复杂曲面薄壁件铣削颤振稳定性研究综述

针对复杂曲面薄壁件铣削过程中出现的颤振问题,基于再生型颤振理论,对复杂曲面薄壁件铣削颤振产生的原因进行了分析,阐述了抑制颤振发生的相关工艺优化策略和颤振稳定性分析之间的联系;在此基础上,对现阶段复杂曲面铣削稳定性分析中的频域法、时域法、试验法,以及工艺优化方法研究现状进行了综述和归纳,对现阶段国内外复杂曲面薄壁件铣削颤振的抑制方法的优缺点和适用条件进行了评价,并提出了整体式叶轮五轴加工非均匀余量工艺优化策略;通过分析影响颤振稳定性的因素,提出了今后复杂曲面薄壁件颤振抑制的研究方向。研究结果表明:相对于普通铣削颤振,复杂曲面薄壁件颤振抑制更为复杂,建立三维工艺系统稳定性模型,并考虑工件模态参数的变化,可有效抑制颤振的发生。     

薄壁件高速切削稳定性研究

颤振现象是薄壁零件加工过程中的普遍问题,以壁板零件为模型,通过对加工过程中颤振的原理进行分析,建立薄壁件一维铣削稳定性理论模型,绘制了频域颤振稳定性叶瓣图。基于叶瓣图,提出一种通过优选切削参数来控制颤振的方法,最终获取了避免加工颤振的理论加工参数,对减小或消除颤振提供了有益的指导。     

基于铣削力仿真的稳定域叶瓣图构建

颤振稳定域分析的叶瓣图构建为铣削过程中参数优化的基础,但对于实际加工来说,铣削力不易通过测试获取。针对此问题,展开了基于铣削力仿真的叶瓣图构建方法研究。首先,通过有限元仿真模拟实际铣削过程,得到铣削力大小以及铣削力系数;其次,通过模态试验获取主轴-刀具系统的模态参数,再以铣削系数和模态参数为基础,构建铣削稳定性叶瓣图;最后,结合实际铣削加工的试验测试验证了叶瓣图的正确性。本研究可为优化切削参数、抑制实际铣削过程中颤振的产生提供参考,不仅可以提高工件的加工效率,也增强了系统的稳定性。     

基于复化Cotes积分和神经网络的稳定铣削工艺参数多目标优化方法

铣削过程再生颤振严重影响工件表面质量和生产效率,准确高效地识别铣削颤振稳定域并合理选择工艺参数是抑制颤振、提高生产效率的关键步骤。当前对考虑稳定性约束下的多目标铣削工艺参数优化研究仍然缺乏系统且完整的解决方案。为此,基于复化Cotes积分和神经网络并结合NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法建立一种稳定铣削工艺参数多目标优化方法。其中基于复化Cotes积分法提出了一种新的铣削稳定域预测方法来获得二维稳定性叶瓣图(Stability lobe diagram,SLD),收敛性分析表明新方法具有更快的收敛速度。考虑径向切深不确定性得到由离散三维SLD曲面构建的铣削稳定域神经网络预测模型。最后,分别以材料去除率、刀具寿命作为效率、成本目标,采用NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法建立稳定铣削工艺参数的优化模型。与经验方法对比显示,优化后的铣削方案可以提高8.4%的材料去除率和16.3%的刀具寿命。结果表明不仅可以通过更加准确地判断铣削稳定性来保证加工质量,而且能够为高效率低成本的铣削确定工艺参数提供科学理论指导。     

考虑刀具和工件动态耦合特性的薄壁件铣削稳定性研究

针对薄壁零件加工过程中的颤振现象,考虑刀具和工件的动态耦合特性,建立多自由度铣削颤振模型,并针对刀具和壁板类薄壁工件进行模态实验,获取相对传递函数,采用解析法(ZO A)绘制了颤振稳定性叶瓣图。通过对比仅考虑刀具或工件的动态特性,最终得到薄壁件多自由度系统稳定性极限预测模型。该模型精确绘制了薄壁件铣削稳定性叶瓣图,对以后的生产加工提供指导。     

微细铣削加工表面位置误差的分析与预测

微细铣削系统的动态不稳定性会导致零件表面几何精度的偏差,以微细铣削加工表面位置误差为分析对象,在不考虑可再生颤振效应的加工条件下,建立了微细铣削系统动态切削力模型,确定了表面位置误差的分析方法。采用数值分析并结合前期的铣削试验,得到了微细铣削加工的稳定域叶瓣图和表面位置误差的解析解。对比了顺铣、逆铣加工的表面位置误差,详细分析了主轴转速和轴向切削位置对表面位置误差的影响。最后,通过把稳定域叶瓣图和表面位置误差数据组合在同一个图里面进行综合分析,预测表面位置误差并优化选择加工条件。     

