喜河水力发电厂3号发电机的进相运行与试验

电力系统中采用电机进相运行(欠励),是平衡无功、调节电压最简便、经济的措施。由于发电机进相运行受到一些因素的限制,在发电机采用进相运行前,应对发电机进行进相运行能力试验,确定发电机进相深度,确保发电机进相运行时的稳定安全。     

蒲石河抽水蓄能电站~#4机组水轮机工况运行区域划分

以蒲石河抽水蓄能电站#4机组5个特征水头下的现场稳定性试验数据为基础,选取水轮机工况下从60 MW到额定负荷间阶梯式的13个负荷工况,分析了每个试验水头下各稳定性指标随着有功功率增大的变化趋势及各个负荷工况下试验水头变化时对各稳定性指标的影响,通过对机架振动、导轴承摆度及水流压力脉动等试验数据进行频谱分析,研究了水流压力脉动对机组振动、摆度的影响。依据主机合同技术规范中的相关要求将#4机组在水轮机工况的运行区域划分为A区(稳定运行区)、B区(限制运行区)、C区(强振禁运区)等3个运行区域,为机组安全运行提供实用性的指导依据。     

混流式水轮机机组运行稳定性区域检测

水电机组在带负荷运行过程中,水力机械振动会引起机组不稳定运行。为了掌握水电厂机组运行稳定性情况,需对其进行变负荷真机试验。在某水电厂3#混流式水轮机机组空载、满负荷等13种运行工况下进行试验,现场实测各运行工况下振动、摆度和压力脉动的变化,并分析机组运行稳定性及存在的缺陷。结果表明,从机组振动、摆度、压力脉动数据和现场评估综合分析,该试验机组稳定运行区间为25～40 MW。研究为机组安全、稳定运行提供了一定的技术依据。     

某抽水蓄能电站~#6机组甩负荷试验仿真与实测分析

在某抽水蓄能电站~#6机组甩负荷试验前,用特征线方法对试验过程中的导叶开度、机组转速、蜗壳末端压力及尾水管进口压力等关键技术参数进行仿真预测,并将仿真计算值与试验实测值进行对比,结果表明数值仿真方法与计算模型的准确性较高;以机组在过渡工况中的工作点运行轨迹为基础数据,分析试验机组在甩负荷过程中的运行状态,探究了仿真数据与实测数据出现差别的内在原因,为后续电站出现类似情况的处理提供了参考。     

某抽水蓄能电站~#2机组运行稳定性分析

为掌握某抽水蓄能电站~#2机组的运行稳定性情况,分别在310、320、330m水头下对该机组进行现场稳定性试验,每个试验水头下的试验工况包括了发电工况下从空载到额定负荷间阶梯式选取的13个负荷工况及抽水工况,分析了机组在各负荷工况下机架振动、导轴承摆度、水流压力脉动的变化规律及内在联系,根据变负荷试验数据将该机组在不同试验水头下的运行区域划分为禁止运行工况区、许可运行工况区和稳定运行工况区,为机组安全运行提供了依据。     

600 MW机组历史数据挖掘与降耗潜力预测研究

典型工况指标分析是机组运行优化、降耗诊断的基础与起点。对600 MW机组历史数据进行深度挖掘分析,建立指标模型与降耗诊断模型,在各典型工况下,对锅炉热效率、热耗率及热力循环压设计目标红线情况,进行设计对标以及绩效管理指标自检。得出典型工况指标数据可作为设计对标、指标自检、降耗诊断、运行优化调整以及降耗对比的量化依据,绩效指标管理与集控调控能力达到了优秀水准;在此基础上,预测低煤耗运行模式下6.8 g/k Wh的降耗潜力。     

联合循环电厂汽轮机供热运行的若干问题

国内某联合循环电厂由于汽轮机缺乏非设计工况下抽汽供热运行经验且需要参与电网调峰,经过对联合循环机组特性分析和现场运行数据的整理、优化,在保证机组安全的前提下,确定了汽轮机供热量和机组调峰能力,为指导运行人员操作和确定机组电网调峰能力提供了依据。     

供热机组热力性能分析研究

针对目前大多数供热机组存在着现场和试验数据都不是很全的问题,分析机组本身经济运行会有很大困难.本研究将根据机组本身的结构参数和电厂实际运行的主要数据,结合改进的费留格尔公式进行汽轮机变工况热力计算与热力系统变工况计算,找出影响机组经济运行的主要因素,为热电厂优化和经济运行提供一定的参考依据.通过计算分析,发现某热电厂供热机组汽轮机的通流效率和补水分配对机组经济运行的影响较大,供热机组应主要在这两个方面进行优化,来提高机组运行经济性.     

抽水蓄能机组水泵断电工况全流道流动特性分析

为探究抽水蓄能电站水泵断电工况机组内流场的变化规律及其对机组安全稳定运行的影响,采用SSTκ-ω湍流模型,以现场实测数据为动态边界条件,对某抽蓄电站机组全流道进行CFD仿真。通过仿真结果与实测数据的对比,证明仿真具有较高的可信度。在此基础上分析了机组过流系统内部流动状态在水泵稳态、正转正流、正转逆流、反转逆流四个阶段的演变过程。结果表明,水泵断电工况下,正转逆流阶段叶片工作面上压力最大、最小值区域相邻;反转逆流阶段活动导叶内外侧压力差过大,约1MPa。这对机组过流部件结构安全威胁最大。     

某水电站真机原位试验反演计算及极端工况预测

水电站真机原位试验是机组正式投产前必做试验,试验时进行辅助反演计算可发现试验过程中的问题,计算分析极端工况可为机组永久运行提供重要支撑。针对某水电站甩负荷试验过程中产生的蜗壳最大压力和机组转速上升率超出控制标准的问题进行初步分析及反演计算,发现机组导叶关闭规律与设定的关闭规律有一定差别,且该关闭规律的鲁棒性较差;接着结合试验情况优化机组导叶关闭规律,再对调整后的甩负荷试验进行了同等边界条件下的数值仿真计算,对比分析实测数据及数值计算结果获得特征参数的修正值;最后,通过数值仿真计算预测大波动过渡过程极端工况。研究思路可为类似工程提供参考。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.