Graaff accelerator at McMaster University accelerator laboratory is extended to a neutron irradiation facility for low-dose bystander effects research. A long counter and an Anderson-Braun type neutron monitor have been used as monitors for the determination of the total fluence. Activation foils were used to determine the thermal neutron fluence rate (around 10⁶ neutrons s⁻¹). Meanwhile, the interactions of neutrons with the monitors have been simulated using a Monte Carlo N Particle (MCNP) code. Bystander effects, i.e. damage occurring in cells that were not traversed by radiation but were in the same radiation environment, have been well observed following both alpha and gamma irradiation of many cell lines. Since neutron radiation involves mixed field (including gamma and neutron radiations), we need to differentiate the doses for the bystander effects from the two radiations. A tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) filled with propane based tissue equivalent gas simulating a 2 μm diameter tissue sphere has been investigated to estimate the neutron and gamma absorbed doses. A photon dose contamination of the neutron beam is less than 3%. The axial dose distribution follows the inverse square law and lateral and vertical dose distributions are relatively uniform over the irradiation area required by the biological study.     

Preliminary Results of the 115 kJ Dense Plasma Focus Device IR-MPF-100

This work summarizes the design and construction of the first Iranian 115 kJ Mather type plasma focus (PF) machine (IR-MPF-100). This machine consists of a 6.25 cm radius and 22 cm height brass made anode with a 50 mm height insulator which separates the anode and cathode electrodes. Twelve copper made 22 cm height rods play the role of cathode with 10.2 cm radius. Twenty four 6 μF capacitors were used with the maximum charging voltage of 40 kV (maximum energy of 115 kJ) as the capacitor bank and maximum theoretical current around 1.224 MA. The total inductance of the system is 120 nH. By using NE-102 plastic Scintillator, Rogowski coil, current and voltage probes, hard X-ray, current derivative, current and voltage signals of IR-MPF-100 were measured. The primary result of neutron detection by neutron activation counter represents approximately 10⁹ neutrons per shot at 65 kJ discharge energy while using deuterium filling gas. Also IR-MPF-100 PF has been tested successfully at 90 kJ by using the argon gas.     

350keV电子高压加速器研制

加速器辐照装置用于辐照生产医用输液塑料袋原膜材。所研制的350keV电子高压加速器具有以下特点：在静电加速器中采用高压倍压电源代替输电带，此新型结构加速器可输出低能大功率电子束，且体积小、自屏蔽，适于在线辐照加工；一般高压倍压电源采用50Hz供电，而在此装置中由14kHz中频电源供电，高压电源体积小。加速器空载高压达370kV，电子束350keV/20mA，扫描宽度70cm，辐照剂量不均匀性好于7%。该加速器辐照装置已投入运行，并已生产出合格医用输液袋膜材投放市场，产品填补了国内医用输液袋膜材市场的空白。     

EE80C196KC20单片机γ辐射总剂量效应

建立商用16位单片机EE80C196KC20辐射效应在线测试系统,利用60Co源在20rad（Si）/s的剂量率条件下研究了电离辐射的失效模式和敏感参数。实验获得了单片机的失效阈值,得到了功耗电流、I/O输出、PWM输出随总剂量的变化规律,从工艺和电路结构分析了敏感参数变化的物理机理,对抗辐射加固设计有重要意义。