立铣加工钛合金颤振稳定域的研究

为了优化铣削加工中的切削参数来减小或避免再生颤振的发生,在切削加工再生颤振理论的研究基础上,以硬质合金立铣刀粗加工钛合金TA15为研究对象,建立了刀具的动力数学模型,对再生颤振稳定域在频域内进行求解;对再生颤振稳定域解析算法进行程序设计,通过提供由动态铣削实验获得的铣削力系数和由模态分析实验获得的模态参数等程序所需参数计算得到与主轴转速和轴向切深二者相关的颤振稳定域叶瓣图;最后通过对钛合金TA15进行立铣加工实验验证了颤振稳定域解析算法的准确性。     

基于混合算法的薄壁件铣削加工工艺参数优化

结合神经网络法和遗传算法的优点,提出了一种以倒传递神经网络法为基础的加工工艺参数优化方法,对薄壁件铣削加工工艺参数进行优化。将田口实验所得数据经倒传递神经网络进行训练与测试,来建立薄壁件铣削加工的信噪比预测器,并通过最大化信噪比,将铣削过程变异降至最低,进而找出最佳加工工艺参数组合。通过数值模拟与加工实验,验证了所提方法在薄壁件铣削加工工艺参数优化中的有效性。     

一种基于稳定性图的车铣复合机床切削稳定性研究及优化

为提高车铣复合机床的切削稳定性,避免切削过程中的颤振问题,文中以稳定性叶瓣图（以下简称稳定性图）为基础,研究了切削微型零件过程中的颤振问题。通过对车铣复合机床机构和机床模型的分析,得到了机床动态振动模型和机床颤振的数学模型。同时通过锤击试验方法,得到了刀具与工件系统的传递函数,构建了车铣复合机床的稳定性图。最后对机床主轴部件、机床后轴部件和高频铣削部件的稳定区间进行了研究,该实验研究结果指导和优化了车铣加工切削微型零件的参数选择。     

微小型无偏正交车铣加工系统稳定性研究

以微小型车铣复合加工系统为对象,通过对微小型车铣加工工艺系统进行分析将其简化为进行端铣研究。针对加工系统中刚度最低的工件系统利用再生型颤振理论进行分析,得到加工稳定性叶瓣图,并且通过实验验证了该叶瓣图的准确性。得到的微小型车铣稳定性叶瓣图可以指导微小型车铣的加工参数选择,提高微小型车铣加工效率。     

Prediction of regenerative chatter in the high-speed vertical milling of thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy

With the wide application of high-speed cutting technology, high-speed machining approach of titanium alloy has become one of the most effective ways to improve processing efficiency and to reduce the processing cost, but the cutting chatter which often occurs in the cutting process not only affects the machining surface quality but also reduces the production efficiency. Regenerative chatter is a typical phenomenon during actual cutting, and it has the greatest impact on the cutting process. With the purpose of avoiding regenerative chatter and selecting appropriate cutting parameters to achieve a steady cutting process and a high surface quality, it is necessary to determine the critical boundary conditions where chatter occurs. Built on the work of previous theoretical researches of regenerative chatter, this paper utilized Visual C++ software to calculate the chatter stability domain during the finish machining of titanium alloy. It was shown that the border between a stable cut and an unstable cut can be visualized in terms of the axial depth of cut as a function of the spindle speed. Using the result, it can find the specific combination of machining parameters, which lead to the maximum chatter-free material removal rate. In order to verify the result, the high-speed milling experiment of an I-shaped thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy was conducted. It revealed that the actual machining result was consistent with the calculation prediction. This study will offer a useful guide for effective parameter selection in future CNC machining applications.     

Prediction of simultaneous dynamic stability limit of time�Cvariable parameters system in thin-walled workpiece high-speed milling processes

A method for predicting simultaneous dynamic stability limit of thin-walled workpiece high-speed milling process is described. The proposed approach takes into account the variations of dynamic characteristics of workpiece with the tool position. A dedicated thin-walled workpiece representative of a typical industrial application is designed and modeled by finite element method. The curvilinear equation of modal characteristics changing with tool position is regressed. A specific dynamic stability lobe diagram is then elaborated by scanning the dynamic properties of workpiece along the machined direction throughout the machining process. The results show that, during thin-walled workpiece milling process, material removing plays an important part on the change of dynamic characteristics of system, and the stability limit curves are dynamic curves with time?Cvariable. In practical machining, some suggestion is interpreted in order to avoid the vibrations and increase the chatter free material removal rate and surface finish. Then investigations are compared and verified by high-speed milling experiments with thin-walled workpiece.     

Investigation on chatter stability of thin-walled parts considering its flexibility based on finite element analysis

High-speed milling of thin-walled part is a widely used application for aerospace industry. The low rigidity components, large quantities of material removed in machining progress, are in the risk of the instability of the progress. In this paper, the thin-walled parts have the similar characteristics with the tools. Therefore, the dynamic model and the stability critical condition determined by the relative dynamic behavior between tool subsystem and workpiece subsystem are put forward. The thin-walled parts’ dynamic character varies greatly with time when machining. The whole workpiece has been divided into several stages by finite element analysis (FEA) so that its various modal parameters in the milling progress can be obtained gradually; thus, the variation due to metal removal has been accurately taken into account. The stability critical condition is predicted by frequency domain method based on the dynamic behavior of the two subsystems. With the respect to time-varying critical stability condition, a three-dimensional lobe diagram has been developed to show the changing conditions of chatter. Finally, the proposed methods and models were proven by series milling experiments.     

基于阻尼减振器的铣削过程稳定性研究

针对薄壁件铣削加工中出现的颤振现象采用外置式阻尼减振器。该减振器与刀杆过盈配合联接为一体,铣削过程中可以吸收刀杆受到的振动,通过安装阻尼减振器和未安装阻尼减振器两个铣削对比试验,以阻尼材料、阻尼减振器安装位置为变量,探究该阻尼减振器对铣削抑振和加工稳定性的影响程度及变化规律。试验结果表明,安装该阻尼减振器后系统铣削稳定性得到提高,切削深度平均提高2.5倍。     

Three-dimensional stability lobe and maximum material removal rate in end milling of thin-walled plate

Chatter phenomenon often occurs during end milling of thin-walled plate and becomes a common limitation to achieve high productivity and part quality. For the purpose of chatter avoidance, the optimal selection of the axial and radial depth of cut, which are decisive primary parameters in the maximum material removal rate, is required. This paper studies the machining stability in milling of the thin-walled plate and develops a three-dimensional lobe diagram of the spindle speed, axial, and radial depth of cut. Through the three-dimensional lobe, it is possible to choose the appropriate cutting parameters according to the dynamic behavior of the chatter system. Moreover, this paper studies the maximum material removal rate at the condition of optimal pairs of the axial and radial depth of cutting.     

Simulation of low rigidity part machining applied to thin-walled structures

The aim of this study is to evaluate the modelling of machining vibrations of thin-walled aluminium workpieces at high productivity rate. The use of numerical simulation is generally aimed at giving optimal cutting conditions for the precision and the surface finish needed. The proposed modelling includes all the ingredients needed for real productive machining of thin-walled parts. It has been tested with a specially designed machining test with high cutting engagement and taking into account all the phenomena involved in the dynamics of cutting. The system has been modelled using several simulation techniques. On the one hand, the milling process was modelled using a dynamic mechanistic model, with time domain simulation. On the other hand, the dynamic parameters of the system were obtained step by step by finite element analysis; thus the variation due to metal removal and the cutting edge position has been accurately taken into account. The results of the simulations were compared to those of the experiments; the discussion is based on the analysis of the cutting forces, the amplitude and the frequency of the vibrations evaluating the presence of chatter. The specific difficulties to perfect simulation of thin-walled workpiece chatter have been finely analysed.     

薄壁件变参数铣削系统动态特性的研究

提出一种薄壁件变参数铣削系统动态特性分析方法。考虑铣削过程中的自激振动和强迫振动,建立了薄壁件变参数(模态质量、模态阻尼和模态刚度)铣削系统周期延迟微分方程,借助有限单元法和最小二乘法,获得加工过程中工件系统固有频率和模态质量随刀具位置的连续变化曲线。研究结果显示,薄壁件加工过程中,材料切除对系统动态特性有重要影响。实际加工时,应采取相应措施避免剧烈振动的发生。     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.     

INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL REMOVAL ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES IN PERIPHERAL MILLING

Machining is a material removal process that alters the dynamic properties during machining operations. The peripheral milling of a thin-walled structure generates vibration of the workpiece and this influences the quality of the machined surface. A reduction of tool life and spindle life can also be experienced when machining is subjected to vibration. In this paper, the linearized stability lobes theory allows us to determine critical and optimal cutting conditions for which vibration is not apparent in the milling of thin-walled workpieces. The evolution of the mechanical parameters of the cutting tool, machine tool and workpiece during the milling operation are not taken into account. The critical and optimal cutting conditions depend on dynamic properties of the workpiece. It is illustrated how the stability lobes theory is used to evaluate the variation of the dynamic properties of the thin-walled workpiece. We use both modal measurement and finite element method to establish a 3D representation of stability lobes. The 3D representation allows us to identify spindle speed values at which the variation of spindle speed is initiated to improve the surface finish of the workpiece.     

Chatter prediction utilizing stability lobes with process damping in finish milling of titanium alloy thin-walled workpiece

Machining chatter often becomes a big hindrance to high productivity and surface quality in actual milling process, especially for the thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy due to poor structural stiffness. Aiming at this issue, the stability lobes are usually employed to predict if chatter may occur in advance. For obtaining the stability lobes in milling to avoid chatter, this article introduces an extended dynamic model of milling system considering regeneration, helix angle, and process damping into the high-order time domain algorithm which can guarantee both high computational efficiency and accuracy. Via stability lobes, the reasonability and accuracy of the proposed method are verified globally utilizing specific examples in literature. More convincingly, the time-domain numerical simulation is also implemented to predict vibration displacement for partial stability verification. In this extended model, process damping is well-known as an effective approach to improve the stability at low spindle speeds, and particularly, titanium alloy as typical difficult-to-machine material is generally machined at low spindle speeds as well due to its poor machinability. Therefore, the proposed method can be employed to obtain the 3D stability lobes in finish milling of the thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V. Verification experiments are also conducted and the results show a close agreement between the stability lobes and experiments.